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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


:3  WEST  MAIN  STRilET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


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Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographicaliy  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


□    Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagie 


,      .    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
I I    Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noirel 

□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  at/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

□    Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 


D 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'om  jre  ou  de  la 
distorsion  le  long  da  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplimentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  sm  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exftmplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  biblio;raphique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


D 

D 

D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pellicuides 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolories,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachdes 


0Showthiough/ 
Transparence 

[~~|    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


D 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matdriel  suppl^mentaire 


□    Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  filmdes  6  nouveau  de  facon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


T1 
tc 


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P 
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fi 
s 

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a 
1 

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d 

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r 
r 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


10X 


14X 


18X 


22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

1 

12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  filmed  hers  hss  been  reproduced  thsnks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Seminary  of  Quebec 
Library 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possibis  considsring  ths  condition  and  Isgibility 
of  ths  original  copy  and  in  Icssping  with  ths 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'oxemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grftce  it  la 
gAn^rositi  de: 

Siminaire  de  Qu6bec 
Bibliothdque 

Les  imsgss  suivsntss  ont  At6  rsproduitss  avsc  Is 
plus  grand  soin,  compts  tsnu  ds  la  condition  at 
ds  la  nsttsti  ds  I'sxsmplairs  filmA,  st  sn 
conformity  avsc  les  conditions  du  contrat  ds 
filmags. 


Original  copiss  in  printsd  papsr  covsrs  ars  fiimsd 
bsginning  with  ths  front  covsr  and  snding  on 
ths  last  pegs  with  a  printsd  or  illustrated  imprss- 
sion,  or  ths  bacic  covsr  whsn  spproprists.  All 
othsr  originsi  ':opiss  ars  fiimsd  bsginning  on  ths 
first  pegs  with  a  printsd  or  illustrstsd  imprss- 
sion,  and  snding  on  thn  Isst  psgs  with  s  printsd 
or  illustrstsd  imprsssion. 


Ths  last  rscordsd  frams  on  sach  microfichs 
shall  contain  ths  symbol  — ^(msaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  ths  symbol  V  (msaning  "END"), 
whichsvsr  sppiiss. 

Maps,  platss.  charts,  stc.  may  bs  fiimsd  at 
diffsrsnt  rsduction  ratios.  Thoss  too  isrgs  to  bs 
sntlrsly  inciudsd  in  ons  sxposurs  ars  fiimsd 
bsginning  in  ths  uppsr  Isft  hand  cornsr,  Isft  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  framss  as 
rsquirsd.  Ths  following  diagrams  iilustrats  ths 
msthod: 


Lss  sxsmplsirss  originsux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  filmte  sn  commsnpant 
par  Is  prsmisr  plat  st  sn  tsrminant  soit  par  la 
darniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  Is  sscond 
pist.  ssion  Is  CSS.  Tous  lss  autrss  sxsmpiairss 
originsux  sont  filmte  sn  commsn^ant  par  la 
prsmiArs  pegs  qui  comports  uns  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  st  sn  tsrmmant  par 
la  dsrnlArs  pegs  qui  comports  uns  tslls 
smprsints. 

Un  dss  symboiss  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symboie  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifis  "FIN". 

Lss  cartas,  planchss,  tablsaux.  stc,  psuvsnt  dtre 
filmte  A  dee  taux  de  rMuction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  cliche,  il  est  filmi  ^  partir 
de  I'angle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas.  sn  prsnsnt  Is  nombrs 
d'imagss  ntesssairs.  Lss  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1  2  3 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

Europe 


African, 


American. 


A  PRACTICAL  SYSTEM 

OP 

MODERN  GEOGRAPHY  : 

OR  A 
VIEW  OF  THE  PRESENT  STATE  .OF 

THE  WORLD, 

SIMPLIFIED  AND  ADAPTED  TO  THE  CAPACITY  OP  YOUTH. 

CONTAINING  NUMEROUS  TABLES, 

Exhibiting  the  Divisions,  Settlement,  Population,  -Extent,  Lakes,  Ca- 
nals, and  the  various  Institutions  of  tlie  United  States  and  Europe 
the  ditrerent  forms  of  Government,  Prevailing  Religions,  the  Latitude 
and  Longitude  of  the  Principal  Places  on  the  Globe. 

EMBELLISHED  WITH  NUMEROUS 


ACCOMPANIED  BY  A  NEW  AND  IMPKOVED 
ATI.AS. 


e/eyf^^ 


BY  J.  OLNEY,    A. 


TENTH   EDITION 


PUBLISHED    BY   D. 
Sold  by  all  the  principal  Bi 

15 


, 


6e*iT  REMEMBERED,  that  oM  the  sixteenth  day  of  December, 
"li.  S*  in  the  fifty-third  year  of  the  Independence  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  D.  F.  Robinson  <fc  Co.  of  the  said  Dis- 
trict have  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a  Book,  the  right 
whereof  they  claim  as  Proprietors,  in  the  words  following  to  wit: 
"  A  practical  system  of  modern  Geography,  or  a  view  of  the  pres- 
ent state  of  the  world,  simplified  and  adapted  to  the  capacity  of 
youth  ;  containing  numerous  tables,  exhibiting  the  divisions,  set- 
tlement, population,  extent,  l^es,  canals,  and  the  various  insti- 
tutions of  the  United  States  and  Europe  ;  the  diflferent  forms  of 
government,  the  prevailing. religions,  the  latitude  and  longitude 
of  the  principal  places  on  the  globe,  embellished  with  numerous 
engravings  of  manners,  customs,  &c.  accompanied  by  a  new 
and  improved  Atlas.    By  J.  Olney,  A.  M." 

In  conformity  to  the  act  of  Congress  of  the  United  States,  enti- 
tled, ♦'  An  act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the 
copies  of  Maps,  Charts  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors 
of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned." — And  also  to 
the  act,  entitled,  "  An  act  supplementary  to  an  act,  entitled  '  An 
act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of 
maps,  charts,  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such 
copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned,'  and  extending  the 
benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing,  engraving,  and  etching 
historical  and  other  prints." 

CHARLES  A.  INGERSOLL, 

Clerk  of  the  District  of  Connecticut. 
A  true  copy  of  Record,  examined  and  sealed  by  me, 

CHARLES  A.  INGERSOLL, 
fc  Clerk  of  the  District  of  Connecticut. 


^^^"^ 


^  Mt^V 


»^%^  V  ^ 


II 


PREFACE. 


THE^mtroduction  of  Geography  into  common  schools,  as  aieeulaf 
branch  of  education,  has  of  late  years  become  nearly  universal 
Formerly  this  science  was  taught  only  to  the  higher  closes,  it  be^ 
ing  thought  by  most  teachers  that  thepnpil  must  be  well  advanced 
in  other  branches  before  he  could  study  this  With  advantaire  Ex- 
penence  has  however  taught,  that  children  can  learn  Geoeraohv 
at  a  very  early  age,  and  hence  its  introduction  into  the  vounoer 
classes  at  the  present  time.  j^uugcr 

But  among  the  books  which  have  been  published  on  this  sub- 
ject,  although  inany  of  them  are  works  of  great  merit,  there  are 
none  suited  to  the  capacities  of  young  beginners.    Most  of  them 
begin  with  definitions,  which,  to  be  understood,  require  a  degree 
rhn^rnlnff  °S  *^^^«".bJ«^t'  "/^er  possessed  by  theVew  beginner. 
Children  instead  of  being  made  to  commit  definitions  to  memorv 
should  as  much  as  possible,  at  the  beginning,  be  taught  by  means  of 
the  eye ;  and  hence  the  use  of  maps,  pictures,  and  diairnms,  in  teach- 
n7ri".?Jnl'"  T^ ""?  f  ^"^  Geography  what  orthography  is  to  the  art 
ofreading     The  scholar  must  not  only  understand  its  use,butmu8* 
have  an  intimate  knowledge  of  all  its  parts,  before  he  can  Undertake 
the  study  of  descriptive  geography  with  advantage.    When  he  has 
trTi?K,',?r'ri".^*^*^^''°"F'^  knowledge  of  the  ma-p  of  acoun- 
![^n  «nH  not  rr*'**  the  ground  work  for  understanding  its  descrip- 
tion, and  not  before.     Suppose  a  child  should  learn  by  heart  every 
thing  about  the  climate,  scenery,  and  productions  of  SwTtzerlan/ 
for  instance,and  suppose  him  to  be  intimate  with  the  names  of  all 
Its  mountains,  akes,  and  forests,  how  much  knowledge  oTthege 
ography  of  that  country  would  he  possess  ?  It  is  obviofs  that  with- 
out  knowing  also  the  relative  situation  of  these  mountains,  kkes 
and  forests,  in  respect  to  each  other,  together  with  their  distances 
and  bearings,  such  knowledge  never  could  be  applied  to  any  p"lc! 
t.cal  use.    The  mapthen,  ought  to  be  the  first  lesson  in  geo Jra^phv 
for  by  Its  means,  the  child  can  locate  his  ideas,  and  can  see  at  a  sinl 
fea'rnt'''''  '^'^  "'""'^°"  "'  '^"  P^^^"«'  the'names  of  '^hth  be 

Having  been  for  a  number  of  years  occupied  in  the  instruction 
of  youth,  and  principally  in  the  science  of  Geography!  1  have  ^n 
common  with  others,  long  regretted  that  no  work  well  adanted  to 

P.r.;«f  f"'*r  ^^^T^  ^"  '^'''  ^"''J^^t  could  be  obTained,  iid  m? 
excuse  for  offering  the  present  volume  to  the  public  is  founded^J 

n™;  /arrau^ht  l?"^^'^^  of  ,eo,r.j.^y,  instead  of"requ" 
ing  years,  I  am  taught  by  experience  to  believe,  may  be  obtained 

In  preparing  this  work,  I  have  endeavored  to  adapt  it  to  the 
natural  progress  of  the  youthful  mind.  Instead  of  introducing  tht 
beginner  at  once  into  Astronomical  Geography,  and  reqSg  ^-^ 


VI 


PREFACE. 


i 


I 
1 


to  spend  weeks  in  learning  definitions,  and  the  description  of  the 
heavenly  bodies,  I  have  commenced  with  the  town  in  which  he 
lives.  From  the  town,  the  sphere  of  his  observation  is  extended 
to  the  county,  and  from  the  county  to  the  state,  &c.  This  I  am 
confident  will  be  found  not  only  the  natural,  but  the  philosophi- 
cal method  of  teaching  Geography  :  for  on  all  subjects,  the  learn- 
er must  make  himself  master  of  simple  things,  before  he  can  un- 
derstand those  which  are  complex. 

In  the  present   instance,  the  pupil  begins  with  confidence  and 
alacrity,  because  he  not  only  knows  something  about  his  own  town, 
but  the  subject  itself  is  highly  interesting  to  him.      From  these 
simple  descriptions,  the  pupil  is  gradually  led  on,  by  a  series  of  the 
plainest  and  most  important  questions,  to  a  knowledge  of  the  grand 
divisions  of  the  globe.    When  he  has  become  familiar  with  these 
divisions,  and  can  without  hesitation  point  them  out  on  the  map,  he 
is  qualified  to  commence  the  Second  part.    In  this  part,  after  a 
few  general  observations  on  the  divisions,  he  is  required  to  learn  on 
the  map,  the  boundaries,  names  of  rivers,  towns,  &c.  and  then  he 
commences  with  a  description  of  the  several  countries   which  it 
contains.    In  every  department  of  description,  great  care  has  been 
taken  to  select  what  is  most  important  for  the  pupil  to  knov^r,  and 
to  commit  to  memory,  and  to  reject  whatever  is  of  little  use;  for 
experience  has  taught  me  that  long  descriptions,  however  judi- 
ciously arranged,  do  not  fail  to  tire  and  discourage  the  young  pu- 
pil.    Some  of  the  more  prominent  features  of  the  country  are 
therefore  all  that  should  be  required  of  the  beginner. 

This  work  will  be  found  to  possess  some  peculiarities.  The  use 
of  initial  letters,  in  particular,  I  consider  of  much  consequence  in 
enabling  the  pupil  to  determine  the  correct  answers  ;  so  that  it  is 
believed  in  going  through  the  entire  work,  he  will  seldom  require 
any  assistance  from  his  teacher. 

The  J'hirdpart  treats  of  Latitude  and  Longitude  ;  and  perhaps 
no  part  of  the  work  is  of  more  importance  than  this,  and  particu- 
larly as  most  books  of  this  kind  are  deficient  in  this  respect. 

The  Fourth  part  contains  an  introduction  to  Astronomy  and 
Physical  Geography,  together  with  problems  on  the  Globes,  and 
a  Table  of  Latitude  and  Longitude  of  all  the  principal  places  on 

the  earth.  .       •    .    ,.       j      -n 

The  numerous  tables  which  the  work  contains,  it  is  hoped  will 
be  found  useful  and  correct.  Some  of  them  have  been  copied 
with  little  variation  from  Morse  and  Malte  Brim,  and  others  have 
been  arranged  with  much  care  and  considerable  labor,  expressly 

for  the  work. 

In  giving  this  little  volume  to  the  public,  I  cannot  but  entertain 
the  hope,  that  I  shall  contribute  in  some  degree  to  our  improved 
method  of  teaching  a  science  so  necessary  and  popular  as  that  of 
Geography.  But  how  far  I  shall  have  the  satisfaction  of  seeing 
this  hope  realized,  the  public  must  determine. 

Hartford,  Dec.  1828.  /•  OLNEY. 


I 


rtt 


le  can  un- 


PART  FIRST, 


Q.  What  is  Geography  ? 

A.  A  description  of  the  Earth. 

Q.  What  is  the  Earth  ? 

A.  It  is  a  large  globe  or  ball :  its  diameter  is 
about  eight  thousand  miles,  and  its  circumference 
nearly  twenty-five  thousand. 

[The  diameter  of  the  earth,  is  the  distance  from  one  side  to 
the  other,  through  the  centre.  The  circumference  of  the 
earth,  is  the  distance  round  its  outside.] 

Q.  Of  what  is  the  surface  of  the  earth  composed  ? 

A.  Of  land  and  water. 
Q.  How  much  of  the  Earth's  surface  island? 

A.  About  one  third  :  the  rest  is  water. 

Questions.— Yfh^i  is  the  shape  of  the  earth  >  Can  you 
mention  any  thing  that  resembles  the  earth  in  shape?  What 
do  you  mean  by  the  diameter  of  the  earth?  If  you  should 
take  an  apple  or  an  orange,  and  run  a  wire  tljrough  the  cen- 
tre or  middle  of  it,  would  that  show  its  diameter,  pr  circum- 
ference ?  If  you  should  tie  a  thread  round  ^n  apple  or  an 
orange,  would  that  show  the  circumference,  or  diameter? 
What  do  you  understand  by  the  circumference  of  the  Earth? 
If  a  man  could  travel  one  thousand  miles  in  a  month,  and  if 
the  surface  of  the  Earth  consisted  entirely  of  land,  how  long 
would  it  take  him  to  travel  round  the  Earth  ?  Why '  If  he 
could  travel  through  the  centre  of  the  Earth,  how  long  would 
It  take  him  to  go  through  it  ?     Why  >     Did  you  ever  hear  of 


s 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


a  person  who  had  sailed  round  the  earth  ?    How  much  of  the 
Earth's  surface  is  covered  with  water? 

NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  LAND. 

Q.  How  is  the  Land  divided  ' 

A.  Into  continents,  Islands,  Peninsulas,  Isth- 
muses, Capes,  Promontories,  Mountains,  Shores, 
or  Coasts,  &c. 

Q.  What  is  a  Continent? 

A.  It  is  a  vast  extent  of  land  not  separated  by 
water ;  as  America. 

Can  yoa  fihow  mo  America  on  the  map  of  the  World? 
What  is  the  northern  part  of  it  called  ?  What  is  the  south- 
ern part  called  ? 

Q.  What  is  an  Island  ? 

A.  It  is  a  portion  of  land  surrounded  by  water ; 
as  Iceland,  Cuba,  New  Holland,  Borneo,  &c. 

Did  you  ever  see  an  Island  ? 
Q.  What  is  a  Peninsula? 

A.  It  is  a  portion  of  land  almost  surrounded 
by  water  ;  as  South  America,  Africa,  the  Morea 
in  Greece,  &c. 

Can  yrou  show  me  South  Amei  ica  ?  Is  it  entirely  sur- 
rounded by  water?  What  is  the  narrow  neck  of  land  called 
which  connects  it  with  North  America  ? 

Q.  What  is  an  Isthmus  ? 

A.  It  is  a  neck  of  land,  which  joins  a  peninsula 
to  a  continent,  or  unites  two  parts  of  a  continent ; 
as  the  Isthmus  of  Darien,  Isthmus  of  Suez,  &c. 

Can  you  tell  me  where  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  is  ?  W^hat 
poPS  it  unite  ?  What  body  of  water  is  north  of  the  Isthmus 
ef  Darien  ?     What  body  of  water  is  south  of  it  ^ 

Q.  What  is  a  Cape  ? 

A.  It  is  a  point  t)f  land  extending  into  the  sea  ; 
as  Cape  Horn,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Cape  Cod. 

Can  you  show  me  a  Cape  on  the  map  ? 
Q.  W^hat  is  a  Promontory  ? 

A.  It  is  a  high  point  of  land  extending  into  the 


l^nd  sp 


luch  of  the 


as,  Isth- 
,  Shores, 

rated  by 

e  World  ? 
the  south- 


>y  water ; 
),  &c. 

r  rounded 
le  Morea 


ntirely  Bur- 
land  called 


peninsula 
continent ; 
uez,  &c. 

I  is  ?  What 
the  Isthmus 

o  the  sea ; 
^ape  Cod. 


fiEOORAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS,  9 

sea;  as  the   southern   part  of   South  America, 
Hindoostan,  (fee.  ' 

theVndTfT'Vl"  '""•""'"*  wh.t  would  you  call 
Q.  What  is  a  Mountain  ? 

A  ]^*  wu'  ""  ^f  ^  elevation  of  land  :  as  the  Andes, 
Alps,  White  Mountains. 

[When  the  land  rises  to  a  small  height,  it  is  called  a  Hill 
Spaces  between  mountains,  or  between  hills  are  called  Val- 
lies.  Level  portions  of  land  are  called  Plains.]  Did  you  ey. 
er  see  a  Mountain  ?  Did  you  ever  see  a  Hill  >  Can  there 
be  a  Valley  on  the  top  of  i  Mountain  ?  Why  ?  Can  there 
be  a  Plain  on  the  side  of  a  Mountain  or  HUP 

Q.  What  is  a  Volcano  ? 

A.  It  is  a  mountain   that  sends  forth  fire  and 
Hecia  '^'  ^""^  '  ^'  ^''""^   ^^"^'  Vesuvius, 

ter^^  Whpn"  fi  ^  ""^  ?'  *°^  l^''^  mountain,  is  called  the  cra- 
tLn    Th«  m  U    T'^  r«ke  burst  forth,  it  is  called  an  erup- 

l^cdled  w!]    '  "'""  "'"'  ''  ^^^^^"  '-'  ^'  -  -!«--' 
What  would  you  call  a  burning  mountain  ? 
H'  What  IS  a  Shore,  or  Coast  ? 

A.  It  is  the  edge  of  land  bordering  on  a  sea. 
lake  or  river ;  as  the  coast  of  Gumea,  &c. 

Did  you  ever  see  a  Shore,  or  Coast  > 
Q.  What  is  a  Desert  ? 

A.  It  is  a  vast  sandy  plain  destitute  of  vegeta- 
tion ;  as  the  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert,  in  the  north- 
ern  part  of  Africa. 

ofSuX'Thich  C^t  Desert  is  applied  to  an  uneven  tract 

TmXreP^'    h„f  h        '^'•?'^^  °^  "^^^^^^  ^"*^  produces  a  few 
small  trees;  but  has  a  soil  incapable  of  bein^  rendered  nro- 

IrTDe^se'r?  ^rVT  '  -^l^J  ^'^^'  American^ese    .]    "^ 
l4erS:::X^^^^^^  ^^^-^-^     Havithey 

[an^d'^pHngtoT^a^^n]^^^^  contains  a  few  fertile  .pot. 


ig  into  the 


10 


GE06IRAPH1CAL    DEFINITIONS. 


NATURAL  DIVISIONS  OF  WATER. 
Q.  How  is  the  Water  divided  ?  ^r-.^lA. 

A.  Into  Oceans,  Seas,  Archipelagoes,*  Gultb 
or  Bays,  Lakes,  Straits,  Channels  Sounds,  Riv- 
ers, Firihs  or  Friths,  Harbors,  and  Koads. 

Q.  What  is  an  Ocean  ?  ^      ^  .  ♦    «r.o 

A.  It  is  a  vast  collection  of  salt  water  not  sepa- 
rated by  land  ;   as  the  Atlantic,  Pacific,  Indian 

"^  DhTyou  eter  Bee  the  Atlantic  ocean  ?  How  do  people  go 
across  In  ocean  >  Can  you  show  me  the  Atlantic  ocean,  on 
themap  of  the  World?     The  Pacific?     Indian  ocean? 

Q.  What  is  a  Sea  ?  «      ,  .  ♦u. 

A.  It  is  a  large  collection  of  salt  water,  mostly 
surrounded  by  land  ;  as  the  Mediterranean,  bal- 
tic,  Black  Sea.  , 

Which  is  the  largest,  an  Ocean  or  a  Sea . 

6,  What  is  an  Archipelago  ?  .  , 

A.  It  is  a  sea  interspersed  with  numerous  isl- 
ands ;  as  the  Grecian  Archipelago,  east  of  Greece, 
Archipelago  of  Chonos,  west  of  Patagonia. 

If  a  large  Sea  contain  two  or  three  islands  would  you  call 
it  an  Archipelago?  Why  not?  If  you  should  find  a  sea 
nearly  full  of  islands,  what  would  you  call  it  ? 

Q.  What  is  a  Gulf,  or  Bay?  •    *     ♦!  ^  ior..l  • 

A    A  part  of  the  sea  extending  into  the  land  , 
as  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Baffin's  Bay,  &c. 

[Small  bays  are  called  Creeks,  Coves.  Havens,  Harbors, 

^  Did  vou  aver  see  a  Bay  ?     Can  youshow  mo  a  Bay  or  Gulf 
onlheZpT  Is  the  water  of  a  Gulf  or  Bay  salt  or  fresh  ? 

Why  ? 

O.  What  is  a  Lake?  -    ,    , 

A    It  is  a  collection  of  fresh  water  surrounded 
by  had  ;  as  Lake  Superior,  Erie,  Ontario,  Lado- 

ga^_ - 

*  Pronounced  Ar  ke-pel-a-goes. 


■^Pl 


[I. 

;s,*  Gulfs 
nds,  Riv- 
is. 

,  not  sepa- 
c,  Indian 

lo  people  go 
ic  ocean,  on 
cean  ? 

er,  mostly 
nean,  Bal- 


merous  isl- 
of  Greece, 
onia. 

ould  you  call 
d  find  a  sea 

0  the  land  ; 
tc. 

'ens,  Harbors, 

a  Bay  or  Gulf  | 
salt  or  fresh  ? 

surrounded 
tario,  Lado- 


GEOORAPHICAL    DEFIMTIONS.  U 

[Salt  lakes  are  called  Seas,  as  the  Caspian  Sea,  Aral  Sea 
Small  lakes  are  called  Ponds.]  ®  • 

Have  you  ever  seen  a  Lake  ?  Have  you  ever  .een  a  Pond  > 
LaTetp^HoVr  °*   ''''  ^'-P- -  cliffer  fro.Thrsr  of 

Q.  What  is  a  Strait .-' 

A.  It  is  a  narrow  passage  of  water  leading 
mo  some  sea,  gulf  or  bay;  as  tde  Strait  of  Gib- 
ralter,  Bhenng's  Strait,  Davis'  Strait,  &c 

Can  you  show  me  a  Strait  on  the  map  ? 
Q.   What  18  a  Channel  ?  '^ 

A.  It  is  a  passage  of  water  wider  than  a  Strait  • 
^^the  English   Channel,  St.  George's  Channel; 

Z'^llut  !t'Z>  '''"'""  '  '"^''  =""  ='  Channel  .> 

A.  It  is  a  strait  so  shallow  that  its  depth  may 
be  measured  with  a  ead  and  line  •  as  f  nnn.  I J 

'"if  t"i\  ^fr^^'^  «-"d'  PamlicrSonni'^'- 

.would  you  call  it  ;     Why  ?  ^^   ""''  ''»»•   "hal 

Q.  What  is  a  River  ? 

A.  It  is  a  large  stream  of  water,  formed  bv 
numerous  branches,  flowing  from  mountains  or 
high  land  into  an  ocean,  sea,  lake,  gulf,  or  bay- 
as  the  Connecticut,  Hudson,  Volga,  &c  ^  ' 

ed  brooks,  rivulets,  rills,  creeks,  &c  1  ''reams  are  call- 

or  ™«.r"  ""  '"'  '  "'""  ■     I'  "'»  ^"t"  of  a  River  /„.A 
Q.  What  is  a  Firth  or  Frith  ? 

A.  It  is  the    widening  of   a  rivc 
mouth   into  an   arm  of  the  sea 
Forth,  Murray  Firth,  in  Scotlam 

Can  you  show  me  a  Firth  or  Frith  ?     ' 


12 


GEOGIUAPIIICAL    ])KFimT£ON&. 


O    Wuat  is  a  Harbor,  or  Haven? 

A  If  is  a  small  part  of  the  sea  almost  sur- 
rounded by  land,  where  sh.ps  may  he  u.  safety^ 
as  Boston  karbor,  New  York  Harbor,  New  Lon- 

'' TiJ^'reTny^ltbor.  in  the  nnddle  of  the  ocean  ?  Why 
„of'  What  would  you  call  a. ..mil  Bay,  where  sh.ps  can 
lie  in  safety  during  storms  and  tempests . 

^I'^Ittrpkcewhere  ships  may  lie  at  anchor 
at  fome  distance  from  the  shore  ;  as  Hampton 
bVrH.,  at  the  mouth  of  James  River  m  -y^irginra. 

^ri  our\oa^r"the  san.e  as  those  Roads  w'>er,  sh,,^ Ue 
at  anchor'     Why  not?     Can  you  oxplam  to  me  the  dilter 

enco  ?  


\  "It  t  mScial  channel  filled  with  water, 
to  afford  an  easy  speedy  and  cheap  conveyance 
nf  (roods.  &c.,  in  boats  ana  vessels,  troni  one  part 
fflconnTrv  to  another;  as  the  Grand  VVestern 
Canal,  Middlesex  C a  a,  p—^^^^^^^ 

DiL  vou  ever  see  a  Canal       is  a  vttn^i      ,^„j_oi,-p-? 
er ;    What  is  the  difference  between  a  Canal  and  a  River . 

explanation:.    Nr.CESSARY    TO   THE    USE   O^    MAPS. 

a    Wlii't  names  arc  applied  to  the  cartn. 
A   The  Earth,  on  which  we  hv3,  is  called  the 
Globe,  the  World,  the  Sphere,  &c. 
•^ATLVaHtKorhalf  of  the  Earth 

T'^t:[:Xi-tX^r.^,    Which  is  the  Eastern 
to  pole,  these   P^^^^  ^'^^^  ^^*      .      lonVlng  on  the  map  ot  the 


"'•:.:r^„ 


GEOGKAPUICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


13 


ost  sur- 
L  safety^ 
3w  Lon- 

m?  Why 
ships   can 

it  anchor 
lampton 
irginia. 

jre  ships  lie 
the  difter- 


th  water, 
nveyance 
1  one  part 
[  Western 
inal. 

le  as  a  Riv- 
l  a  River  ? 

?    MAPS. 

called  the 


iarth. 

)f  the  World'? 
cw  of?  ('an 
I  the  Eastern 

arts  from  pole 
iud  Wksteun 
:he  map  of  the 


F  Tl  w  !  !r'i^'  IS  divided  into  /.ro  equal  parts  from 
East  to  West  at  the  Equator,— they  are  called  NoRTHERr;  and 
Southern  FIewi«piieres,  as  you  will  perceive  oy  cxaminin'jr 
the  map  of  the  World  exhibiting  the  Northern  and  Southern 
Hemispheres.  Will  you  show  me  the  map  of  the  World " 
Flow  many  Hemispheres  are  there  on  it?  What  is  a  Hemil 
sphere?  Which  is  the  Eastern  Hemisphere?  Which  is 
the  Western  Hemisphere  ?  What  do  both  Hemispheres  ex- 
hibit  a  view  of?  Show  me  the  Northern  and  Southern  IIptu- 
ispheres.  Which  is  the  Northern  Hemisphere  ?  Which  is 
the  Southern  Hemisphere  '  What  do  these  Hemispheres  ex- 
hibit a  view  of? 


Q.  What  is  the  equator  or  Equinoctial  lino? 

A.  It  is  an  imaginary  line  drawn  round  the 
earth,  at  an  equal  distance  from  each  pole. 

Can  you  show  me  the  Equator  on  the  map  of  the'  WorkP 
How  much  farther  is  it  from  the  Equator  to  the  North  Pole 
than  to  the  South  Pole  ?     Why?  i^""nroie, 

[This  line  or  circle,  is  ca^Jed  the  Equator,  or  Equinoctial 
line,  because  when  the  sun  is  on  it,  the  days  and  nights  are  of 
equal  length,  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  earth  ] 

Q.  What  are  the  Tropics? 

^  A.  They  are  circles  drawn  parallel*  to  the 
Equator,  at  the  distance  of  twenty-three  and  a 
half  degrees,  north  and  south  of  it. 

[The  circi.  north  of  the  equator  is  callod  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer  ;  the  one  south  of  the  equator,  the  tropic  of  Capri- 
corn.] '■ 

Can  you  show  me  the  tropic  of  Cancer  ?     The   tropic  of 
Capricorn?     Which  of  the  tropics  is  nearest  to  the  Equator^ 
Why  ? 

[The  word  Tropic  signifies  a  return,  because  when  the  sun 
IS  on  either  of  these  line^,  it  appears  to  stop,  and  retrace  its 
steps.  I  ho  Tropics  chow  tlio  sun's  limits  north  and  south 
of  the  equator.  On  the  2kt  of  March,  Lho  sun  crosses  the 
equator,  and  arrives  at  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  on  the  21st 
of  June,   which   is  called   the  Summer    Solstice.     It   then 

*  Parallel,  a  line  which  is  equally  distant  from  another 
line,  throuffhcut  its  whole  length. 

o 


,i 


r" 


i  'I 

If 


f4 


GEOGRAPHICAL  DEFINITIONS. 


i-eturns  gradually  towards  the  equator,  which  it  crosses  on 
the  21st  of  September,  and  arrives  at  the  Tropic  of  Capri- 
corn  on  the  21st  of  December,  which  is  called  the  Winter 
Solstice.     When  the  Sun  crosses  the  equator  on  the  21st  ot 
March,  it  is  called  the  rernal  Equinox;  when  it  crosses  it  on 
the  21st  of  September,  it  is  called  the  Autumnal  Lqumox. 
From  the  2l8t  of  March  to  the  21st  of  September,  you   will 
perceive  that  the  sun  is  north  of  the  equator,  and  our  days 
are  more  than  12  hours  long  ;  and  from  the  21st  of  Septem- 
ber to  the  21st  of  March,  the  sun  is  south  of  the  equator,  and 
our  days  are  less  than  12  hours  long.     Is  the  ':un  norlh  or 
south  of  the  equator  to-day  ?     Is  the  sun  commg  towards  us 
today,  or  going  from  us?     Is  today  more,  or  less  than  12 
hours  long?     Which  are  the  longest  now,  the  days  or  the 

nights?] 

Q.  What  are  the  Polar  Circles  r 

'  A.  They  are  circles  drawn  parallel  to  the  trop- 
ics, at  the  distance  of  twenty-three  and  a  half 
degrees  from  the  poles. 

Can  you  show  me  the  Arctic  Circle  on  the  map  of  .he 
World?  Can  you  show  me  the  Antarctic  Circle?  Which 
of  these  circles  is  nearest  the  equator  ?  .      ,.  ^i 

rOn  the  21st  of  June,  when  the  sun  is  at  the  tropic  ol  Can- 
cer, all  of  that  part  of  the  earth  north  of  the  Arctic  Circle  has 
constant  day,  and  that  part  south  of  the  Antarctic  Circle  has 
constant  night.  The  reverse  of  this  takes  place  when  the 
sun  is  at  the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  on  the  21st  of  December.] 

Do  the  Equator,  Tropics,  and  Polar  Circles  extend  north 
^nd  south,  or  eaH  and  west?  Do  you  see  other  lines  besides 
these,  that  extend  east  and  west  ?  How  many  are  there  north 
of  the  equator  ?  How  many  south  of  the  equator  ?  1  hese 
lines  are  called  Parallels  of  Latitude. 

Q.   What  are  Parallels  of  Latitude  ? 

A.  They  are  circles  or  lines  that  pass  round 
the  globe  parallel  to  the  equator. 

How  many  parallels  of  latitude  are  between  the  equator 
and  the  tropic  of  Cancer  ?  Between  the  tropic  of  Cancer  and 
the  tropic  of  Capricorn?  Do  you  see  any  hues  on  the  Map 
that  extend  north  and  south  ?     These  lines  are  called  Meridi- 


ans. 


Q.  What  are  Meridians: 


1 

A 

eithe 

1 

A 

1 

Q. 
A 

1 

a  ha 

1 

[If, 

' 'S 

GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


15 


crosses  on 
of  Capri- 
he  Winter 
he  21st  of 
•osses  it  on 
Equinox. 
,  you   will 
i  our  days 
of  Septein- 
luator,  and 
in  north  or 
owards  us 
ss  than  12 
lays  or  the 


the  trop- 
nd  a  half 

nap  of  the 
e  ?     Which 

»pic  of  Can- 
c  Circle  has 
B  Circle  has 
e  when  the 
eceinber.] 
xtend  north 
ines  besides 
5  there  north 
or  ?     These 


ass  round 

the  equator 

Cancer  and 

on  the  Map 

lUed  Meridi- 


A.  They  are  circles  passing  from  pole  to  pole, 
cutting  the  equator  at  right  angles. 

[Meridian  is  derived  from  a  Latin  word,  which  signifies 
mid-day,  or  noon.  These  lines  are  called  meridians  because 
as  the  earth  turns  towards  the  sun  in  its  diurnal  or  daily  mo- 
Hon,  all  places  through  which  the  same  meridian  passes,  have 
noon  or  mid-day  at  the  same  time.] 

Which  hai  the  greatest  number  of  meridians  drawn  on  it, 
the  Eastern  or  Wtsiern  Hemisphere  ? 

Q.  What  is  the  use  of  the  different  Lines  or  Circles  on  the 
Map? 

A.  To  point  out  the  situation  of  places,  and 
show  the  effect  of  the  earth's  motions. 

Q.  Why  are  the  Parallels  and  Meridians  curved  on  the 
Map? 

A.  To  represent  circles  on  the  globe. 

LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE. 
Q.  What  is  Latitude? 

A.  It  is  distance  from  the  equator,  either  wor^^ 
or  south. 

[Places  that  are  under  the  equator  have  no  latitude.  All 
places  north  ot  the  equator,  arc  in  nnrth  latitude;  all  places 
south  of  the  equator  are  in  south  latitude.] 

iio  you  \ivQ  north,  or  south  oi  the  equator?  Are  w"  in 
north,  or  south  latitude  ?     Can  you  point  with  your  hand  to- 

w    ,!,  fr  ^^"?^*''  •    ^'^"  y°"  "h°^  '^  P'ace  on  the  map  of  the 
World  that  IS  in  south  latitude  ?     W  hy  is  it  in  south  latitude  ? 

Wh    noV?^*'^  ^^^  ^  ^'^''^  '^  '"  ^"''^  latitude  or  west  latitude  ? 
What  is  Longitude  ? 

A.  It  is  distance  from  any  given  meridian, 
either  east  or  ivest. 

Q.  How  is  Latitude  and  Longitude  reckoned  ? 

A.  In  degrees,  minutes,  and  seconds. 

Q.  How  many  miles  make  a  degree? 

A.  Sixty  geographic  miles,— or  sixty-nine  and 


a  half  English  m'ile 

[If  you  know  the  number  of  degrees  between 


any  two  pla- 


16 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


ces,by  multiplying  ihcm  by  sixty  nine  and  a  half,  you  wiU 
Jiave  the  distance  in  English  miles.] 

How  many  degrees  is  it  from  the  Equator  to  the  first  par- 
allel of  latitude  north  of  it  ?  If  it  is  ten  degrees,  how  many 
English  miles  is  it?  How  many  geographic  miles  ?  How 
many  English  miles  in  two  degrees  ?     In  four  degrees  ? 

[At  the  equator  a  degree  of  longitude  is  as  long  as  a  degree 
of  latitude;  but  as  you 'go  from  the  equator,  either  nor//i  or 
sortth,  the  degrees  of  longitude  become  shorter  and  shorter, 
till  at  the  poles  they  terminate  at  a  point,  as  you  will  see  by 
examining  the  Map  of  the  World.  A  degree  of  latitude  is  as 
long  at  the  poles  as  at  the  equator.] 


ZONES. 


^.  What  are  Zones 


A.  They   are  divisions  of  the  earth's  sin 


face, 
ci^<^i^^'' 

[The  word  zone  signifies  a  belt  or  girdle  ;  and  these  divi- 
sions are  called  zones,  because  they  encompass  the  earth  Uke 
a  girdle.'l 

Q.  How  many  Zones  are  there  f 

A.  There  are  five  zones — one  torrid^ — two  tem- 
perate,— and  two  frigid  zones. 

Q.  What  part  of  the  earth's  surface  does  the  Torrid  Zone 

A.  That  part  of  it  which  Hes  between  the 
Tropic  of  Caiicer  and  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn. 

[This  zone  is  called  torrid,  or  burning  zone,  because  of  the 
great  and  continual  heat  of  the  sun,  which  passes  over  it 
<twice  during  the  year.] 

In  the  Torrid  Zone  there  are  but  two  seasons,  the  wet  and 
dry.  During  the  wet  season,  it  rains  almost  constantly  for 
sixmonths;— and  during  the  other  six  months,  it  seldom 
rains.  There  is  no  spring  or  autumn.  The  dry  season  is 
termed  summer, — and  the  icet  season,  winter. 

The  Torrid  Zone  is  distinguished  for  its  productions,  both 
animal  and  vegetable.  Amonjr  the  animals  found  in  the  Tor- 
rid Zone,  the  most  remarkable  are  the  elephant,  rhinoceros, 
Hon,  tiger,  leopard,  hi/^na,  rrncodile,—the  cameL  sebra,  ante- 
lope, lama,  kc.     Serpents  and  insects  of  enormous  size  abound 


GEOQRAPHICAL    DBFINITIONS. 


IT 


If,  you  wiU 

10  first  par- 
,  how  many 
ties  ?  How 
rrees  ? 
as  a  degree 
\&c  north  or 
ind  shorter, 
I  will  see  by 
atitude  is  as 


's  surface, 

1  these  di vi- 
le earth  like 


-two  tent' 


Torrid  Zone 

tween  the 
apricorn. 
jcause  of  the 
isses  over   it 

f,  the  wet  and 
onstantly  for 
IS,  it  seldom 
rfry  season  is 

ductions,  both 
id  in  the  Tor- 
nf,  rhinoceros^ 
L  zebra,  anle- 
is  size  abound 


■.,V, 


in  the  Torrid  Zone,  many  kinds  of  which  are  extremely  ven- 
omous. "^ 

Among  the  vegetable  productions  of  the  Torrid  Zone,  the 
most  noted  are  tea,  cnffte^  sugar- cane,  bread-fruil,  oranges, 
spices,  gums.  Sec. 

The  forests  are  clothed  with  a  perpetual  green,  and  many 
of  tne  trees  grow  to  a  larger  size  than  those  of  any  other  part 
of  the  globe.  ^ 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Torrid  Zone  are  distinguished  for 
the  blackness  of  their  skins,  and  for  their  feebleness,  both  of 
body  and  mind. 

Can  you  show  me  the  Torrid  Zone  on  the  Map  of  the 
World  r  Between  what  two  circles  or  lines  does  it  lie  ?  Can 
you  tell  mo  how  many  degrees  wide  the  Torrid  Zone  is '  Do 
you  live  in  the  Torrid  Zone  ?  Is  the  Torrid  Zone  north  of  us 
or  south  of  us  ?  In  what  zone  are  the  countries  that  lie  be- 
tween the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  Tropic  of  Capricorn? 

Q.  What  part  of  the  earth's  surface  do  the  Temperate 
Zones  embrace  ? 

A.  Those  parts  which  lie  between  the  Tropics 
and  Polar  Circles. 

[The  Zone  which  lies  between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and 
the  Arctic  circle  is  called  the  North  Temperate  Zone  •  and 
the  one  lying  between  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  and  the  An- 
tarctic circle,  the  South  Temperate  Zone.  These  Zones 
are  called  Temperate,  because  they  are  situated  between  tha 
two  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  which  renders  the  air  temnp 
rate  and  salubrious.]  ^ 

In  the  Temperate  Zones  there  are  four  seasons ;  viz.  Sorina- 
Summer,  Autumn,  and  JVinter.  >^prmg, 

The  vegetable  productions  of  the  Temperate  Zones  are  not 
so  numerous  or  luxuriant  as  those  of  the  Torrid  Zone  •  th« 
principal  are  ^ram.,  of  different  kinds,  cotton,  apples,  pears 
peaches,  nuts,  vines,  urasses,  and  a  great  variety  of  plants 

The  animals  of  the  Temperate  Zones  are  less  nume;ous 
and  ferocious  than  those  of  the  Torrid  Zone.     The  most  no! 

!z^/r"^Rnf  h'  '"'"k ''"■'';  ^'^r^'  Pf'''^f'''-'^f--^es,  bisons,  deer, 
elks,  &c.     But  they  abound  with  animals  which  arc  useful  Co- 
food  or  labor  as  the  Aor.v.,  the  ox,  the  sheep,  and  the  mule 
The  inhabitants  of  the  Temperate  Zones  have  fair  complex. 

2»  ^ 


18 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


idns    and  are  distinguished  for  strength,  both  of  body  and 
mind,  and  for  industry,  intelligence  and  enterprise. 

Can  you  point  out  the  Temperate  Zones  on  the  map  ? 
How  many  Temperate  Zones  are  there?  In  what  zone  are 
we  now  ?  Is  the  Northern  Temperate  Zone  north,  or  south 
of  the  equator?  Between  what  two  circles  is  the  .Northern 
Temperate  Zone  ?  In  what  Zone  are  all  the  countries  that 
lie  between  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  and  the  Arctic  (.  ircle . 
Q.  What  part  of  the  earth's  surface  do  the  Frigid  Zones 

A.  Those  parts  which  lie  between  the  polar 
circles  and  the  poles.  „         ^        ,  .i,„ 

FThese  are  called  Frigid  or  Frozen  Zones,  because  the 
cold  is  so  severe,  that  nearly  the  whole  of  these  regions  is 
covered  with  perpetual  snow  and  ice.] 

In  the  Frigid  Zones  there  are  but  two  seasons,— a  long  cold 
winter,  and  a  short  summer.  , ,    ^  /.  „♦„ 

In  the  Frigid  Zones  there  are  no  trees,  and  but  few  vegeta- 
bles of  any  kind,  except  moss.  ,      .     .       41 

The  principal  animals  are  the  white  bear  and  retn-deer,ihe 

sable,  and  the  ermine.  .       .  ,    j  r-     *t,  • 

The  inhabitants  of  these  regions  are  disimguished  for  their 
diminutive  size,  dark  complexions,  and  for  their  ignorance 

^""clf  yoSow  me  the  Frigid  Zones  ?  What  is  the  Zone 
called  that  surrounds  the  North  Pole  ?  Which  way  from  tj. 
is  the  North  Frigid  Zone  ?  Should  you  like  to  live  m  the 
North  Frigid  Zone  ?  Why  ?  Do  the  inhabitants  raise  corn, 
wheat,  rye,  &c.  in  the  North  Frigid  Zone  ?     W  hy  not  ? 

Questions  on  the  different  Zone*.— In  what  Zone  do  you 
IWo^'  If  you  were  to  go  to  the  countries  that  he  in  the  1  or- 
rid  Zone,  should  you  find  snow  and  ice  ?  Which  Zone  pro- 
duces the  greatest  number  of  animals  ?  Did  you  ever  see  an 
animal  that  was  brought  from  the  Torrid  Zone?  Did  you 
ever  see  an  animal  that  was  brought  from  the  Frigid  Zones? 
Yiv  wliat  are  the  inhabitants  of  the  Torrid  Zone  distinguish- 
ed ?  For  what  are  the  inhabitants  of  the  Temperate  Zones 
distinguished?     Of  the  Frigid  Zones?    Which  Zones  pro- 

*U*  .^i^moiAaf  niiiYiVkOf*  aF  iicaFiiI  flntm&IS: 


CEOGRAPIIICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


19 


body   and 

• 

the  map  ? 
it  zone  are 
h,  or  south 
le  Northern 
untries  that 
L'ircle? 

rigid  Zones 

the  polar 

because  the 
3  regions   is 

—a  long  cold 

;  few  vcgeta- 

'ein-deer^  the 

bed  for  their 
ir  ignorance 

,  is  the  Zone 
way  from  us 
;o  live  in  the 
its  raise  corn, 
by  not  ? 

Zone  do  you 
ie  in  the  Tor- 
ich  Zone  pro- 
»u  ever  see  an 
le?  Did  you 
i'ri^nd  Zones? 
e  distinguish - 
iperate  Zones 
ih  Zones  pro- 


Q.  What  Is  a  Map? 


MAP 


«. 


A.  It  is  a  picture,  or  representation  of  a  part, 
or  of  the  whole  of  the  earth's  surface  on  a  plane. 

r  A   .,,,11  „„*:,„-£•  !»/r-  ^     •         II     1  .  .,       -  1 


[A  coll 


Map 


lection  ^  

is  tiie  Map  of  the  \VorId  a  picture  of  a  part,  of  of  the 
whole  of  the  earth's  surface  ?  Is  the  map  of  North  America 
a  picture  of  a  part,  or  of  the  whole  of  the  earth's  surface  ? 

Q.  How  is  Latitude  expressed  on  Maps? 

A.  By  figures  wliich  are  placed  on  the  sides  of 
the  map. 

[If  the  figures  increase  from  the  bottom  of  the  map  towards 
the  top,  the  country  which  the  map  represents,  lies  in  north 
latitude,  or  is  iiorth  of  the  equator.  But  if  the  figures  in- 
crease from  the  top  of  the  map  towards  the  bottom,  the  coun- 
try which  the  map  represents,  lies  in  south  latitude,  or  is  south 
of  the  equator.] 

Do  the  figures  on  the  Map  of  the  United  States  increase 
from  the  top  of  the  map  towards  the  bottom,  or  from  the  bot- 
tom towards  the  top  of  the  map  ?  Do  the  United  States  then 
he  jn  North  or  South  latitude?  From  what  do  you  reckon 
latitude  ?     In  what  direction  do  lines  of  latitude  extend  ? 

Q.  How  is  longitude  expressed  on  Maps? 

A.  By  figures  which  are  placed  at  the  top  and 
bottom  of  the  map. 

If  the  figures  increase  from  the  right  to  the  left,  the  lond- 
tude  IS  west ;  if  from  left  to  right,  the  longitude  is  east. 

[Degrees  of  longitude  are  found  on  the  Map  of  the  World 
at  the  equator;  and  the  degrees  of  latitude  round  the  sides  of 
the  Map.] 

POINTS  OF  COMPASS. 
Q.  How  many  cardinal  points  of  the  compass  are  there  > 

A.  Four ;  viz.  North,— East,-'South,— West. 
Besides  these  points,  there  are  four  others,  viz. 

North-East,— South^East,~South- West,— North- 
west. 

Which  way  from  tw'  is  /jor/Zi .?  Ueast?  Is  south  ?  Is 
west?  Point  with  your  hand  to  the  north-easi.  Point  to  the 
south-east.  Point  to  the  south-west.  Point  to  the  north-west. 
In  what  direction  from  m  did  the  su»  rise  to-day  ? 


•Hi 


20 


GEOGRAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


Q.  What  does  the  top  of  the  map  represent  ? 

A.  The   top  represents  the  north;  the  right 
hand,  east;  the  bottom,  south;    the  left    hand, 


west. 


-^^ 


West 


Interior 


Ea^t     |-r 


S 


4^ 


# 


^ 


^ 


% 


% 

> 


^"^ 


Can  you  show  me  the  northern  part  of  the  map  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  ?  The  eastern  part  of  it  >  The  southern  part  of 
t?  The  western  part  of  it  ?  Can  you  show  me  the  tn/enor, 
or  middle  part  of  it  ?     Point  to  the  nor/J-eas/crn  part  of  it. 

?oint  to  the  ,oulh.mdern  part  of  it.  Point  to  the  .ou^/i-tA^*^- 
ern  part  of  it.  Point  to  the  noHh-wezltrn  Pff  .°*^^^:  ,  ^^ 
point  of  the  compass  lies  opposite  to'the  noW/i .?  .^het  po  nt 
opposite  to  msJ  Opposite  to  norih-m^lj  Opposite  f,o  .oulh^ 
east  ?     To  south-west  ?     To  north  west  ? 

POLITICAL  GEOGRAPHY. 
Q.  What  are  PoUtical  divisions?  ,       ,.    ,  i 

A  They  are  portions  of  the  earth  which  usual- 
ly contain  men  of  one  nation,  speaking  one  lan- 
guage, and  subject  to  the  same  laws.  • 

^  Q    What  are  the  principal  Political  DiviSiGns  of  the  earth  . 

A.  Empires,  kingdoms,  duchies,  repubhca,  &cc. 


fallm 


OEOORAPHICAL    DEFINITIONS. 


21 


he  right 
ft    hand, 


S 


^■ 


p  of  the  Uni- 
hern  part  of 
5  the  interior^ 
part  of  it. 
le  south  VBst- 
of  it.  What 
Whpt  point 
osite  f o  south' 


rhich  usual- 
g  one  lan- 

3  of  the  earth  ? 

publici,  &c. 


Q.  What  is  an  Empire  ? 

A.  It  consists  of  several  countries*  subject  to 
one  man,  who  is  styled  emperor ;  as  the  Russian 
Empire. 

Can  you  mention  any  other  Empire,  besides  the  Russian 
Empire  ? 

Q.  What  is  a  Kingdom  ? 

A.  It  consists  of  one  country,  subject  to  one 
g  man,  who  is  called  a  king ;  as  the  kingdom  of 
France,  of  Spain,  <fec. 

Which  is  usually  the  largest,  an  Empire  or  a  Kingdom  ? 
Q.  What  is  a  Duchy,  Grand  Duchy,  or  Principality? 

A.  It  is  a  smaller  portion  of  country,  subject 
either  to  a  duke,  grand  duke,  or  prince,  who  is 
himself  subject  to  some  higher  power,  as  the 
errand  Duchy  of  Baden,  in  Germany. 

Whicn  is  the  largest,  a  Kingdom,  or  a  Duchy  ? 
Q.  What  is  a  Republic? 

A.  It  is  a  country  in  which  the  exercise  of  the 
sovereign  power  is  lodged  in  representatives 
elected  by  the  people.  The  chief  officer  is 
styled  a  president ;  as  the  Republic  of  the  United 
States. 

Do  you  live  in  a  Republic,  or  in  a  Kingdom  ?  Can  you  tell 
me  the  difference  between  a  Kingdom  and  a  Republic  ?  In 
what  is  the  exercise  of  the  sovereign  power  lodo-ed  or  vested 
m  a  Republic  ?     In  a  Kingdom  r 

Q.  What  is  a  state  ? 

A.  It  is  a  tract  of  country  in  which  the  people 
possess  the  power  of  choosing  their  own  rulers, 
and  of  making  their  own  laws  in  all  local  con- 
cerns; but  subject  to  a  general  government,  in 
all  matters  pertaining  to  the  common  interest  of 

—  * 

Country  is  an  indefinite  term,  siffnifying  any  division,  re- 
gion, or  tract  of  land,  as  distinguished  from  another  ;  as  we 
say  the  countries  of  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  &c. 


) 


2ii 


OEOGUArmCAL    DEFINITIONS. 


li 


the  confederacy.  The  chief  officer  is  styled  a 
governor;  as  the  state  of  Connecticut,  New 
York,  Massachusetts,  *fcc. 

At  what  time  do  tlie  pco;)lo  of  Ihin  alnle  choo?o  thoir  state 
officers?     At  what  tirno  does  tho  Lo^jislaturo  of  tkm  slate 

meet  ? 

Q.  What  is  a  County,  or  Shiro  ? 

A.  It  is  a  circuit,  or  portion  of  a  state,  usually 
consisting  of  several  towns  united  for  political 
purposes,  and  for  the  more  easy  administration  of 
justice.  , 

[There  is  one  tmvn  selected  in  each  county,  in  which  mo 
county und  hWier  courts  are  held;  this  is  termed  the  shire- 
lownl  and  contains  a  court  house,  in  which  the  courts  sit,~ 
and  a  /at/,  in  which  criminals  are  confined.  When  there  are 
two  towns  selected  in  a  county  in  which  the  courts  are  held, 
they  are  called  half  shire  tovms.] 

Is  this  Town  a  Shire  Town  ? 

Q.  What  is  a  Town? 

A.  It  is  a  small  division  or  portion  of  a  county, 
incorporated  with  local  rights  and  privileges  for 
the  convenience  of  its  inhabitants. 

Which  is  the  largest,  a  Town  or  a  County  ?  Why  ?  C  im 
vou  tell  me  how  many  inhabitants  there  arc  in  this  town . 
How  many  churches  are  there  in  this  Town  ?  How  many 
public  schools  are  there  in  this  Town  ?  Can  you  mentiori  any 
other  seminaries  of  learning  in  this  Town  ?  Can  you  tell  me 
how  many  Towns  there  are  in  this  County  ? 

Q.  What  is  a  C^ity  ? 

A.  It  is  a  large  town,  incorporated  and  govern- 
ed by  particular  officers,  as  a  mm/or,  aldermen, 
and  common  council ;  as  the  City  of  Boston,  New 
York,  Hartford. 

Is //it.9  place  a  City,  or  a  Town  ?  , 

If  it  is  a  City,  who  is  the  Mayor  of  it  ?  Who  are  the  aldei  - 
men?     Who  are  the  Common  Council  ? 


INTKODUCTOIIY  LESSONS. 


23 


3  stvled  a 
cut,   New 

ao  their  slate 
of  tkia  state 

tc,  usually 
)!'  political 
istration  of 

in  which  tho 
icd  the  shire' 
i  courts  sit, — 
hen  there  are 
lurls  arc  held, 


(f  a  county, 
rivi leges  for 

Why  ?  Can 
in  this  town  ? 
'  How  many 
u  mention  any 
an  you  tell  me 


and  govern- 
',  aldermen, 
oston,  New 


are  the  alder- 


POliNTS  OF  COMPASS. 
(Before  tho  }>upil  commences  tho  following   cxerciHOH,  let 
him  1)0  re<iuir('(l  to  dislintruish  the  different  points  of  compass, 
without  any  reference  to  the  Map.] 

Point  to  the  North.  Point  to  tlia  Nortli-Kast. 

Point  to  tho  East.  ]>oint  to  tho  Souiii  East. 

Point  to  tho  South.  Point  to  the  South- West. 

Point  to  the  West.  Point  to  the  Nortji-Wost. 


EXERCISES  ON  THE  MAP. 

Note.— -Tho  pupil  should,  if  possible,  sit  facing  the  north,- 
BO  that  the  Map  may  correspond  to  the  natural  situation  of 
the  country  it  is  intended  to  represent. 

Which  part  of  tlie  Map  is  North  ?     Point  to  it. 
Winch  part  of  the  Map  is  East  ?     Point  to  it. 
Which  part  of  the  Map  is  South  ?    Point  to  it. 
Which  part  of  the  Map  is  West.?    Point  to  it. 

Which  part  of  the  Map  is  North-East  ?     Point  to  it. 
Which  part  of  the  Map  is  South-East  ?     Point  to  it. 
Which  part  of  the  Map  is  South- West?     Point  to  it. 
WJuch  part  of  the  Map  is  North- West  ?     Point  to  it. 
JJetween  what  two  points  of  the  compass  is  North-East  > 
Between  what  two  is  South-East  ?   South- West  ?     North 
West  r 


KiTtrotructors  ILtmon. 

NoTE.-^Tho  following  Lesson  is  intended  only  as  a  gene- 
ral oni]meo{  the  plan  of  commencing  the  study,  which  must 
be  left  for  the  Teacher  to  fill  up,  and  extend  as  he  may  think 
proper.  Ho  can  ask  numerous  questions  of  a  local  nature  • 
as  How  many  pubUc  schools  in  this  town,  or  cify?  What 
other  seminaries  of  learning  ?     How  many  churches  ?     What 

Wh  .%  i  f ^wv.  .^^^^  manufacturing  establishments? 
What  Roads?  What  mountain  ?  What  River?  What  the 
principal  occupation  of  the  inhabitants  ?  How  many  inhabi- 
tants in  this  tosvn,  or  city  ?  &c.  The  scholar  should  draw  a 
map  of  the  Town  on  a  slate  or  paper,  and  if  convenient,  a 
map  of  the  county.  ' 


24 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


What  is  tho  name  of  this  Town  ? 

W  hat  Town  is  north  of  this  ? 

What  Town  is  east  of  this  ? 

What  Town  is  south  of  this  ? 

What  Town  is  west  of  this  ? 

Is  this  Town  level,  or  hilly  ?  •  .       .  •    > 

Have  you  ever  been  in  any  City  or  Town  besides  this  ? 

What  is  a  Tov  n ?     What  is  a  County  ? 

What  is  the  name  of  this  County  ? 

How  many  Towns  in  this  County  ? 

Which  is  the  Shire  Town*  of  this  County  ? 

Is  this  County  level  or  hilly  ? 

What  River  in  this  County  ? 

Who  is  the  Chief  Judge  of  this  County  ? 

Who  are  the  Associate  Judges  of  this  County  ? 

Who  is  the  Sheriff!  of  this  County  ? 

Have  you  ever  been  in  any  County  besides  this? 

What  is  the  name  of  this  State  ? 

How  many  counties  in  this  State  ? 

What  bounds  this  State  on  tho  north? 

What  bounds  it  on  the  cast  ? 

W^hat  bounds  it  on  the  south? 

What  bounds  it  on  the  west  ? 

What  is  the  capital  of  this  State  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  town  or  city  in  this  State  ? 

Who  is  the  Governor  of  this  State  ? 

Who  is  the  Lieutenant  Governor  of  this  State  ? 

Have  you  ever  been  in  any  State  besides  this  ? 

Under  what  General  Government  do  you  live  ?     U.  S. 
What  is  the  Capital  of  the  United  States? 
Who  is  the  President  of  the  United  States  ? 
Who  is  tho  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  ? 
In  which  Grand  Division  of  the  globe  are  tlie  U.  States  ? 
With  what  is  N.  America  connected  ?     A.  With  S.  Amer. 
What  do  N.  and  S.  America  constitute  ?     A.    A  continent. 
What  is  a  continent? 


*  Shire  Town,  the  town   or  city   in  which  the  courts  are| 

held.  , 

t  Sheriff;  a  man  appoir.i,xl    a  each  county  to  execute  the 

laws. 


INTRODUCTOIIY    LESSONS. 

MAP  OF  THE  WORLD. 


25 


How  many  Continents  are  tlioro  ? 
How  is  the  Eastern  Continent  divided  7 
How  is  the  Western  Continent  divided  ? 
In  what  part  of  the  Eastern  Continent  is  Europe  ?     n-w. 
What  sea  separates  Europe  from  Africa?    m. 
What  is  a  Sea  ? 

What  sea  separates  Africa  from  Asia  ?     r. 
What  ocean  lies  between  Asia  and  America?     p. 
What  is  an  Ocean  ?     Did  }  u-i  ever  see  the  Atlantic  ocean  ? 
Whatocean  separates  AmorJja  from  Europeand  Africa  '  a. 
What  ocean  south  of  Asia  ? 
What  ocean  surroundj  (lio  north  polo? 
Whatocean  surrounds  the  south  pole? 
Which  is  the  largest,  the  Arctic  or  Antarctic  Ocean  ? 
Is  there  more  land  north  or  south  of  the  Equator? 
Which  is  the  largest,  the  Eastern,  or  the  Western  conti- 
nent?    E. 


What  largo  Island  south-east  of  Asia?     n-h. 

WJiat  is  an  Island  ? 

Between  what  two  oceans  is  New  Holland?     i.  and  p. 

What  islands  between  North  and  South  America  ? 

A.  West  India  Islands. 

What  Islands  between  Asia  and  New  Holland  ? 

A.  East  India  Islands. 

Does  the  eastern  or  western  continent  extend  farther  south  ? 
I  Which  extends  farthest  north  ? 

Which  extends  farther  south,  Europe  or  Asia  ?     a. 
Does  Africa  or  South  A merica  extend  farther  north?     a. 
Which  extends  farther  south,  N.  America  or  Europe?  n'-a 
What  Isthmus  connects  North  and  South  America  ? 
What  is  an  Isthmus  ? 

Whot  Isthmus  connects  Africa  and  Asia?     A.  Suez. 

Hov.  n     .      "I  rand  D  Visions  of  the  Globe  are  there  ? 

W  ,  ;      :    t:,/ called? 

Which  is  the  largest  Division  ?     Asia. 

Which  is  the  second  in  size  ?     Africa. 

Which  is  the  third  ?    North  America. 

Which  is  the  fourth  ?     South  America. 

Which  is  the  smallest  ?     Europe. 

In  which  Grand  Division  of  the  Globe  aie  we  * 


h 


m 


t 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 

What  Grand  Div)8ionB  does      e  EtiUdtor  crobs  ? 

W  hat  Grand  Divisions  are  c,    used  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer? 

Whatby  the  Tropic  of  Capi  wn?        .    ^ 

Through  what  divisions  does  the  Arctic  L^ircle  pass  ? 

On  which  side  of  the  Equator  does  most  of  fe.  America  lie . 

On  which  side  of  the  Equator  does  most  of  Atnoalie  . 

]s  Asia  in  north  or  south  latitude  ? 

Why  in  north  latitude  ?  .     ,    , 

Is  Africa  in  north  or  south  latitude  ■ 

Whv  is  it  in  both  north  and  south  latitude  ?  . 

In  what  diroction  from  North  America  is  South  America  . 

""Yu'wlTdSorWAfrica  is  Asia  ?-Europe  ?-North 

AmedcaP^South  AmericaP-New   ^;lolland  ?-GreenW  ^^ 

In  what  direction  from usisEurope?— Africa ?-&.  America. 

What  ocean  lies  between  North  America  and  Europe  ? 
Between  Africa  and  South  America? 

WhatOcean  between  Africa  and  New  Holland  ?  What 
Ocean  east  of  Asia  and  west  of  America  ? 

What  Oceaa  south   of  South  America,  Africa   and  New 

"  W  hit  ocean  north  of  North  America,  Europe  and  Asia  ? 
How  many  Oceans  are  there  ? 
VVhich  is  the  largest  Ocean  ?     Pacihc. 
Which  is  the  second  in  size  ?     Atlantic. 
Which  is  the  third  ?     Indian.  (In'-je  an.) 
W  hich  is  the  fourth  ?     Southern  or  Antarctic. 
Which  is -the  smallest  Ocean?     Northern  or  Arctic. 

How  many  degrees  froriTrhe  Equator  to  each  polo  ? 
How  many  degrees  from  one  polo  to  the  other  ? 
How  many  degrees  is  it  round  the  globe  ? 
How  many  geographic  miles  make  a  degree  ? 
How  miny  English  make  a  degree  ? 

MAP  OF  N^RTH  AMERICA. 

Does  North  America  lie  in  north,  or  south  latitude  ? 

Why  in  north  latitude  ? 

What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  north  ? 

What  Ocean  lies  east  of  it  ? 

W  hat  Gulf  on  the  south  ?  ^  ^ 

What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  th?  wes-  - 


llMu.'W'W'f^'*'''- 


r 


pic  of  Cancer? 

:le  pass  ? 

,  America  lie? 

frioalie  ? 


uth  America  ? 

rope  ? — North 
— Greenland  ? 
?-S.  America  ? 

and  Europe  ? 
Hand  ?  What 
rica  and  New 
e  and  Asia  ? 


tic. 

r  Arctic. 

jh  polo  ? 
lier  ? 


CA. 
latitude  ? 


m 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS.  27 

How  is  North  America  divided  ? 

In  what  part  is  British  America  ?  Northern  part. 

In  what  part  are  the.  United  States  ?     Middle. 

Where  is  Mexico?     South-western  part. 

In  w^hat  part  is  *  Guatimala  ?     Southern  part. 

Where  are  the  t  Russian  Possessions?  n-w. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  British  America  ?  a. 
What  is  the  Capital  of  the  United  States  ?  w.  ^^ 
What  is  the  Capital  of  Mexico  ?  M. 
What  is  the  Capital  of  Guatimala?  o. 

In  what  direciion  from  N.  America  is  Greenland  ? 
To  whom  does  it  belong  ?     A.  To  Denmark. 
What  Bay  and  Straits  separate  Greenland  from  N.  Amer- 
ica ?  B.  and  D. 

What  Gulf  south  of  the  United  States  ?  m. 
What  Gulf  in  the  western  part  of  Mexico  ?  c. 
What  Gulf  east  of  Lower  Canada  ?  St,  l. 
What  is  a  Gulf  or  Bay  ? 

What  Bay  west  of  G  r eenland  ? 

What  Bay  in  the  northern  part  of  British  Anjerica  ?  h. 

What  Bay  north  of  Hudson's  Bay  ?  r. 

What  Bay  kyuth  of  Hudson's  Bay?  j. 

What  Bay  east  of  Yucatan?  ii. 

What  Bay  wjst  of  Yucatan  ?  c. 

What  is  a  Mountain  ? 

What  Mountains  extend  from  Mexico  to  the  Arctic  Ocean  ? 
I R.     In  what  direction  do  they  run  ? 

What  mountains  extend  through   the    eastern  part  of  the 
U.  States?  A.     What  is  their  course  ? 


What  is  a  Cape  ? 

What  Cape  south  of  Greenland  ?  f. 

What  Cape  south  of  Nova  Scotia  ?  s. 

What  Cape  west  of  Cuba  ?  a. 

Wiiat  Cape  south  of  California  ?  St.  l. 

What  Cape  east  of  Bhering's  Straits  ?  p-w. 

Which  is  the  most  southern  Cape  of  the  U.  States  ?  s. 


*  Gwah-te-mah'-la. 


tRu-shian. 


u 


i 


28 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


What  Island  east,  of  Greenland  ?  i. 

To  whom  does  it  beJong  ?    A.  To  Denmark. 

What  large  island  east  of  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ?  n. 

What  islands  between  North  and  South  America?  w-i. 

Which  is  the  largest  of  these  Islands?  c. 

WJiich  is  the  second  in  size  ?  h. 

Which  is  the  third?  j.     Which  is  the  fourth  ?  p-r. 

What  cluster  of  isles  east  of  the  U.  States ;   b. 

What  is  a  Lake  ?     What  is  a  Pond  ? 
.  What  six  Lakes  lie  between  the  United  States  and  British 
America?     w.  s.  n.  c.  e.  o.     Which  is  the  most  eastern  ?  o. 
Which  is  the  most  western  ?  w. 

Which  of  these  lakes  is  the  smallest?  St.  c.    Which  is  the 
largest?  s. 

What  large  lake  lies  N.  W.  of  L.  Superior  ?  w. 

What  two  lakes  N.  VV.  of  Lake  Winnipeg?  h.  and  s. 

What  lake  in  Guatimala  ?  n.* 

What  river  runs  from  Lake  Ontario  into  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence?     What  is  its  course ?  n-e. 

What  two  rivers  empty  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  m.  and  c. 
What  large  river  empties  into  the  Pacific?  c. 
What  two  into  the  Gulf  of  California  ?  g.  and  c. 
Where  does  the  Mississippi  empty  ? 


What  is  a  Strait  ?  What  is  a  Channel  ? 

What  Strait  leads  into  Baffin's  Bay  ?  d. 

What  Strait  is  the  entrance  to  Hudson's  Bay  ?  h. 

What  Strait  between  Newfoundland  and  Labrador  ?  b. 

What  Strait  between  N.  America  and  Asia  ? 


B. 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lalwrenco  ? 

In  what  direction  from  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  is  Hud- 
son's Bay  ?  Gulf  of  California?  Baffin's  Bay? 

Which  way  from  Hudson's  Bay  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico? 

In  what  direction  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  ? 

Which  v/ay  from  the  Caribbean  Sea  is  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia ? 


Pronounced  Nic-ar-aw'-gua. 


INTROmJCTORY    LESSONS. 


29 


wronce  ?  n. 
erica?  w-i. 


if  P-R. 
B. 

es  and  British 
st  eastern  ?  o. 

Which  is  the 


w. 
H.  and  s. 


le  Gulf  of  St. 
n  ?  M.  and  c. 

D. 

nd  c. 


y?  H. 
brador  ?  b. 
'   B. 

Lawrence  ? 
Tence  is  Hud- 

of  Mexico  ? 
is  the  Carib- 

Gulf  ofCali- 


In  what  direction  from  the  Gulf  of  California  is   Baffin's 
Bay  ? 

Which  way  from  Baffin's  Bay  is  Bhering's  Strait  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Bhering's  Strait  is  the  Isthmus  of 
Darien  ?     What  is  an  Isthmus  ? 

What  does  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  connect  ? 

How  many  Oceans  border  on  North  America  ? 
What  3  large  Gulfs  in  North  America?  m.  j.  c. 
Through  what  part  of  N.America  does  the  tropic  of  dan- 
cer pass?     Through  what  part  the  Arctic  Circle  ? 
In  what  Zones  does  North  America  lie  ? 
In  what  Zones  are  the  West  India  Islands  ? 
In  what  part  of  North  America  do  you  live  ? 

MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
In  what  State  do  you  live  ?     What  is  a  State  ? 
How  many  States  are  there  ? 
How  many  Territories  are  there  ? 
What  Division  bounds  the  U.  States  on  the  north  ?  b-a 
What  Ocean  lies  cast  of  the  United  States  ?  a 
What  Gulf  south  of  the  U.  States?  m. 
What  Ocean  west  of  the  U.  States  Territory  ?  p. 

In  what  direction  does  the  coast  of  the  United  States  run  > 
N-E.  and  s-w. 

What  is  a  Shore  or  Coast  ?     Point  it  out  on  the  map. 
What  SIX  Lakes  he  between  the    United  States  and  Upper 
Canada  ?  w.  s.  h.  c.  e.  o. 

What  six  States  and  two  Territories  are  bounded  north  bv 
these  Lakes  and  Canadas  ?  ^ 

What  thirteen  States  bordaf  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 
vrnT^'o"'^^  ^^"^^^^  ''■^'^  Territory  lie  on  t!io  Gulfof  Mexico* 
\li:  ^^^^«^^n^  Territories  lie  on  the  Mississippi  river  ^ 
VVIiat  State  lies  entirely  west  of  the  Mississippi  river? 
What  State  lies  on  both  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi  river? 
How  many  Territories  west  of  the  Mississippi  ? 
Which  IS  the  most  western  Territory  ? 
Which  is  the  most  north-eastern  State  ? 
Which  is  the  most  southwestern  State ,? 

soutliT^P'''''*^*^^^"^'^''^*^*''^'^^'^'^^''^  extends  firthest 

3* 


30 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


What  three  States  border  on  Lake  Erie  ? 
What  State  lies  on  Long  Island  Sound  ? 

*  In  what  direction  from  Connecticut  is  Maine  ?  Vermont  ? 
New-York?  Rhode  Island  ?  Ohio? 

In  what  direction  from  Ohio  is  New  York?  Georgia? 
Louisiana  ?  t  Illinois  ?  New  Jersey  ?  Vermont  ?  ^  Indiana  ? 
Maryland  ?     Tennessee  ? 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  Lake 
Ontario?  Missouri  Territory  ?  Lower  Canada? 

What  two  Sounds  east  of  North  Carolina  ?  a.  and  p. 
What  is  a  Sound ' 
What  Sound  south  of  Connecticut? 
What  two  harbors  east  of  New  Jersey  ? 
What  Bay  east  of  Massachusetts?  m. 
What  Bay  between  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick  ?  f. 
What  Bay  on  the  north  west  part  of  Lake  Michigan  ? 
(Mish-e-gan.)  o. 

What  large  river  empties  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  m. 

Which  are  the  three  largest  western  branches  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi river  1  iw.  a.  ii.  ,     , 

Which  is  the  largest  eastern  branch  of  the  Mississippi,?  o. 

What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Ohio  ?  a.  m. 

What  two  unite  and  form  the  §  Mobile  river?  A.  Tom- 
bigbee  and  Alabama. 

What  two  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Appalachicola?  A. 
Chatahuoche  and  Flint? 

What  river  forms  the  boundary  line  between  South  Caro- 
lina and  Georgia?  s.  ,     />       ht     • 

What  river  separates  Virginia  and  Kentucky  from  Illinois, 
Indiana  and  Ohio  ?  o. 

What  river  forms  the  boundary  between  Maryland  and 

Virginia?  p. 

What  between  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylvania?  d. 
What  river  in  the  eastern  part  of  New  York  ?  h. 
What  is  the  principal  branch  of  the  Hudson  ?  m. 
What  is  the  largest  river  in  the  Eastern  States?  c. 

"i*  In  answering  the  following  questions,  let  the  pupil  point 
but  the  direction  with  his  hand,  as  he  gives  the  answer, 
i  ll-l«-nov'.  t  In-je-an'na.  §  Mo-beel'. 


Introductory  lessons. 


n 


?  Vermont  ? 

?     Georgia  ? 
?  :j: Indiana? 

xico  ?    Lake 


.  and  r. 


jnswick?  F. 
3  Michigan  ? 

exico  ?  M. 

IS  of  the  Mis- 

ississippi^?  o. 

k.    M. 

?    A.  Tom- 

Lchicola?    A. 

South  Caro- 

from  Illinois, 

^laryland  and 

a?  D. 

H. 

?    M. 
JS?   c. 

^le  pupil  point 
answer. 
Mo-beel'. 


What  river  empties  into  Green  Bay  ?  p. 
What  river  forms  the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New 
Brunswick  ?  St.  c. 

What  river  forms  the  boundary  between  Louisiana  and 
Mexico  ?  s. 

What  Cape  south  of  Nova  Scotia  ?  s. 
What  three  Capes  east  of  Massachusetts?  a.  c.  m. 
What  is  the  eastern  point  of  Long  Island  called  ?  m. 
What  Cape  etst  of  New  Jersey  ?     A.  Sandy  Hook. 
What  two  at  the  entrance  of  DeFaware  Bay?  m.  h. 
What  two  at  the  entrance  of  Chesapeake  Bay  ?  c.and  h. 
What  three  east  of  N.  Carolina?  h.  l.  f. 
What  two  east  of  Florida  ?  c.  and  f. 
What  Cape  south  of  Florida  ?  s. 

What  Island  south  of  Connecticut? 

To  what  State  does  Long  Island  belong?     A.  To  New- 
York. 

What  is  the  principal  range  of  Mountains  in  the  United 
btates  ?  A.     What  is  a  mountain  ? 

What  seven  States  are  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  40" 
N.  latitude  ? 

What  State  by  the  parallel  of  30o  N.  latitude? 

Through  what  States  would  you  pass  in  travelling  in  a 
straight  line  from  Connecticut  to  Maine? 

From  iVIaine  to  New  York  ? 

From  New  York  to  Virginia? 

From  Virginia  to  Louisiana  ? 

From  Louisiana  to  Ohio  ? 

From  Ohio  to  Georgia? 

From  Georgia  to  Louisiana  ? 

From  Louisiana  to  Maine  ? 

Through  what  States  would  you  pass  in  travelling  on  the 
coast  from  Louisiana  to  Maine  ? 


I       What  is  the  Capital  of  the  United  States?  w. 

I       What  is  the  Capital  of  Maine  ?  p.— Of  New  Hampshire  ? 

I  c— Of  Vermont  ?    m.— Of  Massachusetts  ?   b.— Of  Rhode 

I  *  In  learning  the  following  questions,  the  scholar  should 
I  extend  a  rule  from  the  centre  of  one  of  the  given  states  to 
V  the  centre  of  the  other. 


I* 


32 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


island?  p.— Of  Connecticut  ?  ii.  andN-ii.— Of  Now  York?  a. 
•^New  Jersey  ?  t. — Of  Pennsylvania  ?  h. — Of  Delaware  ? 
D.— Of  Maryland  ?  A.--Of  Virginia  ?  b.— Of  North  Caroii. 
na?  R. — Of  Soilth  Carolina?  c. — Of  Georgia?  m.— Of  Ala- 
bama  ?  t. — Of  Louisiana  ?  n-o. — Of  Mississippi  f  J. — Of 
Tennessee?  n. — Of  Missouri?  j.  c. — Of  Kentucky?  f. — Of 
Illinois  ?  v.--Of  Indiana  ?  i.— Of  Ohio  ?  a 

Wliich  is  the  largest  State  ?  v. 

"Which  is  the  smallest  State  ?  b-i. 

In  what  ^one  are  the  United  States  ? 

The  initials  of  certain  rivers  in  the  United  States  spell 
HARTFORD  ;  what  are  their  names,  and  where  do  they 
empty? 

In  what  direction  from  this  place  is  South  America  ? 

What  Islands  would  you  pass  in  sailing  from  New-York  to 
South  America  ?  w-i. 


MAP  OF  SOUTH  AMERICA. 

What  Sea  north  of  South  America  ? 
What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  east  ? 
What  Strait  on  the  south  ? 
What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  west  ? 

What  Isthmus  connects  it  with  North  America  ?  n. 

What  is  an  Isthmus  ? 

What  are  the  Divisions  of  South  America  ? 

Which  is  the  most  northern  Division  ?  c. 

Which  is  the  most  southern  Division  ?  p. 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  Division  ?  p. 

Which  is  the  most  western  Division  ?  p. 

What  Divisions  lie  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

What  Divisions  lie  on  the  Pacific? 

What  Division  on  the  Carribbean  Sea  ?  c. 

What  two  Provinces  does  Colombia  embrace  ? 

A.  New  Grenada  and  Venezuela. 

What  name  has  been  given  to  the  interior  of  S..  Amcr- 
ica  ?  A. 

Which  is  the  largest  division  of  S.  America  ?  b. 

What  tv/o  divisions  extend  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pa- 
cific ?  p.  c. 

What  Desert  between  Chili  and  Peru  ?  a. 

In  what  Division  is  the  Desert  of  Aiacama  ?  b. 


jiiwiiiMwi'ii»jii!im.miiiuia 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


33 


What  is  a  River  ? 

Which  is  the  largest  River  in  S.  America?  a. 

WJuch  is  the  second  largest  ?  p. 

What  two  Rivers  unite  and  form  the  La  Plata  ' 

Which  is  the  third  River  in  S.  America  ?  o.  ' 

What  River  empties  into  the  Caribbean  Sea  ?     m. 


p.  and  u. 


What  is  an  Island  ? 

What  Island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amazon  ?     j. 

What  Island  south  of  Patagonia?  t-d-f. 

What  Strait  separates  Terra  del  Fuego  from  Pataffonia? 
M.— What  IS  a  Strait  ? 

What  Island  south  of  Chili^?     c. 

What  Island  west  of  Chili,  remarkable  for  the  residence  of 
Alexander  Selkirk,  or  Robinson  Crusoe  ?  j-f. 

What  Cape  north  of  S.  America  ?  v. 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  Cape  ?  r. 

Which  is  the  most  southern  Cape  ?  h. 

Which  is  the  most  western  Cape?  b. 

[Imagine  yourself  standing  on  the  Island  of  Joannes,  and 
answer  the  following  questions,  and  point  out  the  direction 
with  your  hand.] 

In  what  direction  from  you  is  Cape  Vela  ? 

Cape  St.  Roque  ?  Cape  Horn?  Cape  Blanco?  Isthmus 
of  Darien?  Strait  of  Magellan  ?  Bolivia  ?  Colombia  ?  Pat- 
agonia ?  Guianat?     Peru?    Chih?    Brazilif:? 

Through  what  Divisions  does  the  Equator  pass  ? 
Through  what  does  the  tropic  of  Capricorn  pass  ? 
In  what  Zones  is  South  America  ? 
What  are  Zones  ?     Plow  many  are  there  ? 
Through  what  Divisions  does  the  70th  meridian  of  west 
longitude  pass  ?     What  are  meridians  ? 


Which  is  the  principal  chain  of  mountains  ? 

Which  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Andes  ?     A.    Ciiimbora- 

'"'^iJu  ^^  ^^^^  ™*^^^  ^'^^  ^^°^^  ^^®  ^®v^*  ^^  ^^e  sea. 

Which  is  the  next  highest  peak  ?    A.  Cotopaxi ;  2h  miles 
high.    It  IS  a  Volcano. 


*  Chef^-le. 


t  Gee-an'-na. 


I  Brazeel'. 


i 


34 


INTRODUCTOHV  LESSONS. 


What  is  a  volcano  ?    What  isa  mountain  ? 

Between  what  two  capes  is  South  America  the  lonjrest  ? 

Between  what  two  the  widest  ?  St.  a.  and  b. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Colombia  ?  s-d-b. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Peru  ?  l.  (Le^ma.) 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Brazil  ?  a.  j. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  the  United  Provinces  ?  a. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Chili  ?  s. 

W  hy  are  there  no  towns  in  Patagonia  ? 

A.   Because  it  is  inhabited  by  Indians  in  a  savage  state* 

To  whom  does  Guiana  l?elong  ? 

A.  To  the  English,  Dutch,  and  French.  Spanish  Guiana 
is  included  in  Colombia  ;  and  Portuguese  Guiana  in  Brazil. 

What  Ocean  must  you  cross,  and  in  what  direction  must 
you  sail,  in  going  from  S.  America  to  Europe  ? 

MAP  OF  EUROPE. 

What  Ocean  lies  north  of  Europe  ?  a. 

What  Grand  Division  of  the  Globe  oast  of  Europe?  a. 

What  Sea  south  of  Europe  ?  m. 

What  Ocean  bounds  Europe  on  the  west  ?  a. 

Is  Europe  connected  with  Asia  or  Africa  ? 

What  sea  separates  it  from  Africa  ? 

What  large  empire  in  the  eastern  part  of  Europe  ?  r. 

What  is  an  empire  ?     What  is  a  Kingdom  ? 

What  Kingdom  in  the  south-western  part  ?  p. 

What  four  divisions  of  Europe  lie  on  the  Mediterranean  ? 
s.  F.  I.  T. 

What  five  Divisions  encompass  the  Baltic  Sea  ?  a.  d.  s. 
R.  p. 

Which  is  the  largest  Division  of  Europe  ?  r. 

Which  is  the  second  largest  Division  ?  a. 

Which  is  the  third  Division  ?  t. 

Which  is  the  smallest  Division  ?  s.' 

What  Divisions  are  intersected  by  the  parallel  of  40°  N. 
latitude  ?  p.  s.  i.  t. 

What  by  the  parallel  of  50^  ?  f.  n.  g.  a.  r. 

What  by  the  parallel  of  60°  ?  n.  s.  r. 

Through  what  Divisions  does  the  first  meridian  of  longi- 
tude pass  ?  E.  F.  s. 

Tjirough  what  the  10°  of  E.  longitude  ?  n.  d.  p.  g.  s.  a.j. 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


35 


el  of  40°  N. 


Through  what  divisions  does  the  2(r  of  E.  longitude  pads  f 

N.  8.  P.  P.  A.  T.  *  ^ 

The  30°  E.  longitude  ?  r. 

Which  is  the  largest  Island  in^urope  ?  g-b. 
What  large  Island  west  of  Groat  Britain  ?  i. 
What  large  Island  west  of  Norway  ?  I. 
What  two  large  islands  west  of  Italy  ?  s.  c. 
What  small  Island  between  Corsica  and  Italy  '  e 
For  what  is  Elba  remarkable  ? 

•  u^;  y^^  ^®'"S  ^^^®  1^^^^®  *®  w^^ch  Bonaparte  was  first  ban- 
ished in  1814. 

What  large  Island  south  of  Italy  ?  s. 

What  large  Island  south  of  Sicily,  on  which  St.  Pan!  Was 
shipwrecked?  m. 

What  Island  south  of  the  Archipelago?  c. 
What  is  an  Archipelago  ? 

What  large  Island  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterrane- 
an ?  c. 

What  3  Islands  near  Spain  ?  i.  m.  m. 
Whatfour  clusters  of  Islands  north  and  west  of  Scotl«nd  f 
F.  s.  o.  w.     What  is  an  Island  ? 


What  three  Divisions  constitute  the  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  ?  ** 

A.  England,  Wales,  and  Scotland. 

What  does  the  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
constitute  ? 

A.  The  British  Empire. 

Whatname  has  been  given  to  the  northern  part  of  Nor- 
way, Sweden,  and  Russia  ?  l. 

What  Sea  east  of  Great  Britain  ?  n. 
What  Sea  between  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ?  i. 
What  Sea  between  Sweden  and  Russia  ?  B. 
What  Sea  in  the  northern  part  of  Russia  ?  w. 
What  three  Seas  south  of  Russia  ?  c.  a.  b. 
What  three  Seas  east  of  Turkey  ?  a.  m.  a. 
There  are  ten  Seas  in  and  around  Europe  ;  what  are  their 
names  ?  c.  a.  b.  m.  a.  m.  i.  n.  b.  w. 

What  Gulf  north  of  the  Baltic  ?  b. 

Whjjt  two  Gulfs  east  of  the  Baltic  ?  f.  and  r. 

vVhat  guif  oast  of  Italy  ?  v. 


i 


36 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


What  Gulf  south  east  of  Italy  ?  t. 
What  Gulf  south  of  France?  l. 
What  Bay  west  of  France  ?  b. 


What  Channel  between  France  and  England  ?  k. 
What  Channel  between  Wales  and  Ireland?  St.  a. 
What  Channel  south  of  Wales?  b. 
What  Channel  between  Ireland  and  Scotland?  n. 
What  Channel  between  Denmark  and  Norway  ?  s. 
What  Channel  between  Denmark  and  Sweden?  c. 


What  Strait  between  England  and  France  ?  d. 
What  Strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean? 
What  Strait  between  Corsica  and  Sardinia?  b. 
What  Strait  between  Sicily  and  Italy  ?  m. 
What  Strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice? 


G. 


1 

* 

w 

w 

w 

;| 

w 

What  Mountains  between  Norway  and  Sweden  ?  d. 

What  Mountains  between  France  and  Spain  ?  p. 

What  Mountains  in  Switzerland  ?   a. 

Which  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Alps  ? 

A.  Mont  Blanc,  the  highest  mountain  in  Europe. 

What  Mountains  in  Italy  ?  a. 

What  Mountains  in  Austria?  c. 

What  Mountains  in  Tuikey?  h. 

What  Mountains  between  llussia  and  Siberia  ?  u. 

What  Mountain  in  Sicily  ?  e. 
What  Mountain  near  Naples?  v. 
What  Mountain  in  Iceland  ? 


["■>#■ 


H. 


What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 


is  a  Cape  ?     What  is  a  Promontory  ? 

Cape  north  of  Norway  ?  N. 

Capo  south-west  of  Norway  ?  n. 

Cape  south-west  of  England  ?  jl-e. 

Capo  south  of  Ireland  ?  c. 

Cape  north  of  France?  C  La  Hogue. 

Cape  north-west  of  Spain  ?  o. 


Cape  west  of  Spain  ?  f. 
Cape  south-west  of  Portugal  ? 
Cape  south  of  Italy  ?  s. 
Cape  south  of  Turk«y  i"  Rt. 


St.  V 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


37 


What  large  River  rises  in  Russia  and  emiities  into  the  Cas- 
plan  Sea  ?  v. 

What  River  empties  into  the  Sea  of  Azof  ?  d. 

What  River  rises  in  Germany  and  empties  into  the  Black 
sea :  D. 

What  two  Rivers  rise  in  Switzerland  ?  r.  and  r. 

What  two  Rivers  empty  into  the  Bay  of  Biscay  ?  g.  end  l. 

wu  ^  i^'\';'  ^""P*'^^  '"^^  ^^'°  English  Channel  ?  s. 
What  five  Rivers  rise  in  Spain  and  empty  into  the  Atlan- 
tic r  a.  G.  T.  D.  M. 

Which  is  the  principal  River  in  England  ?  t. 
Which  IS  the  largest  River  in  Ireland  ?  s. 
Which  is  the  principal  River  in  Norway?  o. 
What  is  a  River  ?    What  is  a  Lake? 

•■>  ~~~ 

What  two  Lakes  in  Russia  ?  o.  h. 


What  three  Lakes  in  Sweden  ?  w. 
What  two  Lakes  in  Switzerland  ? 
neva. 


w.  and  Ma-la'r. 

A.  Constance  and  Ge- 


What  is  the  Capital  of  England  ?  l. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Portugal  ?  L.-Of  Spain  ?  m  —Of 
^'^th  •  J;-Of  N^tJl^rJ^nds  ?  A._At  what  place  in  Germany 
does  the  Federative  Diet  hold  its  sessions  ?  A.  At  Frankfort 
on-the-Maine.     What  is  the  Capital   of  Denmark  ?  c  —Of 
Switzerland?  b.— Of  Italy?  r.— Of  Austria?  v.— Of  Tur- 

^^o?'«r^^^T^'*''  »•— of  i^«ssia  ?  St.  P.-Of  Sweden' 
s. — OfJNorway?     b. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  England  ?  In  what  direction 
from  England  is  Norway  ?  Prussia?  Italy?  Spain  ?  Ire- 
land ?  Russia  ?  Portugal  ?  ^  r       • 

Does  Europe  lie  in  no^h  or  south  latitude  ?  Why  ' 
In  what  Zones  is  Europe  ?  What  are  Zones  ? 
What  part  is  in  the  North  Frigid  Zone  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Europe  is  Asia  ? 


MAP  OF  ASIA. 

What  Ocean  lies  north  of  Asia?  a. 
What  Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  east  ?  n. 
What  Ocean  onlhe  South  ?  i. 


What  Grand  division  west  of  Asia 


£. 


38 


INTRODUCTORY   LIJSSONS. 


i  '■ 


'  » 


.1 


What  Isthmus  connects  Africa  and  Asia  ?  a. 

What  are  the  political  Divisions  of  Asia  ? 

What  Division  embraces  the  northern  part  ?  s. 

What  extensive  Empire  south  of  Siberia?  c. 

What  two  Divisions  south  of  the  Chinese  Empire  ?  u.&  f.  i. 

What  Division  in  the  south-western  part  of  Asia  ?  a. 

What  Division  north  of  Arabia  ?  t. 

What  Division  east  of  Turkey  ?  p. 

What  two  Divisions  east  of  Persia?  a.  and  b. 

What  Division  north  of  Afghanistan  ? 

What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 


I-T. 

Sea  between  Asia  and  Africa  ?  r.     . 

Sea  between  Arabia  and  Hindoostan  ?  a. 

Sea  or  Bay  between  Hindoostan  and  F.  India  ?  b. 

Sea  east  of  Farther  India  ?  c. 

Sea  east  of  China  ?  b. 

Seabctween  China  and  Corea?  y. 

Sea  between  Corea  and  Niphon  ?  c. 

Sea  in  the  eastern  part  of  Siberia  ?  o. 

Sea  east  of  Kamtchatka  ?  k. 

Sea  in  the  northern  part  of  Siberia?  o. 

Sea  between  Nova  Zembla  and  Siberia?  k. 

Sea  west  of  Independent  Tartary?  c. 

Sea  in  Independent  Tartary  ?  a. 


What  Gulf  between  Arabia  and  Persia  ?  p. 

What  Gulf  between  Malacca  and  Cambodia?  s. 

What  Gulf  east  of  Tonquin  ?  t. 

What  Gulf  in  the  northern  part  of  New  Holland  ? 

[See  Map  of  the  World.] 

What  Gulf  between  Cey-lon'  and  Hindoostan  ? 

A.  Gulf  of  Ma-naar'. 

What  Gulf  at  the  Northern  extremity  of  the  Red  Sea  ? 

A.  Gulf  of  Suez.  

What  Mountains  between  Siberia  and  the  Chinese  Em- 
pire ? 

What  Mountains  between  the  Chinese  Empire  and  Hin- 
doostan ? 

Which  is  the  highest  peak  of  the  Himmaleh  Mountains  ? 

A.  Da-wal-agdri.  It  is  five  miles  high,  above  the  level  of 
the  sea ;  being  the  highest  mountain  on  the  globe. 


L. 


IVTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


39 


8. 


ipiro?  ii.&F.i. 
Asia?  A. 


3. 


'    A. 

F.  India  ?  b. 


>. 

a?  K. 


.''   8. 

and? 

a? 

Red  Sea  ? 

Chinese  Em- 
pire and  Hin- 

Mountains  ? 
ve  the  level  of 
>be. 


What  chain  unites  the  Allay  and  Ilimmaleh  Mountains  ? 

B-T. 

What  Mountains  in  the  southern  part  of  Hindoostan  ?  o. 
What  Mountains  in  the  western  part  of  Turkey  ?  t. 
What  Mountains  in  the  northern  part  of  Arabia  ?  r. 
What  Mountains  separate  Siberia  from  Russia  in  Europe  ? 
u. — What  is  a  Mountain  ? 

What  is  a  Peninsula  ? 

What  Peninsula  in  the  southern  part  of  Farther  Jndia?  m. 

What  Peninsula  between  the  Yellow  Sea  and  the  Sea  of 
Corea  ?  c. 

What  Peninsula  between  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  and  the  Sea 
of  Kamtchatka  ?  k. 

What  Cape  north  of  Siberia  ?  t. 
What  Cape  south  of  Kamtchatka  ?  l. 
What  Capo  south  of  Malacca?  r. 
What  Cape  south  of  Hindoostan  ?  c. 

What  is  a  Strait  ?    What  is  a  Channel  ? 

What  Strait  between  Asia  and  North  America  ?  b. 

What  Strait  between  Malacca  and  Sumatra?  m. 

What  Strait  between  Sumatra  and  Jjiva?  s. 

I  See  Map  of  the  Wirld.\ 

What  Strait  between  Borneo  and  Celebes  ?  m. 

What  Strait  between  New  Holland  and  J?ew  Guinea  '  t. 

[See  Map  of  the  World.] 

What  Strait  between  the  Persian  Gulf  and  the  Gulf  of 
Ormus  ? 

A.  The  Strait  of  Ormus. 

What  Strait  is  the  entrance  to  the  Red  Sea  ?  b. 

What  two  Rivers  unite,  and  empty  into  the  Persian  Gulf? 
E.  and  T. 

What  large  River  rises  in  the  Chinese  Empire,  and  empties 
into  the  Sea  of  Arabia  ?  i. 

What  two  Rivers  unite  and  empty  into  the  Bay  of  Ben- 
gal ?  G.  b. 

What  River  empties  into  the  China  Sea  ?  c. 

What  River  passes  through  the  middle  of  China  and  emp- 
ties into  the  Pacific  ?  k. 

What  River  empties  into  the  Yellow  Sea  ?  h-h. 

What  River  empti^  into  the  Channel  of  Tartary  ?  a. 


i  •  i 


I  ) 


it 


!•■. ; 


I 


40 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


What  River  empties  into  the  sea  of  Anadir  ?  a. 
What  three  Rivers  empty  into  the  Arctic  Ocean?  l,o.  y. 
What  River  empties  into  the  sea  of  Obi  ?  o. 
.What  River  from  Europe  empties  into  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 
What  is  an  Island  ? 

What  Island  south  of  Hindoostan  ?  c. 
What  Island  south  of  Malacca?  s. 
What  Island  south-east  of  Sumatra?  j 
[See  JSlap  of  the  World.] 
What  large  Island  east  of  Malacca  ?  b. 
What  large  Island  east  of  Borneo  ?  g.  * 
What  large  Island  South  east  of  Asia  >  n-h. 
[See  Map  of  the  World.] 
What  Island  south  of  New  Holland?  v.  d  l. 
What  large  Island  north  of  New  Holland  ?  n-g. 
What  cluster  of  Islancjs  east  of  Farther  India  ?  p. 
What  Island  in  the  gulf  of  Tonquin  ?  h.- 
What  large  Island  east  of  Corea?  n. 
What  two  Islands  east  of  the  channel  of  Tartary  ?  j.  8. 
What  island  north  west  of  Siberia?  N-z. 

What  Oceans  border  on  Asia?  a.  p.  i. 
What  six  Seas  cast  of  Asia  ?  k.  o.  c.  y.  b.  c. 
What  six  Seas  west  of  Asia  ?  r.  m.  a.  m.  b.  a. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Turkey  ?  c. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Arabia  ?  m. 

What  is  the  Capital  of  Persia  ?  t. 

Of  Afghanistan?  c— Of  Beloochistan  ?  k.— Of  Hindoos- 
tan?  c— Of  the  Birman  Empire?  u.— Of  the  Chinese  Em- 
pire  ?  p.— Of  Independent  Tartary  ?  B.~Of  Siberia  ?  A, 
Tobolsk. 

Where  is  the  Empire  of  Japan  ? 

A.  In  the  east  of  Asia ;  including  the  Islands  of  Niphon, 
Kiusiu,  Ximo,  and  Sikoke,  besides  several  smaller  ones.  Its 
Capital  is  Jedo. 


What  three  Islands  does  the  Equator  cross; 


S.  B.  C. 


J  hrough  wiiat  Divisions  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  pass  ? 

A.  H.   F-I.  C. 

Through  what  Division  the  Arctic  Circle  ?  s. 
What  Divisions  are  intersected  by  the  parallel  o^  10**  N 
latitude  ?  ii.  f  i. 


■■*i     S.  A. 


A. 

eean  ?  l^  o.  y. 
!!^aspian  Sea  ? 


r-G. 
L?  p. 


tary  ?  j.  g. 


-Of  Hindoos' 
Chinese  Em- 
Siberia  ?     A, 


8  of  Niphon, 
ler  ones.     Its 

.  B.  c. 
Cancer  pass  ? 


i\  o^  I0*»  N. 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


41 


I 


What  by  the  parallel  of  20°  ?  a.  h.  p-i. 

What  by  the  parallel  of  33°  ?  a.  p.  b.  a.  h.  c-e. 

What  by  the  parallel  of  40°  ?  t.  c.  i-t.  c-e. 

Through  what  Divisions  does  the  80th  meridiaYi  of  east 
longitude  pass  ?  s.  c-e.  h. 

In  what  Zones  does  Asia  lie? 

At  what  place  is  Asia  connected  with  Africa  ?  s. 

What  is  an  isthmus  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Asia  is  Africa  ? 

If  you  travel  out  of  Asia  into  Africa,  what  is  the  first  divi- 
sion you  will  enter  ?  e. 


MAP  OF  AFRICA. 


What  Sea  liep  north  of  Africa  ?  m. 

Whiii  Sea  and  Ocean  east  of  Africa?  r,  and  i, 

WI      Ocean  bounds  it  on  the  west  ?  a. 

On  which  side  of  the  Equator  does  most  of  Africa  lie? 

With  which  of  the  other  Grand  Divisions  is  Africa  con- 
nected ? 

Wliat  States  in  the  northern  part?  b-s. 

What  are  their  names  ?  m.  a.  t.  t.  b. 

W  hich  is  the  most  western  of  the  Barbary  States  ?  m. 

What  does  Morocco  include  ?  A.  The  former  kingdoms  of 
Tafilel  and  Fez. 

Which  is  the  most  eastern  of  the  Barbary  States?  b. 

What  Division  in  the  north  eastern  part  of  Africr?  e. 

What  Division  south  of  Egypt  ?  n. 

What  Division  south  west  of  Nubia  ?  d. 

What  Division  east  of  Darfur  ?  a. 

What  extensive  Desert  south  of  the  Barbary  States?  a. 

What  large  Division  southeast  of  the  Desert  ?  s,  or  n. 

What  Division  west  of  Nigritia  ?  s. 

What  two  small  Divisions  south  of  Senegambia  ?  s.  l. 
and  L. 

What  name  has  been  given  to  the  coast  between  Senegam- 
bia and  the  Equator  ?  a. 

What  names  have  been  given  to  the  coast  between  the 
Equator  and  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ?  l.  c.  a.  b.  c. 

What  name  has  been  given  to  the  southern  part  of  Africa  ? 
s.  A. 

What  Colony  in  the  southern  part  of  Africa  ?  c. 

4* 


.1 


i 


V 


42 


INTRODUCTORY    LESSONS. 


What  spiall  Division  in  the  eastern  part  of  S.  Africa  ?  c 
What  is  the  interior  of  the  southern  part  of  Africa  called  ?  e 
What  do  we  know  respecting  Ethiopia?     A.  Nothin/r  ex-" 
cept  Its  name,  as  ithas  never  been  explored   by  any  except 
by  those  who  inhabit  it.  •'        ^  f" 

What  names  have  been  given  to  the  coast  between  South 
Africa  and  Abyssinia  ?  m.  m.  z.  a. 

What  Division  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  desert  ?  f. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  Cape  ?  b. 
Which  is  the  most  eastern  Cape  ?  o. ' 
Which  is  the  most  southern  Cape  ?  g-h. 
Which  is  the  most  western  Cape  ?  v. 
What  is  a  Cape  ?     What  is  an  Island  ? 

Which  is  the  most  nerthern  group  of  the  African  Islands  f 
''•TJu '""l^^,^  direction  from  Morocco  are  the  Azores" 
What  Islands  west  of  Morocco  ?  m. 
What  cluster  of  Islands  south-west  of  Morocco  ?  c 
What  Islands  west  of  Senegambia?  c- v. 
What  Island  west  of  Cimbebas  ?  St.  h.* 
Q.  For  what  is  St.  Helena  distinguislie'd  ? 

A.  For  being  the  place  to  which  Napoleon  Bonaparte  wn«, 
banished  m  1815      He  was  detained  on  this  island'^as  a  pTis 
oner  of  war,  till  his  death,  in  1821.  ^ 

In  what  direction  from  France  is  St.  Helena  ? 
In  what  direction  from  us  is  St.  Helena  ? 
What  large  Island  south-east  of  Africa  ?  m 
What  Islands  iri  the  northern  part  of  the  Channel  of  Mo 
zambique.?  c.—What  is  a  Channel  ? 

What  two  Islands  east  of  Madagascar?  f  b 

What  Island  near  Cape  Guardafui?  s. 

What  Isthmus  unites  Africa  and  Asia  ?  s 

How  wide  is  the  Isthmus  of  Suez?     A    fin  m:i« 

What  Strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea^  b 

What  Strait  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  ? 

How  wide  are  each  of  these  Straits  ?         ""^^^^  - 

A.  They  are  in  the  narrowest  oart  nhnnt  ic  ,«-i 

What  Channel  between  MadagCkr  ^"d  MozT^uli^^K 

What  Gulf  east  of  TunisT  (^"^ 

What  Gulf  north  of  Tripoli  ?'  s 


Mf* 


INTRODUCTORY   LESSONS. 


43 


S.  Africa  ?  t. 
Lfrica  called  ?  e. 
A.  Nothing'  ex- 
iy  any  except 

between  South 

!ert  ?  f. 


frican  Islands  f 

5010S  ? 

ceo?  c. 


'onaparte  was 
land  as  a  pris- 


annel  of  Mo 


tiiles. 

B. 

mean  ? 

miles  wide, 
ambique  ?  m. 


Red  Sea? 


What  Gulf  south  of  Guinea?  o. 

What  Bay  near  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ?  t-b. 

What  River  rises  in  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  and  runs 
north  through  Abyssinia,  Nubia,  and  Egypt,  into  the  Mediter- 
ranean ?  N. 

What  large  River  in  Nigritia  ?  n. 

Where  does  the  Niger  empty  ? 

A.  It  is  not  certainly  known  ;  but  it  is  probable  it  empties 
into  the  Gulf  of  Guinea. 

What  three  Rivers  in  Scnegambia  ?  s.  a.  q. 

What  River  separates Sencgambia  from  Guinea?  m. 

NVhat  River  separates  Loango  from  Congo  ?  z. 

What  River  in  S.  Africa  runs  west  into  the  Atlantic  ?  o. 

What  River  empties  into  the  channel  of  Mozambique  ?  z. 

What  Mountains  in  theBarbary  States?  a. 

What  Mountains  extend  through  the  middle  of  Africa  ?  m. 

What  Mountains  north  of  Guinea  ?  k. 


C-T. 


What  is  the  Capital  of  Egypt  ?  c. 
What  is  the  Capital  of  Barca?  d. 
V\  hat  is  the  Capital  of  Tripoli  ?  t. 
OfTunisPT.     OfAlgiers?  A.     Of  Morocco  ?m. 
What  is  the  principal  Town  in  the  Cape  Colony  ? 
What  is  the  Capital  of  Congo  ?  St.  s. 
What  is  the  Capital  of  Abyssinia  ?  a. 

In  what  direction  from  us  is  Tripoli  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Tripoli  is  the  Cape  Colony  ? 

Abyssinia  ? — Senegam  bia  ? — Egypt  ? — Morocco  ? — Nubia  ? 
G.  of  Guinea  ? — Fezzan  ? 

Through  what  divisions  of  Africa  does  the  Equator  pass  ? 

Through  what  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  ? 

Through  what  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 

In  what  Zones  does  Africa  lie  ? 

Supposing  you  were  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to-day  at 
12  o'clock,  would  the  sun  be  north  or  south  of  you  ?     Why  ? 

Between  what  two  Capes  is  Africa  the  longest  ?  Between 
what  two  Capes  the  widest  ? 

How  long  is  the  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert  ? 

How  long  is  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ?  How  long  is  the 
Red  Sea  ? 

In  what  direction  from  Africa  is  this  place  ? 


if 
! 


44 


AMERICA. 


PART  SJSCOND. 


^miBMi^^m. 


J^iscoveryof  America  by  Columbus  in  1492 
^^Q.^  How  does  America  compare  with  the  eastern  Conti. 

A.  It  is  less  in  size  than  the  eastern  continent 
but  surpasses  ,t  ,n  the  number  and  magnitude  of 
Its  rivers,  its  numerous  lakes,  and  its  lofty  and 
extended  ranges  of  mountains.  ^ 

Q.  What  is  the  extent  of  America  > 

A.  It  IS  about  9,000  miles  in  length  nnH  r.^ 

000  square  miles.  ^  ^^  j^^uu,- 

Q.  For  what  is  America  distinguished  ? 

A  I^or  the  variety  of  its  climate,— its  valuahip 
productions,--and  for  the  freedom  of  k  S 
and  rehgious  mstitutions.  ^*^" 

Q.  What  is  the  probable  population  of  America  ? 

rli;  ^*^^"\,^,^.'000^«00,--consisting  of   three 
classes  :  viz.  Wh  tpc,   ivr,., ,»=,.'    luree 

~     ■  ""^*^"»  -^^^iws,  ana  Indians. 


AMERICA. 


45 


n  1492. 

astern  C'onti. 

I  continent, 
agnitude  of 
3  lofty  and 

and  on  an 
>g  15,000,- 

^s  valuable 
5f  its  civil 

la  ? 

of   three 
ians. 


The  whites  are  the  descendants  of  Europeans,  wlio  have 
settled  in  America  since  its  discovery.  The  negroes  are  de- 
scendants of  African  Slaves  ;  and  the  Indians  are  the  rem- 
nants of  those  who  occupied  the  country  at  the  time  of  its 
discovery. 

Q.  When,  and  by  whom  was  America  discovered  ? 

A.  In  1492,  by  Christopher  Columbus,*  under 
the  patronage  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  king 
and  queen  of  Spain. 

The  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus,  excited  a  spirit  ot 
enterprise  unknown,  and  unfelt,  at  any  time  before  ;  and 
drew  adventurers  from  ail  parts  of  Europe.  Tn  1497,  John 
Cabot,  and  his  son  Sebastian,  natives  of  Venice,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Henry  VII.  king  of  England,  discovered  North  Amer- 
ica, and  explored  the  coast  from  Newfoundland  to  Florida. 
In  1499,  Americus  Vespucius,  a  native  of  Florence,  discov- 
ered the  continent  at  Paria,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco. 
On  his  return  to  Europe,  he  published  an  account  of  his  voy- 
age, and  acquired  the  undeserved  honor  of  giving  his  name  to 
this  continent.  In  a  short  time  the  whole  continent  was  dis- 
covered, and  settlements  made  in  various  parts  of  it,  by  dif- 
ferent nations  of  Europe.  6oulh  America  and  the  Southern 
part  of  North  America,  were  peopled  by  colonies  from  Spain 
and  Portugal ;  the  eastern  part  of  North  America  by  colonies 
from  England,  France,  and  Holland.  America,  at  the  time  of 
Its  discovery,  was  inhabited  by  a  rude,  barbarous,  and  war- 
like people,  whom  Columbus  and  his  followers  named  In- 
dians. They  considered  the  Spaniards  as  a  superior  race  of 
beings,  and  treated  them  with  all  the  kindness  and  hospitali- 
ty of  which  native  innocence. is  capable.     But  their  kind- 

*  Columbus  was  born  at  Genoa  in  1447.  From  long  and  close 
application  to  t,he  study  of  Geography,  he  became  fully  convinced 
that  there  \ras  a  new  continent  in  the  west.  To  determine  this 
point,  he  resolved  on  a  voyage  of  discovery.  He  first  applied  to 
the  government  of  Genoa  for  assistance,  but  without  success ;  he 
next  applied  to  the  government  of  Portugal,  but  his  applications 
were  here  rejected  ;  he  next  applied  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  the 
sovereigns  of  Castile  and  Arragon,  who  furnished  him  with  three 
small  vessels  and  90  men.  He  sailed  from  Palos  in  Spain,  the  3d  of 
August,  1492,  and  discovered  San  Salvador,  the  most  easterly  of 
the  Bahama  Isles,  Oct.  12th,  1492.  He  made  ftnir  voyages  of  dis- 
covf^ry  to  this  continent,  and  died  ai  Valiadolid  in  1506,  aged  ."^9. 


46 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


'■'' 


ness  was  ill  re  aid.  Impelled  by  a  thirst  for  gold,  the  Span- 
iards committed  the  most  horrid  cruelties  upon  them,  and  in 
some  instances  destroyed  whole  nations. 

Between  what  two  oceans  docs  the  western  continent  lie  ? 
How  long  since  America  was  discovered  ?  What  name  is 
given  to  the  northern  part  of  the  continent?  What  name  is 
given  to  the  southern  part?  What  Isthmus  unites  these  two 
portions  ?  What  Islands  between  North  and  South  America  ? 
Which  approaches  nearest  to  the  eastern  continent.  North  or 
South  America?  n-a.  On  which  part  of  the  western  conti- 
nent do  you  live  ?  In  what  zones  does  the  western  continent 
lie  ?  In  what  direction  from  South  America  is  North  Amer- 
ica ? 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


North  American  Indians, 

Q.  How  does  North  America  compare  witlithe  other  Grand 
Divisions  of  the  Globe  ? 

'  A.  It  is  the  third  in  extent  of  the  five  Grand 
Divisions  of  the  globe,  being  4,500  miles  in  length, 
and  on  an  average  2,500  niiles  in  breadth  :  con- 
taining about  8,000,000  square  miles. 
Q.     For  what  is  north  America  distinguished  ? 


I 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


47 


jold,  the  Span- 
tn  them,  and  in 


I  continent  lie  ? 
What  name  is 

What  name  is 
mites  these  two 
louth  America? 
inent,  North  or 

western  conti- 
)stern  continent 
is  North  Amer- 


lie  other  Grand 

five  Grand 
les  in  length, 
eadth ;  con- 
ned? 


A.  For  the  number  and  size  of  its  rivers  and 
lakes,  and  its  extended  ranpjes  of  mountains. 

Q.  What  is  the  climate  of  North  America  ? 

A.  It  is  various ;  the  part  north  of  50**  is  a 
barren  and  frozen  region ;  the  country  being 
covered  with  snow  and  ice,  a  great  part  of  the 
year.  The  part  between  50°  and  35°,  is  subject 
to  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  but  produces  in 
abundance,  in  most  parts,  grass,  grain,  and  vari- 
ous kinds  of  fruit.  South  of  35°,  the  climate  is 
warm,  producing  rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  indigo, 
sugar  cane,  and  tropical  fruits,  as  oranges,  lemons, 

pine  apples  and  figs. 

Q.  Wliat  is  the  probable  population  of  North  America  ? 

A.  It  is  supposed  to  be  about  20,000,000  ;  con- 
sisting of  Whites,  Negroes,  and  Indians. 

Q.  Who  inhabit  the  northern  and  western  parts  of  North 

America  ? 

A.  Various  Indian  tribes,  among   whom  the 
Whites  have  erected  trading  houses  for  the  pur- 
pose of  procuring  furs  and  skins. 
Q.  What  is  the  character  of  the  N.  American  Indians? 

A.  They  are  of  a  copper  complexion,  tall, 
straight,  and  capable  of  enduring  great  fatigue. 
They  are  faithful  and  generous  to  their  friends, 
but  cruel  and  implacable  to  their  enemies.  Their 
principal  employment  is  hunting,  fishing,  and  war. 

Respecting  the  northern  part  of  North  America,  nothing 
is  known  with  any  degree  of  certainty.  During  a  few  3'ears 
past,  several  attempts  have  been  made  to  sail  round  the 
northern  part  of  North  America,  into  the  Pacific,  or  in  other 
words,  to  find  a  north  west  passage  ;  all  of  which  have  been 
unsuccessful.  Capt.  Parry,  having  entered  Barrow's  strait, 
sailed  to  the  106^  W.  longitude,  where  he  discovered  a  large 
island,  which  he  named  Melville,  but  was  unable  to^proceed 
farther,  on  account  of  ico.  Mackenzie,  Hearjio,  J^rankiin, 
and  other?,  have  attempted  to  explore  this  region  by  land, 


48 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


but  none  have  been  able  to  penetrate  those  fearful  abodcH  ol' 
perpetual  ice  and  snow. 


MAP  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 

How  is  North  America  bounded  ? 
British  America  ?       Capital  ? 
U.  S.  and  Territory?  Capital  ? 
Mexico  ?  Capital  ? 

Guatimala  ?  Capital  ? 

Russian  possessions? 


Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns  ? 


Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 


RIVERS. 

What  is  a  River  ? 

Where  does  Mackenzie's  River  rise,  in  what  direction  does 
it  run,  and  where  does  it  empty  ?      Coppermine  ?     Peace  ? 
Elk?      Slave?      *Saschaschawan?      Churchill?     Nelson 
Severn  ?     Albany  ?     Moose  ?      Utawas  ?      St.  Lawrence 
Columbia?    Clark's?     Lewis'?     Multnomah?     Colorado 
tGila?    Rio  Bravo,  or   Del  Norte  ?  St.  Juan  ?    Mississippi 
Missouri  ?     Yellowstone  ?     Arkansas  ?     Red  River  ? 

CAPES. 

What  is  a  Cape  ? 
Where  is  Capo  Farewell? 
Where  is  Cape  St.  Lewis  ? 
Where  is  Cape  Sable  ? 
Where  is  Icy  Cape  ? 
Where  is  Cape  Prince  of  Wales  ? 
Where  is  Cape  St.  Lucas  ? 
Where  is  Cape  St.  Antonio  ? 


ISLANDS. 

What  is  an  Island  ?  Where  is  Melville  Island?  Sabine? 
Disco?  Iceland?  Southampton?  Mansfield?  James? 
Anticosti  ?  Cape  Breton  ?  St.  John's  ?  Newfoundland  ? 
Sable  ?  Bermudas  ?  Bahamas  ?  Greater  Antilles,  viz.  Cuba, 
Hayti,  Jamaica,  Porto  Rico  ?— Caribbean  Islands,  viz.  Santa 
Cruz,  Antigua,  Gaudaloupe,  Dominica,  Martinico,  St.  Lu- 
cas, Barbadoes,    Grenada,  Tobago,  Trinidad  ? — Little  An- 


*  Sas-ka-shaw'-an        f  Ge-la. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


49 


irful  abodcH  ol" 


IS? 
IS? 
IS? 
18? 


Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 


it  direction  does 
fiine  ?  Peace  ? 
hill  ?  Nelson  ? 
St.  Lawrence  ? 
\\  ?  Colorado  ? 
I?  Mississippi? 
d  River  ? 


iland?  Sabine? 
ifield  ?  James  ? 
Newfoundland  ? 
tilles,  viz.  Cuba, 
lands,  viz.  Santa 
irtinico,  St.  Lu- 
id  ?— Little  A  li- 
ft. 


tilles,  viz.,  Curazoa,  Buen  Aire,  Orchilla,Tortu};a,  Mar>;arit- 
la,  Oruba? — King  George's?  Prince  of  Wales?  Queen 
Charlotte's  ?     Vancouver's  or  Nootka  Island  ? 

STRAITS. 

What  is  a  Strait? 
Where  is  Davis'  Strait? 
Where  is  Hudson's  Strait? 
Where  is  Cumberland's  Strait? 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  *Uellisle  ? 
Where  is  Barrows'  Strait  ? 
Where  is  Biiering's  Strait  ? 

BAYS. 

What  is  a  Bay'' 
Where  is  Baffin's  Bay  ? 
Where  is  Hudson's  Bay? 
Where  is  Repulse  Bay  ? 
Where  is  James'  Bay  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  Fundy  ? 
Where  is  tAmatique  Bay? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  Honduras  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  Cam  peachy? 

GULFS. 

What  is  a  Gulf? 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  California? 


SOUNDS. 

What  is  a  Sound  ? 

Where  is  Prince  William's  Sound  ? 

Where  is  Lancaster  Sound  ? 

W  here  is  Smith's  Sound  ? 

Where  is  Whale  Sound  ? 


PENINSULAS. 

What  is  a  Peninsula? 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Greenland  ? 


*  BeUU. 


t  Am-a-teek . 


50 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  ? 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Florida? 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Yucatan? 
Where  is  tlie  Peninsula  of  California? 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Alaska  ? 


MOUNTAINS. 

What  is  a  Mountain?     What  is  a  Volcano  ? 
Where  are  the  Allegany  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Cordilleras  Mountains? 
Where  are  the  Rocky  Mountains  ? 
Where  is  Horn  Mountain  ? 
Where  is  Mount  Elias  >* 
Where  are  the  Arctic  Highlands  ? 
Where  is  Popocatapetl  ? 

LAKES. 

What  is  a  Lake? 
Where  is  Lake  Superior? 
Where  is  the  Lake  of  the  Woods? 
Where  is  Lake  Winnipeg? 
Whore  is  the  Lake  of  the  Hills? 
Where  is  Slave  Lake  ? 
Where  is  Lake  *Chapala  ? 
Where  is  Lake  tNicaragua  ? 

DIVISIONS. 

What  are  the  Divisions  of  North  America? 
W  hich  is  the  most  northern  Division  ? 
Which  is  the  middle  Division  ? 
Which  is  the  south-western  Division  ? 
Which  is  the  southern  Division? 
Which  is  the  most  north-western  Division  ? 


What  is  the  length  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ? 

What  is  the  length  of  the  Gulf  of  California? 

What  is  the  length  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  ? 

What  is  the  length  of  Hudson's  Bay  ? 

What  is  the  length  of  the  Grand  Bank  of  Nowfoundla»d  ? 

How  wide  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

How  wide  is  the  Pacific  Ocean  ? 


*  Sha.pa-la. 


t  Nia  ar-aw'gua. 


SfJMiSaiM*^ 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


51 


UNITED  STATES. 


Convention  at  Philadelphia^  in  17H7. 

The  United  States  are  the  most  interesting 
and  important  division  of  the  western  continent; 
and  are  distinguished  for  the  excellence  of  their 
government, — the  rapid  increase  of  the  popula- 
tion,— and  for  the  intelligence,  industry,  and  en- 
terprise of  the  iiahabitants. 

In  extent  of  territory,  the  United  States  rank 
among  the  first  political  divisions  of  the  globe. 
They  are  3000  miles  in  length  from  east  to  west, 
and  1700  miles  in  breadth,  from  north  to  south ; 
embracing  almost  every  variety  of  climate,  sur- 
face, soil,  and  production. 

The  commerce  of  the  United  States  ranks 
next  to  Great  Britain.  It  extends  to  all  nations, 
and  to  every  clime.  The  chief  articles  of  export, 
are  cotton,  tobacco,  wheat,  flour,  rice,  fish,  ashes, 
lumber,  and  naval  stores.     The  chief  articles  of 


Kugai^   spirits,  spices  and  wines.     In  1831,  the 


52 


NORTH    AMRRICA. 


foreign  and  domestic  exports  amounted  to  80,- 
372,566  dollars ;  the  imports  to  97,032,858  dol- 
lars. 

History. — The  United  States  were  settled  principally  by 
emigrants  from  Great-Britain.  They  were  all  included  with- 
in the  English  patent,  and  claimed  by  the  English  crown. 
Tliey  were  styled  "  British  colonies  in  North  America,"  and 
remained  in  subjection  to  the  English  government  till  1775. 

From  the  first  settlement  of  this  country,  the  English  gov- 
ernment treated  the  inhabitants  of  these  colonies  as  a  dis- 
tinct and  subordinate  class  of  subit^cts,  and  considered  their 
interest  entirely  subservient  to  the  ag2;randizement  and  pros- 
perity of  the  mother  country  ;  and  after  the  conquest  of  Can- 
ada, they  began  to  exercise  an  undue  authority  over  them, 
and  to  interfere  in  their  civil  concerns  in  a  manner  that  ex- 
cited the  most  serious  alarm. 

The  English  government  claimed  the  right  of  taxing  the 
colonies,  although  they  allowed  them  no  participation  in 
their  legislative  councils.  The  colonies  denied  this  right, 
and  contended  that  "taxation  and  representation  were  inse- 
parable ;  and  that  they  could  not  be  safe  if  their  property 
could  be  taken  from  them  without  their  consent." 

After  various  oppressive  acts  on  the  part  of  the  English 
government,  the  colonists  resolved  to  support  their  rights  by 
force  of  arms.  The  first  battle  was  fought  at  Lexington,  on 
the  19th  of  April,  1775.  In  1776,  they  declared  themselves 
free  and  independent,  under  the  name  of  "  The  United 
States  of  America."  In  1783,  Jan.  20th,  peace  was  set- 
tled between  the  two  nations, — when  Great-Britain  acknow- 
ledged the  United  States  to  be  /rce,  sovereign  and  independ- 
ent. 

In  May,  1787,  a  Convention  of  delegates  from  the  several 
states  met  at  Philadelphia,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  con- 
stitution adequate  to  the  exigencies  of  government,  and  the 
preservation  of  the  Union.  George  Washington  was  unani- 
mously elected  president  of  this  body  of  illustrious  states- 
men ;  and  after  four  months  deliberation,  they  agreed  upon 
a  constitution,  which  was  adopted  by  the  several  states  in 
1789,  and  has  been  the  source  of  unexampled  prosperity. 

Government. — The  government  of  the  United  States  is  a 
federal  republic ;  formed  by  the  union  of  the  several  states, 


"  'ftmmmmmm 


NORTH   AMEllICA. 


53 


for  the  purpose  of  mutual  safety  and  defence,  under  the  gene- 
ral power  of  a  Congress. 

[Each  state  is  independent,  with  distinct  laws  for  itself,  and 
has  the  exclusive  control  of  all  local  concerns :  but  the  defence 
of  the  country,  the  regulation  of  commerce,  and  all  the  gener- 
al interests  of  the  confederacy,  are  committed  by  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  Stales  to  a  general  government.] 

The  laws  of  the  United  States  are  made  by  a  Congress, 
which  consists  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  and 
is  termed  the  legislative  power. 

The  laws  are  executed  by  a  President;  who  is  apsisted  by 
the  Secretary  of  State,  the  Secretary  of  War,  of  the  Navy,  and 
of  the  1  reasury,  and  is  called  the  executive  power. 

The  President  is  chosen  for  four  years,  by  delegates  elected 
for  that  purpose  by  the  people,  and  equal  in  number  for  each 
state,  to  the  members  it  sends  to  Congress. 

The  Vice  President  is  chosen  in  the  same  manner,  and  for 
the  same  length  of  time. 

The  Senate  consists  of  two  members  from  each  state,  cho- 
sen by  the  legislatures  thereof  for  six  years. 

The  R  presentatives  are  chosen  for  two  years,  by  the  people 
of  each  state,  according  to  their  population  :  40,0u0  inhabit- 
ants being  entitled  lo  one  Representative. 

The  Federal  Judiciary  is  the  power  which  explains  and  ap- 
plies the  laws,  and  is  independent  of  the  legislature.  It  con- 
sists  of  a  supreme  court  held  at  Washington,  and  a  ihstrict 
court  in  each  state.  The  Judges  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  states,  and  the  inferior  officers  of  government,  are  ap- 
pointed  by  the  President,  with  the  approbation  of  the  Senate. 

PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

1.  *  George  Washington    from  1789  to  1797  8  years. 


2.  tJohn  Adams 

3.  *Thomas  Jefferson 

4.  *James  Madison 
6.  *James  Monroe 

6.  tJohn  Q.  Adams 

7.  :|:Andrew  Jackson 


from  1797  to  1801  4  years, 
from  l;  01  to  1809  8  years, 
from  1809  to  1817  8  years, 
from  1817  to  1825  8  years, 
from  1825  to  1829  4  years, 
from  1829  to years. 


*  A  native  of  Virginia,    t  A  native  of  Massachusetts. 
\  A  native  of  S.  Carolina. 


#5 


54 


NORfll  AMERICA. 


'( 


ili 


i  ii 


syi» 


Religion. — In  almost  every  country,  there  is  some  religion 
established  by  law,  and  the  people  are  not  only  required  to 
pay  for  the  support  of  it,  but  to  believe  it,  and  if  they  refuse, 
they  sutFer  great  inconveniences  and  persecutions.  But  in 
the  United  States  there  is  no  established  form  of  religion  ; 
every  individual  is  left  to  the  free  enjoyment  of  his  own  re- 
ligion, and  is  at  liberty  to  worship  God  agreeably  to  the  dic- 
tates of  his  own  conscience.  The  inhabitants  are  divided  in- 
to a  great  variety  of  sects,  the  principal  of  wliich  are  Con- 
gregationalists,  Presbyterians,  Episcopalians,  Baptists,  Me- 
thodists,  German  Lutherans,  Unitarians,  and  Friends. 

TABLE  or  RELIGIOUS  DENOMINATIONS,   IN  1831. 


Denominations. 


Congregationalists, 
Presbyterians, 
Associate  Presby. 
Reformed  Dutch, 
Protestant  Episcopalian, 
German  Reformed,  . 
Evang.  Lutheran, 
Methodist  Episcopal, 
Calvinistic  Eaptist, 
Freewill  Baptist, 
Christian  Baptist, 
Mennonite  Baptist, 
United  Brethren, 
Friends, 
Unitarians, 
Shakers, 
Swedenborgians, 
Universalista, 
Roman  Catholics, 
Infidels, 


MiniS' 
ters. 


1,000 

1,600 

72 

159 

519 

130 

200 

1,817 

3,000 

360 

357 

2(J0 

23 

(1,000) 

149 

45 


Congre- 
fjations 


Total, 


29 
!50 
230 


10000 


1,250 
2,070 
104 
194 
(600) 
600 
000 
(3,271) 
4,400 
370 
1,000 
(250) 
23 


Communi.  I 

or  memb'rs  Population 


500 

184 

16 

40 

300 

(1,250) 


150,000 
162,816 
15,000 
23^000 
(75,000) 
(70,000) 
(60,000) 
447,000 
380,000 
16,000 
38,000 
30,000 
2,000 


(15,000) 


18000 


(15,000) 
(200,000) 


1600000 


1,200,000 
1,600,000 
100,000 
125,000 
600,000 
350^000 
450^000 
2,500^000 
2,800,000 
159,000 
300,000 
120,000 
6,000 
330,000 
200,000 
5,000 
5,000 
150,000 
600,(100 
1,500,000 


13000000 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


55 


Internal  Improvements. — During  a  few  years  past,  the 
people  of  the  United  States  have  made  great  and  spirited  ex- 
ertions to  improve  their  inland  water  communication  by  the 
construction  of  canals.     Several  of  great  extent  have  already 
been  completed,  and  others  have  been  projected,  and  are  now 
in  a  state  of  forwardness,  designed  to  connect  the  remotest 
parts  of  the  country  with  each  other.     Several  railroads  are 
likewise  in  contemplation  ;    and  the  spirit  with  which  these 
improvements  have  been  commenced,  is  constantly  increasing, 
so  that  in  a  few  years  the  north  and  the  south,  the  east  and 
the  west,  will  be  connected  by  these  improved  modes  of  trans- 
portation in  every  direction. 

CANALS. 

The  following  Table,  collected  from  official  documents,  ex- 
hibits the  routes^  lejigth^  breadth^  and  dtplh  of  the  principal 
Canals  in  the  United  States. 


Canals. 


Middlesex 

Blackstonc 

Farnungton* 

Hudson  &  Erie 

Champlain 

Oswego 

Senoca 

Del.  Sc  Hudson 

Morris 

Ches'p'k.  &Dcl. 

Port  Dcposrte 

Chos'k.&Ohio-^ 

Ohio  State* 

Miami 

Lehigh 

Little  Schuylk'i 

(.^oncstoge 

Schuylkill* 

Union 

Pennsylvania* 

Ohio  &  Erie* 


Connecting. 


I'ngth 
mnes 


Boston  and  Merrimac  29^ 

Worcester  and  Providence  45 
Northampton  &;  N.  Haven  87 
Albany  and  Buffalo  360 

Albany  and  White  Hall  |  63 
Erie  Canal  &;  Lake  Ontario,  38 
Sen.  Lake  and  Erie  Canal  20 
Delaware  and  Hudson  65 

Easton  and  Newark  86 

Del.  River&  Ches'pke  Bay  14 
Port  D'p'site  to  the  Md.  lino  10 
Georgetown  and  Pittsburg  360 
Ohio  and  Lake  Erie  306 


width 
feet. 


Cincinnati  and  Dayton 
Stoddard-iville  and  Easton 
L.  Schuylkill  &  Coal  mines 
Lanc'r.  h  Conestogo  Creek 
Philadel.  k  Mount  Carbon 


67 
46 
25 
18 
108 


Reading  and  Middletowu  I  79 
Middlotown  and  Pittsburg  296 
Pittsburg  and  Erie  '213 


30 

36 

36 

40 

40 

40 

40 

36 

40 

60 

36 

40 

40 

40 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

36 

40 


d'pth 
feet. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 
10 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 
4 


*  l/nfinishuci. 


5G 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


LAKES. 

[The  following  table  exhibits  the  length,  average  breadth, 
depth,  and  the  height  of  the  surface  above  the  tide  waters,  of 
some  of  the  principal  Lakes  in  the  United  Stales.] 


Lakes. 


Superior 

Huron 

Michigan 

Erie 

Ontario 

Green  Bay 

L.  of  the  Woods 

Champlain 

St.  Clair 


ss 

Elevation 

Sc^ 

2^ 

i's 

above  the 

If 

480 

lidewater 

109 

900 

1048/if. 

250 

100 

900 

595 

400 

50 

595 

270 

60 

200 

565 

180 

40 

500 

218 

105 

20 



595 

70 

40 

128 

or  90 

7 

Education.— The  United  States  are  not  so  much  distin 
guished  for  eminence  in  literature  and  science,  as  for  the  gen. 
eral  diffusion  of  knowledge.    There  are  numerous  semma 
ries  of  learning  throughout  the  country,  and  the  means  of  ac- 
quiring a  good  common  education  are  extended  to  all  classes 
of  society. 

COLLEGES  L\  THE  UNITED  STATES, 
j\fames.  Where  Located.         [Jnco.iLibra.f 


*Bowdoin  college 
Waterville  coll. 
*  Dartmouth  c 
♦Vermont  University 
*Middlcbury  c 
♦Harvard  u 
William 's  c 
Amherst  c 
Brown  u 
+  Yale  c 
Washington  c 
Wesleyan  u 
Union  c 
H«Mii1t««  t 


Brunswick,  Me. 
Waterville,  Mo. 
Hanover,  N.  H. 
Burlington,  Ver. 
Middlebury,Ver. 
Cambridge,  Mass. 
Williainstown,  Mass, 
Amherst,  Mass. 
Providence,  R.  1. 
New  Haven,  Ct, 
Hartford,  Ct. 
Middletown,  Ct, 

Clintos,  N.  Y. 


1795 

1818 

1769 

1791 

1800 

1638 

,1793 

I8i^) 

1764 

1700 

1823 

1830 

1784' 


I2OO0 
2^250 

12800 
5>500 
4000 

34600 
4000 
5400 

15000 

15000 
8000 

15000 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


57 


age  breadth, 
de  waters,  of 
s.] 

ion 
the 
iter 

% 


JVames. 


Where  located. 


Inco.  Lihra.f 


much  distin 
Lsfor  the  gen 'I 
arous  semina 
)  means  of  ac> 
to  all  classes 

lTES, 
IJnco.iLibraA 


1795 
1818 
1769 
1791 
1800 
1638 
,1793 
18:20 
1764 
1700 
1823 
1830 
1784' 


I2OO0 
2^250 

12800 
^500 
4000 

34600 
4000 
5400 

15000 

15000 
8000 

15000 


Columbia  c 
Geneva  c 
Nassau  Hall  c 
Kutgers  c 
Pennsylvania  u 
Dickinson  c 
Jefferson  c 
Washington  c 
Alleghany  c 
Western  u 
Madison  c 
Maryland  u 
St.  Mary's  c 
Baltimore  c 
St.  John's  c 
1     Georgetown  c 
Columbian  c 
William  and  Mary's 
Hampden  Sidney  c 
Washington  c 
Virginia  u 
North  Carolina  u 
South  Carolina  u 
Charleston  c 
Beaufort  c 
Franklin  c 
Alabama  u 
JefF'.-rson  c 
New  Orleans  c 
Greenville  c 
Washington  c 
Knoxville  c 
:t:Cumberland  c 
^Transylvania  u 
Centre  c 
Augusta  c 
Bardstown  o 
Georgetown  c 
Kenyon  c 
Ohio  u 
^Cincinnati  c 


New  York  city, 
Geneva,  N.  Y. 
Princeton,  N.  J. 
New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 
Philadelphia,  Penn. 
Carlisle,  Pa. 
Canonsburg,  Pa. 
Washington,  Pa, 
Meadville,  Pa. 
Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Union  Town,  Pa. 
Baltimore,  Md. 
Baltimore,  xVid. 
Baltimore,  Md. 
Annapolis,  Md. 
Georgetown,  D.  C. 
Washington  city, 
Williamsburg,  Va. 
Prince  Edwards,  Va. 
Lexington,  Va. 
Charlottesville,  Va. 
Chapel  Hill,  N.  C. 
Columbia,  S.  C. 
Charleston,  S.  C. 
Beaufort,  S.  C. 
Athens,  Geo. 
Tuscaloosa,  Al. 
Washington,  Mississippi. 
New  Orleans,  Lou. 
Greenville,  Tenn. 
Washington  CO.  Tenn. 
Knoxville,  Tenn. 
Nashville,  Tenn. 
Lexington,  Ky. 
Danville,  Ky. 
Augusta,  Ky. 
Bardstown,  Ky. 
Georgetown,  Ky.     • 
Ganibiei',  Ohio. 
Athens,  Ohio. 
Cincinnati,  Ohi«. 


1754 

1824 

1738 

1770 

I75i 

1783 

1801 

I8U2 

1817 

1820 

1829 

1812 

I8(>4 

1807 

1784 

1784 

1821 

1691 

1774 

1801 

1817 

1789 

1801 

1785 

1795 

1785 

182( 

1802 

1805 

1794 

1794 

182i 

1825 

1798 

1819 

1822 

1828 

1830 

1823 

1801 

1819 


4000 
1000 
120D0 
2000 
90U0 
7000 
2300 
lOOO 
7000 
1500 

1000 
10000 


7000 
4000 
4000 
1500 
2300 
8000 

5000 
1000 

3800 


3500 
2000 
5000 
2(J00 
COi)() 
3000 
2(100 
1000 
1(K)0 
4000 
2800 
3000 


' 


ss 


J^ames, 


NORTH   AMERICA. 

Where  located. 


Miami  u 

Western  Reserve  c 
Bloornington  c 
Illinois  c 
St.  Louis  c 


Oxford,  Ohio, 
Hudson,  Ohio, 
Bloornington,  Ind- 
Jacksonville,  II. 
St.  Louis,  Missouri, 


Inco. 


1809 
1828 
1828 
1830 
1821 


Libra.f 


*  Has  a  Medical  School  connected  with  it. 
t  Including  those  belonging  to  the  students. 
t  Cumberland  college  was  incorporated  in  1806,  but  was 
not  fully  organized  as  u,  college  till  1825. 

THEOLOGICAL  INSTITUTIONS. 

The  following  Table  exhibits  the  principal  Theological  In- 
stitutions in  the  United  States. 

Denomination.  Place. 


Congregational 

Bangor,  Me. 

Baptist 

N.  Hampton,  N.  H. 

Congregational 

Andover,  Mass. 

Unitarian* 

Cambridge,  Mass. 

Baptist 

Newton,  Mass. 

Congregational* 

New  Haven,  Conn. 

Episcopal 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Presbyterian 

Auburn,  N.  Y. 

Baptist 

Hamilton,  N.  Y. 

Lutheran 

Hartwick,  N.  Y. 

Dutch  Reformed 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

Presbyterian 

Princeton,  N.  J. 

Lutheran 

Gettysburg,  Penn. 

German  Reformed 

York,  Penn. 

Presbyterian 

Alleghany,  Penn. 

Episcopal 

Fairfax  co.  Va. 

Presbyterian 

Prince  Edwards,  Va. 

Presbyterian 

Columbia,  S.  C. 

Presbyterian 

Maryville,  Tenn. 

Presbyterian 

Cincinnati,  Ohio, 

Baptist 

Granville,  Ohio. 

Baptist 

Rock  Spring,  111. 

Presbyterian 

New  Madison,  Ind. 

f'nded  Lihr*y. 

1816 

1200 

1829 

200  i 

1808 

6000 

1824 

1500 

1825 

500 

1822 

8O00 

1819 

3650 

1821 

3550 

1820 

1500 

1816 

900 

1810 

8()0 

1812 

6000 

1826 

6000 

18J5 

35('0 

18iJ8 

100 

1829 

1824 

1829 

1821 

550 

1829 

1C31 

1827 
1829 


1500 


*  Connected  with  the  college  in  that  place. 


NORTH    AMERICIA. 


59 


SETTLEMENTS. 

The  following  Table  exhibits  the  settlement  of  the  differ 
ent  States  and  Territories,  the  place  first  settled,  and  by  what 
nation;  likewise  the  square  miles  of  each  State,  taken  from 
the  best  geographical  tables.  The  first  thirteen  States  are 
those  which  united  in  declening  their  independence ;  the  re- 
mainder are  placed  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  admit- 
ted mto  the  Union. 


States. 


1806,  but  was 


1816 

1200 

1829 

200 

1808 

6O00 

1824 

1500 

1825 

500 

1822 

8000 

1819 

3650 

1821 

3550 

1820 

1500 

1816 

900 

1810 

am 

1812 

6OO0 

1826 

6O00 

18J5 

35('0 

18-28 

100 

1829 

1824 

1829 

1821 

550 

1829 

1C31 

1827 

1500 

1829 

sq.m. 
64000 


settl. 


I 


1.  Virginia 

2.  New  York       46000 
3.Massach«setts   7500 

4.  N.  Hampshire   9500 

5.  New  Jersey       8300 

6.  Delaware  2100 

7.  Connecticut      4760 

8.  Maryland        14000 

9.  Rhode  Island    1360 

10.  N.  Carolina*  48000 

11.  S.  Carolina*  24000 
12.Pennsylvania  44000 
13.  Georgia        60000 
Vermont  10200 
Kentucky            42OOO 
Tennessee           40000 
Ohio                    39000 
Louisiana           480it0 
Indiana               36OOO 
Mississippi          45000 
tllinois                52000 
Alabama             44000 
Maine                 3200 1 
Missouri             60000 
Michigan            40000 
Arkansas            100000 
Florida               50000 


jyation. 


1607  English 
1614  Dutch 
1620  English 

1623  English 

1624  Danes 
1627  Swedes  &F.nns 

1633  English 

1634  English 
1636  R.  Williams 
1650  English 
1650  English 
1682  Wm.  Penn 
1733  English 
1749  English 
1775  Col.  D.  Boon 
J  765  English 
1788  English 
1699  French 
1730  French 
1716  French 
1749  French 
1783  French 
1 63(i  English 
1663  French 
167(i  French 
1685  French 
1665 


Place. 


Jamestown 
Albany 
Plymouth 
Dover 
Bergen 
C.  Henlopen 
Windsor 
St.  Mary's 
Providence 
Albemarle 
Albemarle 
Philadelphia 
Savannah 
Bennington 
Lexington 
Nashville 
Marietta 
Ibberville 
Vincenncs 
Natchez 
Kaskaskia 
Mobile 
York 

St.  Genevieve 
Detroit 
Arkansas 
1st.    August! n 


•  Sparish  

*  North  and  South  Carolina  were  united  under'oneTo't. 
emment  until  1729,  when  they  were  separated  ^ 


60 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


1. 
2. 
3. 

4. 
6. 
6. 


MAP    OP   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

How  are  the  United  States  Iwunded  ?     Capital  7 

Eastern,  or  New-England  States. 

Maine  7  Capital  ? 

N.  Hampsihire?  Capital? 
Vermont  1  Capital  7 

Capital  ? 

Caf)ital  7 

Capital  7 

Middle  Stales. 


Massachusetts  7 
Rhode  Island  7 
Connecticut  7 


Chief  Towiis7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns  I 


Rivers  ? 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 


1. 
2. 
8. 
4. 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 


1. 
2. 
S. 

4. 
5. 
C. 

7- 
8. 


1. 
2k 
3. 

4. 
5. 
a- 


New- York  7 
New  Jersey  ? 
Pennsylvania  ? 
Delaware  7 


Capital  7  ChiffTownsl  Rivers  7 

Capital  7  Chief  Towns?  Rivers? 

Cujiilal?  Chief  Towns  "J  Rivers? 

Capital  1  Chirf  Towns  7  Rivers  7 

Southern  States. 

Maryland  %             Ca|.ital  7  Cliijuf  Towns  7  Rivers? 

Virjrinia?               Capital?  Chief  Towns  7  Rivers? 

North  Carolina  7    Capital  7  Cliief  Towns  ?  Rivers  ? 

South  Carolina  7-   Capiud  7  Chief  Towns  1  Rivers  ? 

Georgia?                Capital?  Chief  Towns?  Rivers? 

Alabama?-             Capital?  Chief  Towns  7  Rivers? 


Western  States. 


Louisiana  ?• 
Mississippi? 
Tennessee  ? 
Missouri  ? 
Kentucky  7 
Illinois  ? 
Indiana  ? 
Ohio  7 


Capital  ? 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital  7 
Capital? 
Capital  7 


Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towns  7 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towns? 


Michigan  Territory  ? 
Northwest  Territory  7 
Arkansas  Territory  1 
Florida  Territory  ? 
Missouri  Territory  7 
Or«goA  Territory  1 


Territories.^ 

Capital? 

Capital  7 
Capital  7 


Rivers  ? 
Rivers  / 
Riyers  ? 
Rivers? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivei-s  7 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  7 


Rivers  7 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 
Rivers  7 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


ei 


tee? 
lico  ? 
noc? 


rivkrs 

it  Vr'  "^T" '!''  ^^i""»bi^  "ver  rise,  in  what  direction  docs 
It  ran,  and    where  does  it  eninfv?      ri^.i,'  3       t       . 

Multnomah  ?  VclIows.o„;.'  'rffie)  O^t'' SiMT^, 
l)o»  Moines  >  Missouri  ?  Arkansas  ?  &od '  Sabfn^  ' 
JVIississippi?     Yazoo?     I^linir?     T>      1 3  Ti        "*       »3«i.Dine .' 

Kodnoke?  Chowan?  James?  York?  Rnnnnh„ 
Shenandoah;  Potomac?  Monongahela  ?  Tu  .: 
Kanhawa?  Great  Kanhawa?  Tennesseft ?  r i.ti  T  J. 
fii-ppn  ?  c;„u  ?  v-  *  I  ,  ^""nessee.  I  omber  and  ? 
oi  ?  ■  ^T  ,  .  •  Kentucky  ?  Licking  ?  Bi.r  Sandv  ? 
Ohio?  Muskmffum?  Sciola^  Miami?"  Maumeo^  ^L 
dusky?  Wabash?  Kaskaskia?  Rock?  IHhW  C 
consm?     Chippeway?      Fox?      ^t.  Joseph's       AlLhani? 

MeVrima^ck  f  P^scatr'aa  ?"^Saco  ^''r^/ '  ^-"-tfcuf ? 
neboc?     Penobscot?XcrolT\st^irrTvr?''     ^^"- 

see  ?  YellowstonP  ?  ni,;..  9  t  ^^r^,^^  f— White  ?— Tennes- 
St.  LawTn^f?  p!Z^'" V~;t^^*«  •  ^^^^-^'^  ?-Big  Horn  ? 
nomaM-5ame77     Wnh«  1  7^m"^'-     ^""'nberland  ?^  Mult- 

Great  Pedee?7uZehlnt^r-  ®T""^^  *  ^'^"^^^^ 
5^ne.?-^^L„iH^'C^^^^^^^ 

Mohawk?     And„i;"T'        L.ckmg  ?     Black  ?     Edisto  ? 
Niagara  l-ifoUoVL^'"^  '    '^""''"'''^  '-«'•  «"'  '" 

6 


62 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


LAKES.    * 

Where  is  Lake  Michigan  ? 

Whore  is  Lake  Champlain  ? 

Whore  is  Lake  George  ? 

Where  are  Oneida,  Seneca,  and  Cayuga  Lakes  ? 

A.  In  the  interior  of  New  York. 

Where  is  Lake  Memphreina|fog  ?f 

Whore  is  Moosehead  Lako  ?t 

Where  is  Lake  Umbagog  ?t 

Where  is  *Winnipiseogc  Lake  ?f 

SOUNDS. 

Where  is  Long  Island  Sound  ? 
Where  ii  Albemarle  Sound  ? 
Where  is  Pamlico  Sound  ? 


Whore 
Where 
Where 
Wliere 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Wiiere 
Where 
Where 


BAYS. 

is  Mobile  Bay  ? 

is  Chesapeake  Bay  ? 

is  Delaware  Bay  ? 

is  Narragansot  Bay  ? 

is  Buzzard's  Bay  ? 

is  IVIassachusetJs  Bay  ? 

is  Casco  Bay  ? 

is  Penobscot  Bay  ? 

is  the  Bay  of  Fundy  ? 

is  Georgian  Bay  ? 

is  Green  bay  ? 


CAPES. 

Whore  is  Cape  Sable  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Ann? 

Where  is  Cape  Cod  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Malabar  ? 

Where  is  Montauk  Point  ? 

Where  is  Sandy  Hook  ? 

Where  are  Cape  May  and  Cape  lienlopen  ? 

Where  are  Cape  Charles  and  Cape  Henry  ? 

Where  are  Cape  Hatteras,  C.  Lookout  and  C.  Fear  1 

Where  are  Cape  Canaveral  and  Capo  Florida  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Sable  ? 


Winno-pe-so'ge     t  See  Map  of  New  England. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


63 


-,-.  ^^  ISLANDS. 

Where  are  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Vineyard  » 
Where  js  Block  Island  ? 
Where  is  Gardner's  Island  ? 
Where  is  Long  ftland  ? 
Where  is  Sullivan's  Island  ? 

IslJ^dsT  ^"^^  ^**  ^''^''"'"«'«'  St-  Simou's,  and  Cumberland 

Where  are  Talbot  and  Amelia  Islands  ? 


„,,  SHOALS. 

Where  are  Muscle  Shoals  ? 

Where  are  Nantucket  Shoals? 

A.  'I'hey  are  south  of  Nantucket  Island. 

XXTU    4.  •  M0UNTAI^•S. 

Sta^s?  1!         ^"'"'^^''^  ""^'  ''^  Mountains  in  the  United 

Wher?ir?h '  n '^'f  ^n? '''"  Alleghany  Mountains  extend ' 
Where  are  the  Ozark  Mountains?  *^«"u. 

Where  are  the  Cumberland  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Catskill  Mountains  ?  A.  In  New  York 
Where  are  the  Green  Mountains  ?  A.  In  Vermont 
Where  are  the  White  Mountains?  A.  ll  n!  Hampshire 
TelTiX!?""'""  '''"''"  ^""°""  Territo;y,  and  aegon 

np^i!'*  A  n  *^u®  '^"^^^  ''"^  ^^'ght  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  > 
Of  the_ Alleghany  Mountains?  Of  the  Green  Mounta  ns  :> 
How  high  are  the  White  Mountains  ?  Mountams  . 

„  ,  DIVISIONS. 

How  are  the  United  States  usually  divided  ? 
Which  are  the  Eastern  States  ? 
Which  are  the  Middle  States  ? 
Which  are  the  Southern  States  ? 
Which  are  the  Western  States  ? 

In  which  Division  of  the  United  States  do  you  live? 
How  many  States  does  this  Division  embrace  ? 
Have  you  ever  been  in  any  other  Division  besides  this? 
Which  Division  embraces  the  greatest  number  of  States? 

W  men  lllVlHinn  amUfnnn^  *K_   1 a. i  ,.  ^,     .         ^      ' 

W  hich  Division  has  the  greatest  extent  of  sea  coast  ? 


^^if^!$Pil:fl/«««.BUv 


m'i 


C4  NORTH    AMERICA. 

EASTERN,  OR  NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 


Commerce, 

Which  are  the  eastern  or  New  England  States?  Which 
State  extends  farthest  North  ?  Which  extends  farthest 
south  ?  Which  is  the  most  eastern  ?  Which  is  the  largest 
of 'the  New  England  Stales  ?  Which  is  the  smallest?  Which 
State  has  no  sea  coast  ?  Which  three  States  arc  bounded 
north  by  Lower  Canada?  Which  three  slates  are  bounded 
west  bv  New-York  ? 


New  England,  embracing  the  six  stales  east 
of  the  Hudson,  is  the  most  thickly  peopled  and 
commercial  section  of  the  Union. 

The  climate  is  various,  and  subject  to  great  ex- 
tremes of  heat  and  cold,  but  is  remarkably  healthy. 

Except  the  parts  bordering  on  the  coast,  the 
Eastern  States  have  generally  an  uneven  surface. 

The  two  principal  ranges  of  mountains  are  the 
White  mountains,  in  New  Hampshire,  and  Green 
mountains,  in  Vermont.      Mount   Washington, 

flip  mo«t    plovntprl    qnmmit    nf  tlio    WKW,a  IVfo"'''- 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


65 


tains,  is  6,634  feet  high  ;  being  the  highest  land 
in  the  United  States. 

The  soil  is  various ;  near  the  rivers  it  is  general- 
ly  fertile ;  but  in  most  parts  it  is  better  adapted 
to  pasturage  than  tillage. 

The  most  important  productions  are  grass, 
Indmn  corn,  rye,  oats,  barley,  flax,  and  various 
kinds  of  fruit. 

The  principal  manufactures  are  cotton  and 
woolen  goods,  hats,  shoes,  iron,  and  tin  ware. 

The  principal  exports,  in  addition  to  those 
above  mentioned, 'are  timber,  pot  md  pedrl-ashes, 
and  Jish. 

New  England  is  distinguished  for  its  excellent 
system  of  education.  Common  Schools  are  es- 
tablished and  supported  by  law,  in  every  town 
except  in  the  state  of  Rhode  Island ;  thus  afford- 
mgthe  means  of  a  common  education  to  all  class- 
es  of  society. 

The  people  of  New  England  are  intelligent, 
moral,  industrious,  and  enterprising. 

MAINE.* 
How  is  Maine  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Maine  is  generally  a  cold,  uneven,  and  healthy 
state,  and  is  principally  distinguished  for  its  ex- 
tensive coast,  and  numerous  harbors. 

The  population  is  mostly  in  the  southern  part, 
the   northern  being  yet  unsettled,  and  covered 

*  This  State  was  formerly  united  with  Massachusetts,  and 
was  termed  the  District  of  Maine,  but  in  1820  it  was  erected 

into  nn  inHononflont   S«o4o    nr^A  «<]».:ilj  :_x.   ^n  .    tt    • 

--„..„,„,„  ....-11^,  ttiixi  auinifcicu  iiitu  uiu  union. 

6* 


66 


NORTH    AMRRICA. 


with  extensive  forests,  whicli  furnish  vast  quanti- 
ties of  timber  for  exportation. 

Agriculture  and  manufactures  have  received 
considerable  attention,  but  commerce  is  the  chief 
occupation  of  the  inhabitants;  and  in  the  amount 
of  its  shipping,  Maine  is  the  fourth  state  in  the 
Union. 

ChUif  Towns. — Augusta  is  a  pleasant  and  flourishing  town, 
Hituatod  at  the  head  uf  sloop  navigation  ontiie  Kennebec.  It 
is  in  the  midst  of  a  hcautiful  and  fertile  country,  and  is  noted 
for  the  elegance  of  its  public  buildintrs,  and  the  rapid  increase 
of  its  population. 

Portland  is  a  well  built  and  flourishing  town,  pleasantly 
situated  on  a  pcninKula  in  Casco  Bay.     It  has  a  sale  and  ca 
pacious  harbor,  and  is  noted  for  its  extensive  commerce. 

Bath  is  a  flourishing  town,  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Ken- 
nebec, 13  miles  from  its  mouth.  Except  Portland,  it  is  the 
largest  and  most  commercial  town  in  the  state. 

ilallowell,  beautiiuUy  situated  at  the  head  of  tide  water 
on  the  Kennebec  river,  has  had  a  rapid  increase,  and  is  now 
one  of  the  most  wealthy,  populous,  and  flourishing  towns  in 
the  state. 

Brunswick  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  falls  on  the  An- 
droscoggin ;  it  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  and  is  the 
seat  of  Bovvdoin  College,  a  highly  valuable  and  flourishing 
institution. 

Waterville  is  a  flourishing  town  oa  the  Kennebec,  and  is 
the  seat  of  Waterville  College,  a  disti  iguished  literary  insti- 
tution, under  the  direction  of  the  Bap  ists. 


Map  of  the  United  States. — What  seven  rivers  has  Maine  -* 
F.  s.  A.  K.  p.  St.  c.  St.  J. — What  river  forms  part  of  the  boun- 
dary between  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  ?  A  Piscataqua. 
What  river  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  Maine  and 
N.  Brunswick?  St.  c — What  town  on  Passamaquoddy  Bay 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  *crt.  Croix  ?  e. — What  town  on 
Machias  Bay,  S.  W.  of  Eastport?  m.^ — What  is  the  length 


*  St.  Crov. 


NORTH    AMKIIICA, 


of  the  nver  St  Johns?  Penobscot?  Kennebec?  How  far 
'/,r™'^  ^'■°'n  I^oston?  Hartford?  Washington?  fSee 
table  of  distance  on  the  Map  of  the  United  States.]         "■    ' 

*  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  N  KW-ENQLAND. 

What  two  largo  bays  on  the  coast  of  Maine?  c.  p.     What 
ten  counties  has  Maine?  y.  c.  o.  l.  k.  s.  w.  ii.  p.  and  Wash- 
ington.      [Washington  county  embraces  the  eastern  part  of 
IVIame,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  Lower  (  anada.l- 
What  SIX  counties  border  on  the  Atlantic?   v.  c.  l.  w.  ir   w 
VVhat  tour  counties  border  on  Lower  Canada?  o.  s.  p.  w." 
What  county  in  the  interior?  k— Which  are  1  ho  2   t  Shire 
lowns  of  York  county?  v.  a.— Which  is  the  Shire  I'ownof 
Cumberland  county?  p.— Which  is  the  Shire  Town  of  Ox  - 
lord   county  ?    p.—Of  Lincoln  county  ?    w.— Of  Kennebec 
county  ?  A  —Of  Somerset  county  ?  n— Of  Waldo  county  ?  n. 
Ol   Hancock   county?    c— Of  Penobscot  county?    n -Of 
Washington  county?  A.  Machias,  situated  on  Machias  bay. 
\Miat  5  towns  on   lYiiobscot  bay?  b.  c.  t.  p.  c— What  4 
towns  on   Penobscot  river?  f    o.  b.  d.— In  what  Lake  does 
the  Kennebec  river  rise  ?    What  i  I  Towns  on  the  Kennebec  - 
M.  A.  N.  V.  w   V    A.  u   c.  w.  B.—What  fiv.r  empties  into  the 
K..nneb..c,  18  miles  from  its  mouth;  A.-ln  what  Lake  does 
the  Androsco-yia  rise?  u.-VVJiat  4  Towns  on  the  Andres- 
coggiii .    H.  J.   B.   T.— What  two  Towns  on  a  branch  of  the 
Androscoirpn  ?  p.  h.— What  town  N.  W.  of  Rumford,  on  a 
branch  of  the  Androscoggin?  A._What  two  lowns  on  Casco 
Hay  ?  F.  x-Y  -W  hat  4  Towns  on  the  Saco  r  s.  n.  c.  s  -What 
^  ^""'vf  !"p^'"  «outh-wcstern  part  of  the  state?  w.  a.  k.  w. 
i.VT"?         lowns  have  not  been  mentioned?  v.  p.  f.  j  _ 
^^  hat  capo  east  of  { 'asco  bay  ?      V\  hat  Point  N.  E.  of  this  ? 
Tv?  .  1' .'  "".?  ^^'"^  ^^"^  principal  Lakes  in  Maine?    i.  u— 
U'l    !   an      ,''^'''  ,'"   ''^^=''"'-  *'"'^  ^^l^^'-e  are  they  located? 
Uhat    Jheological   institution  in  Maine?  b.— How    many 
square  miles  has  Maine  ?  [See  page  59.]    When,  where,  and 
by  whom  was  Elaine  settled  ?    How  will  you  sail  from  Port- 


]Vl!n^*'r''vP'  'i  "^r^?  ^"  '''^^^  *°  °™^t  the  questions  on  the 
iVIap  of  iNew  England,  until  the  pupil  reviews  the  work  :  the 
teacher  can  best  determine.  ' 

t  The  town  where  tiie  Courts  are  held. 


GS 


\ 


NORTH    AMERICA. 
NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


Dartmouth  College, 
How  is  New  Hampshire  bounded?  What  is  ita  Capital  ? 

New  Hampshire  is  a  mountainous,  healthy? 
and  fertile  state,  and  is  noted  for  its  numerous 
rivers  and  lakes,  and  for  its  beautiful  and  pictu- 
resque scenery. 

It  has  but  a  small  share  of  commerce,  but  is 
distinguished  for  its  agriculture,  and  flourishing 
manufactures. 

Chief  Towns. — Concord  is  a  pleasant  and  flourishing 
town,  and  is  tlic  centre  of  trade  for  the  northern  part  of  the 
state. 

Portsmouth,  the  only  seaport  of  New  Hampshire,  is  a 
large,  well  built,  and  flourishing  town,  pleasantly  situated  on 
the  Piscataqua,  3  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  has  an  excellent 
harbor,  and  is  one  of  the  naval  stations  of  the  United 
States, 

Dover  is  situated  on  the  Cocheco  river,  4  miles  above  its 
junction  with  the  Piscataqua.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  the 
J^ate,  and  is  noted   for  its  extensive   manufuvitures. 

Hanover  is  beautifully  situated  on  the  Connecticut  river. 
It  is  the  seat  of  Dartmouth  College,  one  of  the  most  respoct- 
abie  and  flourishing  institutions  in  tlie  United  States. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


09 


Exolor  IS  pleasantly  Bituatedon  Exetor  river,  a  branch  of 
the  Piscataqua.  It  contains  a  number  of  eloffant  buildinjis, 
and  isdistniguisl.od  for  its  numerous  manufacturinfr  cstab- 
Jishments.  Philips  Academy,  in  this  town,  is  one  of  the 
oldest  and  most  flourishing  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the 
United  States. 


Map  of  the  Unite  I  States.— Which  are  the  three  principal 
rivers  in  New  IJampshire  ?  c.  m.  v.~\Vhat  river  forms  part  ol' 
the  boundary  between  N.  flampdiire  and  Vlaine?  p  —What 
river  lorms  the  boundary  between  New  liampbhire  and  Ver- 

T"V  ,^'"~ATu'^^''^P°'"^  ^^'^^  ^^^  Hampshire,  and  how 
en  uated?  What  is  the  length  of  the  Connecticut  river  ^ 
IVIerrimac?  VV  hat  mountains  in  New  Hampshire.''  How 
luirh  are  the  White  iMounlains.'  [See  A*fap  of  the  World.] 

MAI-    OF    NEW-ENGLAND. 

What  8  counties  has  New  Hampshire  ?  c.  s.  h.  k.  m.  s.  g. 
a-V\hat  4  border  on  Vermont?  c.  s.  g.  c.~What  3  on 
Maine?  c  s  u.~\Vhat  two  in  the  southern  part  ?  ir.  m~ 
Ih^'^wZ  t'  S'Hre  To  vn  oroheshire  county  ?  K.-Which  is 
Uie  .Shire  lowu  of  flillsborough  county .?  a— Of  Rockinp-- 
ham  county?  e.  r.-Of  Merrimack  county;-  c -Of  Stral 
ford  county?  d.  u.  G.-Of  Sullivan  county?  N.-Grafton 
county  „r.._Of  Coos  county  ?  i..- What  9  Towns  on 
Connec  icut  nvcr  ?  s.  r.  n  l.  ii.  o.  „.  c.  w._\V  hat  4  Towns 
in  Cheshire  county  ?  w.  k.  s.  w._What  4  Towns  in  Sullivan 
r"^^  ^wl-  ^-.V-^.''^*  ^  '1^°^"«  '»  Hillsborough  couni;" 
wrT.^P  ^  r'  \"  Rockingham  county  ?  c.  d.  e.  p.L 
V\hat4  Fowns  in  fctraliord  county.^  n.  a.  «.  ,u  What  Lake 
in  .-trailord  county?  w.'^— What  2  Towns  in  Merrimack 
county  ?  0.  s.  -  U  hat  4  Towns  in  Grafton  county  fu    o   u. 

Mm,n<.       '•     n''"'   '"    ^"°'   """"'^"-     ^-  ^-   '••s.-What 
t^Hir  b  •   u"/  Coos  en      ^^^._^^,^^^^   .^  ^^.^  respecting 

their  height :>      What   Lake   in  the   northern   nart  of  Coos 

county.?    c.-What   river   rises  in   it.?    c.-What   College 

n  New   Hampshire.?     [See  page  56.]     How  many  square 

miles  has  ^ew  Hampshire.?    When,  vvhere,  and  by   whom 

C        ";.  V'^'"P«»'-e  settled.?      How   will  you  sail  from 
1  ortsmouth  to  Jiurhngton  ? 


W 


in  ne-pe-so'ge. 


i  » 


70 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


T  .t:ij.t'Xrxv^xi  a  . 

1 

L 

-^ 

^^^^^^mM 

ifaai'rfsfT.  :4;^,^..if  1^4 

-ate 

'iriirnfi^'^^^^T  ■■H|3feea"^=sa£r=p 

i 

^  ^^ 

M 

^^       ;-'^:i_iW':fe5Ba 

KsHi"'] 

■mmIijIIiiI 

■  ,— ."  t 

'\L"'^^      »  :.  :^?,&f)li-  ■ 

(H  .^R  f^^-^*iijyi: 

liiiiii 

liiiiij 

•sr-Tc-- 

■■■--''■  -;.* 

'^ws 

==^--^^ — •--  -  V»--'  -^  -;:,»•  *'^< 

^"^'^S^ 

'' 

"'-  - 1    ' 

'■■''.     5     '-*--:_"V--'^...- "  -  "^^ 

■y    ■  ■  --    ~^i^s^^^^^^^*"^ 

a«i.li-,^^i. 

^2»^i-*^  ■ -" ""  ' 

".■^■:.v-  - 

--^t;.  -^^ 

z:.-^:-— .- " - 

-■-■ — ■'"      ,    '   ■    '     -^ 

-^ir.i^-. 

'.  r- 

-^N--=^-    -   .        ■ 

-  ■  -— _ 

-  -  .    ■          '-   '',   \ 

A  View  of  Montpelier, 
How  is  Vermont  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 


Vermont  is  a  beautiful,  picturesque,  and  in- 
land state  ;  and  derives  its  name  from  the  Green 
Mountains,  which  extend  through  its  whole 
length,  dividing  it  into  eastern  and  western  de- 
clivities. 

It  is  a  well  watered,  healthy,  and  fertile  state, 
and  is  noted  for  its  mines  of  iron,  copper,  and 
lead,  and  for  its  numerous  quarries  of  marble. 

Chief  Towns. — Montpelier  is  a  beautiful  and  flourishing 
town,  pleasantly  situated  on  Onion  river,  43  miles  from  its 
mouth. 

Bennington  is  the  oldest,  and  one  of  the  largest  towns  in 
the  state.  It  is  celebrated  for  a  battle  fought  here  in  1777,  in 
which  the  Americans,  under  Gen.  Stark,  defeated  a  detach- 
ment from  the  army  of  Burgoyne. 

Burlington  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Lake  Champlain,  and 
Is  the  moat  comnfercial  town  in  the  state. 

Middlebury,  situated  on  Otter  Creek,  20  miles  from  its 
mouth,  is  the  greatest  manufacturing  town  in  the  state. 

Windflnr   is    nlpRHnnflv   nifimfoH  nn   i\\£x  C^nnnaMXtMyi    r!»pr 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


71 


l1? 

and  in- 
e  Green 
3  whole 
Uern  de- 

lie  state, 
9er,  and 
I'ble, 

lourishing 
38  from  its 

towns  in 
n  1777,  in 
a  (letach- 


and  is  distinguished  for  its  beautiful  and  picturesque  scenery 
It  is  well  built,  and  has  considerable  trade.  ' 

Map  of  the  United  States.— Wh&t  Lake  between  Vermont 
and  Now  York  ?  c.—What  river  connects  it  with  the  St.  Law- 
rence ?  s.— What  river  forms  the  boundary  between  Vermont 
and  New  Hampshire?  What  Mountains  in  Vermont  =" 
What  IS  the  length  of  the  Green  Mountains  ?  How  hieh  are 
they  ?    [See  Map  of  the  World.] 

"  MAP   OF    NEW    ENOLANO. 

Which  are  the  five  principal  rivers  in  Vermont.?  c.  m.  l 
o.  o-c.—What  thirteen  counties  has  Vermont.?  w.  w.  o  c* 
E.  o.  F.  o.  A.  R.  B.  w.  and  Grand  Isle.      [Grand  Isle  county 
embraces  Grand   Island,  and  the  peninsula  in  the  northern 
part  of  Lake  Champlain.]      What  five  counties  border  on 

Connecticut  river.?  What  three  counties  border  on  Lower 
Canada .?  What  5  on  L.  Champlain  and  N.  York  ^  What 
two  on  Massachusetts  ?     What  one  in  the  interior  ?     Which 

IS  the  Shire  Town  of  Windham  county.?  n What  are  the 

two  Shire  Towns  in  Windsor  county  ?  w.  w.— Which  of  Or 
ange  county .?  c— Which  are  the  Shire  Towns  of  each  of  the 
other  counties .?  What  five  towns  on  the  Connecticut  river  ? 
G.  G.  B.  w.  B.— What  town  on  Lake  Champlain .?  b.— What 
three  towns  on  Otter  creek.?  v.  m.  r.  -What  town  near 
Lake  Memphremagog.?  c.—What  Colleges  in  Vermont,  and 
where  are  they  located .?  How  many  square  miles  has  Ver 
mont  ?     Whe.:    by  whom,  and  where  was  Vermont  settled  ? 

,  •  .  ^^i'^^  ^®"^^^  ^"^  average  breadth  of  Lake  Chaml 
Pi'V" ;  L?^^  P^S®  ^^-J  ^''^a'  sn^a"  Lake  in  New  York,  S 
of  Lake  Champlain.?  How  is  L.  Champlain  connected  with 
the  Hudson.?  What  is  the  length  of  the  Champlain  and 
Hudson  Canal.?  [See  page  55.]  How  will  you  sail  from 
Brattleborough  to  Boston .? 


)lain,  and 

}  from  its 

ate. 

cut  river, 


i 


72 


NORTH     AMERICA. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


)  A  Vietv  of  Boston, 

How  is  MassacliuseUs  boundud  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

In  agriculture,  manulactures,  and  commerce, 
Massachusetts  is  one  oi  the  first  states  in  the 
Union.  It  is  distinguished  for  the  number  of  its 
literary  institutions,  and  for  the  intelligence,  in- 
dustry, and  enterprise  of  its  inhabitants. 

It  is  generally  an  uneven,  and  healthy  state, 
and  has  a  fertile  soil,  well  adapted  to  pasturage 
or  tillage. 

Chief  lowns.—BosTOti  is  a  large,  wealthy,  and  beautiful 
city,  pleasantly  situated  on  a  small  peninsula  in  Massachu- 
setts  bay.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  and  an  extensive  com- 
merce ;  and  is  noted  for  the  elegance  of  its  public  buildings, 
and  for  the  number  of  its  humane  and  literary  institutions. 

Salem  is  a  pleasant  and  flourishing  town,  14  miles  N.  E. 
of  Boston.  In  commerce,  population  and  wealth,  it  is  the 
third  town  in  New  England. 

Plymouth,  36  miles  S.  E.  of  Boston,  is  a  place  of  consid- 
erablo  trade,  and  is  noted  for  being  the  first  settled  town  in 
Now  England. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


T3 


Capital  ? 

lommerce, 
es  in  the 
iber  of  its 
gence,  in- 

ilthy  state,  ii 
pasturage 


md  beautiful 
n  Massachu- 
clensive  com- 
lie  buildings, 
institutions. 

:  miles  N.  E. 
ilth,  it  is  the 

.cc  of  consid- 
led   town  in 


Landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth. 
[The  first  English  settlement  in  New  Enxrknd  was  made 

England  on  account  of  religious  persecution.     The  anniver 
sary  of  the  landingof  the  Pilgrims  is  st.ll  observed?! 

a  fSrouL't^v  -ftf  f  ""r  ^;  °'  ^°^^-'  i"  ^-  -i''«t  of 
rnknd  towns  7^^^^  ^''f '\'  ^"^  **"^  °^  the  most  beautiful 
inland  towns  m  N.  England.    It  contains  many  eleirant  bui'd 
ings,  and  IS  a  place  of  great  wealth  and  tradef      ^ 

W  of  bS  ''I'cnT'^^"'  ""'  flourishing  town,  87  miles 

setffTf '  wS'^'^r^'''¥-^"'^"3^  «^«*«^  Massachu. 
ands  S    E  Yf   M    f  ''^'  ^Massachusetts  ?     What  2  Isl- 

What  IS  the  length  of  the  Merrimack  ?  ^  *"• 

WV.    .    c  T>  '"^^  °^  ^^W  ENGLAND. 

Whirh^L  .?T  """  '^"^  "^^^'t  °^  Massachusetts  ?     at.  c   b 

bTanct   hls'thrS  'Tr  '^'.— J--tts?     What  two 

oneo„theeust7  c    W^^^^^  ^^'-  ^-  What 

lie  on  inoeust?  c.  What  River  in  thoN.  E.  „a.f  ?  „    w».„( 


'II 


74 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


considerable  branch  has  the  Merrimack  ?  n.  What  Canal 
connects  the  Merrimack  river  with  Boston  harbor  ?  What  is 
the  length,  width  and  depth  of  the  Middlesex  Can-^'  ?  [See  p. 
55.]  What  river  rises  in  the  we&tern  part  of  the  stale,  and 
passes  through  Connecticut  into  Long  Island  sound  ?  h. 
What  14  Counties  has  Massachusetts?  b.  p.  b.  n.  e.  m.  w.  v.  b. 
I!.  H.  Suffolk,  Duke's  and  Nantucket.  [Suffolk  county  em- 
braces the  peninsula  on  which  Boston  is  situated,  and  the 
small  division  N.  of  Boston  harbor  ;  Duke's  county  embra- 
ces Martha's  vineyard  ;  and  Nantucket  county,  the  Island  of 
Kantucket.]  What  3  Counties  in  the  S.  E.  part  of  Massa- 
chusetts? b.  P  B.  What  5  Counties  are  bounded  N.  by  N. 
Hampshire  and  Vermont?  e.  m.  vv.  f.  b.  What  4  are  bound- 
ed S.  by  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island  ?  b.  h.  w.  n.  What 
County  in  the  interior  ?  ii.  What  County  embraces  the  pe- 
ninsula of  Cape  Cod  ?  b.  Which  is  the  yiiire  Town  of  Barn- 
stable county  ?  B.  What  3  other  Towns  ?  p.  e.  w.  Which 
is  the  Shire  Town  of  Bristol  county?  t.  What  other  Town  ? 
N-B.  How  is  New  Bedford  situated?  Mention  the  ^ hire 
and  other  Towns  of  each  of  the  other  counties.  What  6 
Towns  on  Massachusetts  bay?  s.  d.  b.  m.  s.  g.  What  two 
Towns  on  the  Merrimack  river  ?  a.  n.  What  6  Towns  on 
Connecticut  river  ?  g.  d.  h.  n.  s-h.  s.  What  Town  in  the  N. 
W.  corner  of  the  state,  on  the  Hoosack  river  ?  w.  What  Town 
in  the  S.  W.  part,  on  the  Housatonic  river  ?  s.  Which  is  the 
most  eastern  Town  in  Massachusetts  ?  e.  What  Mountains 
in  the  western  part  of  Massachusetts  ?  h.  What  Mountain 
near  Northampton?  t.  What  literary  institutions  has  Mas- 
sacliusttts  ?  When  was  Harvard  University  incorporated? 
How  largo  is  its  Library  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Boston 
to  Providence  ? 


k^hat  Canal 

?  What  is 

•?  [e-eep. 

state,  and 
ound  P  H. 
,  M.  w.  F.  B. 
ounty  em- 
;d,  and  the 
my  enibra- 
le  Island  of 

of  iVI  assa- 
il N.  by  N. 
are  bound- 

N.  What 
ces  the  pe- 
rn of  Barn- 
V.  Which 
her  Town  ? 
1  the  ^-hire 
3.     What  6 

What  two 
1  Towns  on 
n  in  the  N. 
Vhat  Town 
/"hich  is  the 

Mountains 
;  Mountain 
s  has  Mas- 
jorporated  ? 
rom  Boston 


NORTH    AMERICA. 
RHODE  ISLAND. 


75 


Manufactures  and  Commerce. 
How  is  Rhode  Island  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Rhode  Island  is  a  small,  pleasant  and  healthy 
state  ;  and  is  distinguished  for  its  flourishing  man- 
ufactures, and  extensive  commerce. 

It  is  mostly  a  level  state,  and  has  generally  a 
fertile  soil,  especially  on  the  islands  and  shore's  of 
Narraganset  Bay. 

Rhode  Island,  from  which  the  state  takes  its  name,  is  in 
the  southern  part  of  Narraganset  bay,  and  contains  about  60 
square  miles.  It  is  celebrated  for  its  delightful  and  healthy 
climate,  and  is  a  noted  resort  of  invalids  from  various  parts 
of  the  United  States. 

Chief  Towns. — Providence  is  situated  on  Providence  rivep, 
at  the  head  of  Narraganset  bay,  35  miles  from  the  ocean.  Jt 
is  one  of  the  most  wealthy  and  flourishing  towns  of  its  size  in 
the  United  States.  It  has  an  extensive  commerce,  and  is  dis- 
tinguished for  the  extent  and  variety  of  its  manufactures 
Pop.  17,000. 

Newport  is  finely  situated  on  Pvhode  Island,  and  is  distin- 
giji'  bed  for  its  beautiful  situation,  and  the   salubrity   of  its 


chmate.     It  has  considerable  commerce,  and  one  of  Ihe  best 
h  irbnrs  in  the  United  Stales.     Fop.  8,00C. 


76 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


Bristol  is  a  pleasant,  wealthy,  and  commercial  town,situa- 
ulatLn  4  000    ^""^  ^^etween  Providence  and  Newport.  Pop- 

Pavvtucket,  situated  on  Pawtucket  Falls,  4  miles  N.  E.  of 
f  rovidence,  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  manufacturinff  vil- 
lages in  the  U.  States.  ^ 

Map  of  the  United  Stale.<^.-.W Imt  Island  S.  of  Rhode  IsL 
and?B  What  Bay  m  Rhode  Island  ?  n.  What  Island  in 
the  southern  part  of  Narraganset  bay  ?  r-i.  I„  what  direc- 
tion is  rrovidence  from  Hartford  ?  Boston?  Albany?  How 
far  from  Providence  is  Boston  ?  Hartford?  New- York? 
Philadelphia?     Washington?  vv  iorii. 

MAP  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

What  5  Count-os  in  Rhode  Island?  p.  k.  w.  Newport  and 
Bristol      [Newport  county  embraces  Rhode  Island  and  sev- 
eral other  islands  m  Narraganset  bay,  and  that  portion  of  the 
s.ate  east  of  the  bay.     Bristol  county  embraces  the  small  por- 
Uon  of  the  state  N.  of  Narraganset  bay.]    Which  is  the  Shire 
Town  of  Providence  county  ?     p.— What  2  other  Towns  in 
Provi  lence  county?  s.  p.— What  is  the  Shire  Town  of  Kent 
county  ?      E-G.— Which  is  the  Shire  Town  of  Washington 
county?  s-K.-Of  Newport  County?  n. -Bristol  County?  b  " 
•--Between  what  two  points  does  Narraganset  Bay  open  into 
Uie   Atlantic  ?     j.  and  Seakonnet  point  on  the  east.     What 
'iuA    f"gt^;  of  Narraganset  Bay?     What   University  in 
Rhode  Island  ?     When  was  it  incorporated  ?    How  larie  is 

^inio^^  w,^.^?."'  ^^^'^'  ^"^  ^y  ^'^^"^  ^^«  I^^°de  Island 
settled  ?  What  Canal  connects  Providence  and  Worcester  ? 
B.— [See  page  55.]  What  is  the  length,  breadth  and  depth  o*f 
to  HarTfordT^  ■     "'''^ '''"  >^^"  sail  from  Providence 


NOnTn    AMERItJA. 


77 


CONNECTfCUT. 


owns  m 


A  partial  view  of  Main  Street,  Harljord. 
How  is  Connecticut  bounded  ?     What  are  its  Capitals? 


Connecticut  is  a  small,  healthy  and  fertile  state, 
and  is  noted  for  the  extent  and  vc^ritty  of  its 
manufactures, — for  its  literary  institutions, — and 
for  the  intelligence,  enterprise,  and  good  morals 
of  the  people. 

Connecticut  has  an  undulating  surface,  and 
abounds  in  beautiful  scenery. 

It  is  well  situated  for  commerce,  and  carries 
on  a  considerable  trade  with  the  West  Indies, 
and  with  the  Northern  and  Southern  States. 

Chief  Towns, — FIartford  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
Connecticut  River,  50  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  the  midst  of 
a  be&uliful  and  fertile  country.  During  a  few  years  past,  it 
has  rapidly  increased  in  commerce,  population,  and  wealth. 
It  contains  a  number  of  elegant  public  buildings;  among 
which  arc  several  beautiful  churches,  a  state-house,  and  mar*^ 
ket.     Pop.  9,617. 

7* 


**»i 


78 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


[Hartford  is  the  scat  of  several  valuable  literary  JT^stitutions. 
1  he  most  noted  are  the  following  :  Wasl;  .  -t  a  iU^'deve  a 
new,  but  flourishing  institution  :  the  American  .isyluni  for 
the  education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  ;  a  celebrated  Gram- 
mar bchool ;  a  High  School;  and  a  distinguished  Female 
beminary.J  V 

Now  Haven  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  bay  of  the  same 
name,  4  miles  from  Long  Island  Sound.  It  is  rcgularlv  hu) 
out,  and  contains  a  number  of  elegant  buildings,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  towns  in  the  United  States. 

New  London  is  situated  on  the  Thames,  Smiles  fom  its 
mout.i.  It  has  a  considerable  amount  of  shipping,  and  ono 
ot  the  best  harbors  in  New  F:ugland. 

ISorvvich  is  finely  situated  at  the  head  of  sloop  Navigation 
on  the  river  Thames,  14  miles  N.  of  New  London.  It  is  a 
beautiful  and  romantic  town,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in 
manufactures  and  population. 

IVliddletownis  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Connecticut,  31 
mwes  from  its  mouth.  It  has  a  considerable  share  of  com- 
merce, and  IS  noted  for  the  extent  and  variety  of  its  manu- 

Litchfiefd,  30  miles  W.  of  Hartford,  is  the  seat  of  a  celebra- 
ted Law  School,  which  was  established  in  1784,  by  the  Hon 
Tapping  Reeve.  "^ 

StafFoid,27  miles  N.  E.  of  Hartford,  is  distinguished  for 
Its  iron  icorks  and  mineral  ualers. 


Map  of  the  United  67a/ei.— Which  is  the  largest  river  in 
Connecticut?    What  is  its  length .?    How  far  is  it  from  Hart 
ford  to  Providence?  Boston?    Portland?    St.  Louis'    Ho«." 
many  square  miles  has  Connecticut?  [See  page  39  1  Whnf  jI 
the  length  ofLong  Island  Sound?  ^        "^   ^^^.^^^ 

MAP  OF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

Which  are  the  3  largest  Rivers  in  Connecticut?  h.  c  t 
What  branch  has  the  Housatonic  ?  n.— What  branch  has  the 
Connecticut?  F.- What  2  rivers  unite  at  Norwich  and  form 
the  Thames?*  A.  J'he  Shetucket  and  Yantick.  What  8 
Counties  has  Connecticut  ?  l.  ii.  t.  w.  n-l.  m.  n-h.  f  — 
What  4  are  bounded  N.  by  Massachusetts  ?  l.  h.  t  w  -What 
2  are  bounded  E.  by  Rhode  Island  ?    w.  N-L.—What  4  bordei 

*  Tames. 


NORTH    AMERKCA. 


79 


stitutions. 

*' -"liege,  a 

■yluni  for 

ed  Gram- 

(1  Fenialo 

the  same 
ilarly  laid 
i  is  one  of 

8  fom  its 
',  and  one 

avigation 
.  It  is  a 
easing  in 

cticut,  31 
>  of  com- 
ts  manu- 

icelebra- 
the  Hon. 

ished  for 


nver  in 
om  Hart- 
s.'    How 

What  is 


H.  C.  T. 

h  has  the 

md  form 

What  8 

^-H.  F, — 

v.-What 
4  bordei 


W  ^v  New  Yoru"^  •  ''•"•^L  ^'■"-  "-^^^*  2  are  bounded 
D  s  B  F  M  W^  I'  "^-^.^^^V^  *°^^«  ^"  I'^i^fi^Jd  county  ? 
T«u       ^'  ^;"~^l"''^  ^'^  *^^  2  shire  towns  ?    f.  d.- What  5 

the  s"hir«  T '^  V'''"  ^f  l!"'^-  ~-"-  «•  «•  «•  w.  Wh  ih  is 
M    .  J;r"J •  '^-"•-^^'  hat  3  Towns  in  Middlesex  county  ^ 

WI  at !i7     ^"'^  m'*^'  f^'^"  'r^^^ »  i"  Middlesex  county  ?  m". 

aleOe  2'sT:«%^'''  ^°"^°"  ^"""^^  ^  ^-  '^-^-  ^'  «'  Which 
hnmi       f  ^°'''"'-    '*-^-  N.~What  3  towns  in  Wind- 

2  To^s  in^Ton  •  °H  ^'  .^?"^^  ^^  '^'  ""^'^'^  Town?  b.  What 
T  V^Tf Tt  "'^^^i'"^^.^  '-'''  Whichis  I.eShireTown^ 
is'^jJe  Shifo  tT^  w.a.E.w.s.  Which 

L  s  c  WhT?TM  ":r-^t"'  ^ '°™  ^"  Litchfield  county  ? 
L.  s.  c.  What  IS  the  .^hire  Town  ?  l.— What  9  Towns  on 
the   Connecticut   river?     s.  e.  w.  h.  w.  m.  h  l  s.-W iat  5 

Zd  S"  oe7  '^''"'  ^?"i'  ^'  -  -  -  «•  WhaT  arge 
A  T^  ^'  °^^<-o»"««ticut  ?  To  what  State  does  it  belong 
A  To  New  York.  What  5  Towns  on  Long  Island  ?  Wha't 
I  op"  WW-'  What -all  Islands  S.  oVconnectlt 
wLtlUe7.rv  irrf\'"^T"'"^"'-  ^'  What  is  its  length? 
and  bV  whom^  institutions  has  Connecticut  ?  When,  where, 
and  by  whom  was  Connecticut  settled  ?  How  will  vou  sai 
from  Hartford  to  Albany  ?  ^  " 

TRAVELS  ON  THE~MAi~dF  NEW  ENGLAND. 

How  vvill  you  sail  from  Hartford  to  Portland  ?     What  is 

wnat  IS  meant  by  commerce  ?    A.     The  exchansinff  of  the 
goods  or  productions  of  one   country  for  troseTa„other 

Son  onhe^rK-f  ^'"^?!f'^^ •      ^'^^^  -"-  chief  oct: 

tin^uish'Id^'  iyVew  Hamj^^i^L^ted  ?     For  what  is  it  dis- 
unguished  ?     What  do  you  mean  by  a-r-ricull   re  ?     A      Th« 

noted .     What  Mountains  in  Vermont  ?    Which  is  the  oldest 


>& 


80 


NOTlTn    AMnmCA. 


settled  Town  in  Vermont  i*  For  what  is  Bennington  celebra- 
ted ?  Which  is  tho  greatest  manufacturing  Town  in  Ver- 
mont ?  Which  is  the  most  commercial  Town  ?  How  will 
you  sail  from  Windsor  to  Boston  ? 


How  will  you  describe  iVlassachusotts?  For  what  is  Mas. 
sachusetts  distinguished  ?  Which  is  the  oldest  settled  Town 
in  Massachusetts  ?  How  many  years  since  Plymouth  was 
settled  ?  What  is  tho  population  of  Boston  ?  When  was 
Boston  settled  ?  A.  In  1624.  How  many  years  since?  For 
what  is  Boston  noted  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Boston  to 
Providence  ? 


For  what  is  Rhode  Island  distinguished?  What  large 
Island  in  the  southern  part  of  Narraganset  Bay  ?  For  what 
is  Rhode  Island  celebrated  ?  What  large  Town  is  situated 
on  Rhode  Island  ?  For  what  is  Newport  distinguished  ?  In 
what  direction  from  Newport  is  Providence  ?  What  is  the 
population  of  Providence  ?  For  what  is  Providence  distin- 
guished ?     How  will  you  sail  from  Providence  to  Hartford  ? 

For  what  is  Connecticut  noted  ?  What  is  the  population 
of  Hartford?  When  was  Hartford  settled?  A.  In  1635. 
How  many  years  since  ?  What  literary  institutions  in  Hart- 
ford ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Hartford  to  New  Haven  ? 
Describe  New  Haven.  What  College  in  New  Haven? 
What  Canal  lu  Connecticut?  How  will  you  sail  from  New 
Haven  to  Albany  ? 

Who  is  the  present  Governor  of  Maine  ? 

Who  is  the  present  Governor  of  N.  Hampshire  ? 

Who  is  the  .present  Governor  of  Vermont  ?    Lieut.  Gov.  ? 

Who  is  the  present  Governor  of  Massachusetts  ?    Lt.  Gov.  ? 

Who  is  the  present  Governor  of  Rh.  Island  ?.    Lieut.  Gov.  ? 

Who  is  the  present  Governor  of  Connecticut?   Lt.  Gov.  ? 


Which  is  the  oldest  College  in  the  Eastern  States  ?  How 
long  since  it  was  founded  ?  How  many  Colleges  are  there 
in  the  Eastern  States  at  this  time  ? 


;ton  celebra- 

)\vn  in  Ver- 

How  will 

i^liat  is  Mas. 
Jttled  Town 
irmouth  was 
When  was 
s  since?  For 
m  Boston  to 


What  large 
For  what 
n  is  situated 
ruished  ?  In 
What  is  the 
ence  distin- 
)  Hartford? 

population 
L.  In  1635. 
jnsin  Hart- 
ew  Haven  ? 
( w  H  aven  ? 
1  from  New 


t.  Gov.  ? 

Lt.  Gov.? 
ieut.  Gov.  ? 
,t.  Gov.  ? 

tes  ?     How 
3s  are  there 


NORTH  AMERICA. 

MIDDLE  STATES. 


81 


-4  Fiew  of  the  Grand  Western  Canal. 
ern'^of  the' MSSdle'^sl'l^  ^'^'Zl  u^^"^^^  ^^  ^^«  ^-^  "-"- 

Which  of  these  states  haT^o  se^ctt  f  Wl  fch  1  '^^^^^^ 
Whi'i '^'n^^f  ^'"  ^^^^^^^     Which  is  tr„ext    ma  le^^^^^^ 


The  middle  states  are  distinguished  for  a^ii. 
culture,  mamifactures,  and  commerce,  and  for 
their  numerous  and  extensive  canals,  which  open 

o?  rinrfo;'"""""^^^^^^'^  ^^^^"^^  ^"  p-^« 

n  ^M^""""']  P^^f ',  ^^^^^  ^'^""^  ^  "c*^'  fertile  soil,  and 
amildandheathychmate.  Wheat  is  the  most 
important  production ;  but  rye,  oats,  barley  In-^ 
Chan  corn  buckwheat,  beans,  flax,  and  h^p,  are 
extensively  cultivated.  The  climate  is  adapted 
to  the  growth  of  various  kinds  of  excellent  fruit  • 
(ipples,  pears,  md  peaches  are  produced  in  abun- 


82 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


In  Iho  ptato  of  New  York  great  attention  1ms  boon  given  to 
Gducation.  (^ommon  schools  are  established  and  supponed 
toy  law  in  every  town,  and  ample  provision  is  made  for  the 
education  of  all  classes  of  society.  Besides  the  common 
sc  100  s,  there  are  about  one  hundred  academics  and  high 
schools.  All  the  public  literary  institutions  of  New  York  are 
iMited  m  one  body,  under  the  name  of  the  University,  and 
are  under  the  superintendence  of  a  body  of  literary  men,  called 
the  Regents  of  the  University  of  New-York."  In  Pennsyl- 
vania, considerable  has  been  done  for  the  establishment  and 
support  of  common  schools,  and  many  parts  of  the  state  are 
well  supplied  with  the  means  of  elementary  instruction.  Jn 
JNew  Jersey  and  Delaware,  public  attention  has  been  turned 
to  the  subject  of  common  schools,  and  exertions  have  recent- 
ly been  made  for  their  establishment  in  every  town. 

NEW  YORK. 


How 


Niagara  Falls. 
is  New  York  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 


In  commerce,  population  and  wealth,  N.  York 
is  the  first  state  in  the  Union.  The  eastern  part 
of  the  state  is  uneven  and  hilly;  the  northern  is 
mountainous  ;  and  the  western,  level. 


I 


m  given  to 
suppojied 
ido  for  tlio 
!  common 
and  high 
V  York  are 
[>rsity,  and 
Tien,  called 
1  Pennsyl- 
hment  and 
le  state  are 
iction.  In 
Ben  turned 
ive  recent- 


North  America. 


83 


tai? 


N.  York 
tern  part 
rthern  is 


The  soil  ui  many  parts  is  fertile,  well  fitted  for 
agriculture  or  grazing.     The  climate  in  the  north- 

Z\ir  a'  '^'"''^  5  /n  other  parts  of  the  state  it  is 
rnild  and  generally  healthy. 

32  mi!e™N '„7  Air''"^  mmm,/ ,^,,.„^,,  ^^e  those  of  Saratoga, 
of  ^alatoffa      tuA.Z'.T"^  '^^°''  of  Ballstown,  7  niiles  S.  W 

the  UnitpH  ^f!«  '  ^H  l^^  fashionable  from  varions  parts  of 
banv  aretf  ^'^  ^"^^"°"'  ^^  "»^^^«  S.  E.  of  AI- 

ThefaT^  T""^''  "^'""^^  frequented  for  bathing. 

glbe      Thp  r  V  .l''^'  ^"'^'''^'  «"^P^««  '^^  others  on  the 

Sll  perpi  dicularlv  ^'"'  ^""^'^'^  "^  "  '"'^^  "'  "^'^^'^^  -"d 
hawr2  m  Iprf      ^r''  ^  I^^^'I^^^^'  ^60  feet.     In  the  Mo- 

TawL      T  T""^^'  '"'^  ^^^  Coho.s  falls. 

milesTonltftrdtvol-^N^  ";"t'  on  the  Hudson,  160 
Champlain  and  Fr  ^  ^  "^  ^^''':  ^^  *^*^  i'^^"*  ^^^^^re  the 
26,000.  ^"'^  ^"«  canals  unite  with  the   Hudson.     Pop. 

ishnd?^  \Ti  'Ihi^Ti  °"  '\^'  '°"'.^^^"  P°'"^  "^  Manhattan 
and  o  le  of  tL  fiv^'^  ^''P^^^"^:  "'^^  ^"  ^'^^  ^"'^^d  States  ; 
213,000!  commercial  cities  on  the  globe.     Pop. 

l)a"v"lrthiV'"f  ^^'^'r''*^  ^°^  '^^^«'  30  miles  south  of  Al- 
3,0"  0.  "^  navigation  on  the  Hudson.    Pop. 

Nowburgh,  *Poughkcepsie,  Troy,  Cat^kill  and  Watrr 
ford  a,e  place,  of  ^^^^^.^^^J^j^j^'^^^^^y.  ^  ai.kiii,  and  Water- 

Ike  tovvns  m  the  interior  and  western  parts  of  the  state 
utx^mJlXSr^  '^'^  ^""^'^^^^  ^'  populationt:^' 

Utica,  93  miles  N.  W.  of  Albany  on  the  Mohawk  is  a 
flourish  ng  and  commercial  city.     Pop.  8,320.  ' 

backets  Fl arbor  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Black  rii^er 


fi 


*<♦•*. 
w 


*  Po-koi/ao. 


84 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


Rochester,  situated  at  the  falls  in  Genessee  river,  6  miles 
from  its  mouth,  at  the  place  where  the  Erie  Canal  crosses 
«ie  river,  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  towns  in  the  stale, 
rhe  first  house  was  erected  in  18 12 ;  the  present  population 
is  I  ^,000. 


MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

What  River  in  the  eastern  part  of  New  Yorii?  h.  What 
IS  Its  principal  branch  ?  m.— What  3  rivers  empty  into  L. 
Ontario  ?  b.  o.  g.— What  3  Rivers  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  state  ?  s.  a.  d.— What  3  Towns  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Hudson  ?  T.  II.  p.- Where  is  the  Military  Academy  of  West 
Point  ?  What  4  Towns  on  the  West  bank  of  the  Hudson? 
N.  K.  c.  A.— What  3  Towns  on  the  Mohawk?  s.  u.  r.- What 
3  towns  on  L.  Champlain  ?  t.  p.  c— What  2  Towns  on  the 
at.  Lawrence?  o.  m.— What  town  at  the  mouth  of  Black 
river  ?  a.  h.— What  town  at  the  mouth  of  Oswego  river?  o. 
What  Town  on  th?  Genessee  river  ?  k.  What  Town  on  the 
Grand  Canal  went  of  Rochoater  ?  l.— What  2  Towns  onL. 
Erie?  b.  d. — What  town  on  the  Alleghany  river?  h.— 
What  town  on  the  iSusquehannah  ?  b  -What  5  Towns  in  the 
interior  ?  g.  a.  i.  u.  s.  What  4  Colleges  in  New  York,  and 
where  are  they  located?  Where  are  Saratoga  Springs? 
Whei-e  are  Niagara  Falls  ?  What  Canal  connects  the  Hud- 
son with  Lake  Champlain  ?  A.  Champlain  and  Hudson  Canal. 
What  towns  at  the  extremities  of  the  Grand  Western  Canal  ? 
A.  B.  What  is  the  length  of  the  G.  W.  Canal  ?  How  will 
you  sail  from  Albany  to  Trenton  ? 

questions  on  the  MAT'  OF  THE  MIDDLE  STATES. 

What  Counties  border  on  the  Eastern  States  ?  What 
counties  border  on  Lower  Canada  ?  On  the  river  St.  Law- 
rciice  ?  On  Lake  Ontario  f  On  Nigara  river  ?  On  Lake 
Erie  ?  On  Pennsylvania  ?  On  New  Jersey  ?  What  Coun- 
ties in  the  interior?  How  many  Counties  has  New  York? 
[Long  Island  is  divided  into  3  counties,  viz.  King's,  Queen's, 
and  Suftblk.  New  York  County  embraces  the  island  on 
which  the  city  of  New  York  is  situated.  Richmond  County 
embraces  Statcn  Island,  south  of  the  city  of  New  York.l  In 
what  County  is  New  York  ?     Albany  ?   &c. 


r,  6  miles 

al   crosses 

the  stale. 

topulation 


«.  What 
y  into  L. 
rn  part  of 
nk  of  the 
^  of  West 
Hudson? 
i.~VVhat 
'ns  on  the 
of  Black 
river?  o. 
ivn  on  the 
wns  onL. 


erj 


H. — 


vns  in  the 
iTork,  and 
Springs? 
the  Hud- 
on  Canal, 
■n  Canal  ? 
How  will 


'ES. 

?  What 
St.  Law- 
On  Lake 
lat  Coun- 
w  York  ? 
Queen's, 
island  on 
i  County 
ork.]     Jn 


NORTH    AMERICA. 
NEW  JERSEY. 


00 


Passaic  Falls. 
How  is  New  Jersey  bounded  .^hat  is  its  Capital  ? 

The  commerce  of  New  Jersey  is  small :  but  its 
manufactures  in  proportion  to  its  population  Ix 
ceed  those  of  half  the  larger  states   ^"'^'^^"'•^^- 

Ihe  state    is  level  in  the  south,  uneven  and 
hilly  m  the  middle  and  mountair  ou  in  the  L'"'^^ 
The  middle  part  of  the  state  is  extremely  ferti  e 
New  Jersey  is  noted  for  its  excellent  cfder  anj 

,,PJ.'''}''—"^^^'^'^0N,  situated  at  the  liead  of  tide  watPr«  nn 

the    late.  "  "'^  ""='  ^'n-nofcial  town  in 

guishedfor  the   rn^nZZrT  :KLT::I- ZC''-'"- 

8 


y,^ 


86 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


Princeton,  1 1  miles  N.  E.  of  Trenton,  is  wituated  on  the 
great  road  between  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  It  is  a  pleas- 
ant town,  and  contains  a  number  of  elegant  buildings.  It  is 
the  seat  of  Nassau  IJall,  or  New  Jersey  College,  one  of  the 
most  respectable  and  flourishing  literary  institutions  in  the 
United  States. 

Burlington  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Delaware  river,  17 
miles  N.  £.  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  well  built,  and  has  consid- 
erable manufactures  and  trade. 

Elizabethtown  is  situated  on  Elizabethtown  creek,  in  the 
midst  of  a  beautiful  and  fertile  country.  It  contains  s&veral 
handsome  buildings,  and  has  considerable  commerce. 

Patterson  is  situated  on  the  Passaic  river,  15  miles  N.  W. 
of  New  York.  It  is  a  flourishing  town,  aid  the  seat  of  very 
important  manufacturing  establishments. 

[The  Passaic  Falls  at  this  place,  arc  the  greatest  curiosity 
in  this  state.  The  river  is  40  yards  wide,  and  falls  perpen- 
dicularly 70  feet  in  one  entire  sheet ;  presenting  a  scene  of 
singular  beauty  and  grandeur.] 

aUESTIONS   ON    THE    MAP    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

What  River  eeparates  New  Jersey  from  Pennsylvania  .-* 
What  River  forms  part  of  the  eastern  boundary  of  New  Jer- 
sey.'' IT. — What  is  the  southern  Cape  of  New  Jersey?  jvr. 
Which  is  the  most  northern  Cape  ?  s-h. —  What  Harbors  on 
the  coast?  What  2  Towns  near  New  York  city  ?  n.  b. — 
Which  is  the  most  northern  town  ?  p. — What  falls  are  there 
at  Patterson .''  What  town  on  Delaware  Bay  ■*  s. — What  is 
the  length  of  Delaware  Bay?  What  literary  Institutions 
has  New  Jersey  ?  When  was  New  Jersey  settled  ?  Kow 
many  square  miles  has  New  Jersey  ?  [See  page  59]  How 
will  you  sail  from  Trenton  to  Harrisburg  ? 

Quest'ons  on  the  Map  of  tka  Vailed  Stales. — ITow  many 
Counties  border  on  the  Atlantic?  On  New  York?  On 
Delaware  river  ?  On  Delaware  Bay  :  What  Counties  ir.  the 
interior  of  New  Jersey  ?  Mow  many  Counties  in  New  Jer- 
sey ?     In  what  County  is  Trenton  ?    Newark  ?  &c. 


ed  on  the 
isapleas- 
igs.  It  is 
ne  of  the 
)ns  in  tho 

e  river,  17 
as  consid- 

p.k,  in  the 

ns  G&veral 

;e. 

lies  N.  W. 

at  of  very 

i  curiosity 
Is  perpen- 
a  scene  of 


ATES. 

isylvania  ? 
New  Jer- 
ersey  ?  jvr. 
J  arbors  on 
'  ?  N.  B. — 
3  are  there 
—What  is 
iistitutions 
d  ?  Kow 
9.]     How 


ow  inariy 
ork  r  On 
ties  ir.  the 
New  Jer- 
c. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 
PENNSYLVANIA.* 


87 


.  Willi  m  Penn  foyininz  a  Treaty  with  the  Indian?. 
How  is-  Pennsylvania  bounded  ?     Its  Capital  ? 

Pennsylvania  is  a  large,  healthy,  and  fertile 
state,  and  is  distinguished  for  its  agriculture,  manu- 
factures, and  commerce,— for  its  fine  roads  and 
bridges,  and  for  its  extensive  mines  of  coal. 

The  middle  portion  of  the  state  is  mountainous ; 
the  remainder  is  generally  level.  The  English 
inhabitants  form  about  one  half  the  population  ; 
the  remainder  consists  of  Germans,  Dutch,  and 
Irish. 


[*ThG  colony  of  Pennsylvania  was  founded  in  1682,  by  Wil- 
liam P^-nn   a   distinguished  philanthropist,  belonffincr  to  the 


'.^  piiiuiiasuu  lue  lerniory  ot  ino  Indians,  wlium  he  consider- 
ed the  just  and  lawful  owners.  Shortly  after,  he  planted  his 
jnlant  colony,  he  met  the  Indians  under  "the  great  elm  tree," 
at  Kensington,  and  entered  into  a  troi  ty  of  peace,  which  re- 
mained uninterrupted  for  the  space  of  TO  «ears,] 


88 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


! 


li 


Towns. — flARRisBuRo  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Sus- 
quohannah,  97  miles  N.  W.  of  Philadelphia.  It  is  regularly- 
laid  out,  and  handsomely  built. 

Philadelphia,  in  the  extent  and  variety  of  its  manufactures, 
is  the  first  city  in  the  Union.  It  is  pleasantly  situated  be- 
tween the  Delaware  and  Scuylkill,  six  miles  above  their  con- 
fluence ;  and  by  the  course  of  the  river  and  bay,  126  miles 
from  the  Atlantic.  It  is  distinguished  for  the  neatness  and 
regularity  of  its  streets,  and  for  its  literary  and  scientific  in- 
stitutions. 

Pittsburg  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the    Alleghany  and 
Monongahela,  300  miles  N.  VV.  of  Philadelphia.     It  is  one  of 
tlie  greatest  manufacturing  towns  in  the  United  States,  and 
is  the  centre  of  an  extensive  trade. 


MAP    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

What  river  forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  Pennsylvania  ? 
What  two  branches  has  the  Delaware  ?  [A.  The  Lehigh  and 
Scuylkill,  L.  and  S.  on  the  map.]  What  river  passes  nearly 
through  the  middle,  of  the  state  ?  What  two  branches  has  the 
Susquehannah?  [The  most  southern  one  is  Juniata,  marked 
J.]  V\  hat  rivers  unite  and  form  the  Ohio  ?  W  hat  town  on  the 
Delaware,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  state  ?  At  the  junc- 
tion of  what  two  rivers  is  Easton?  l.  d.  At  the  junction  of 
what  two  is  Philadelphia  ?  s.  d. — What  town  between  Phila- 
delphia and  Harrisburg?  What  five  towns  on  the  Susque- 
hannah ?  H.  S.N,  w.  jvi.— What  Town  on  the  West  Branch  ?  w. 
What  Town  on  the  Juniata ?  ii. — V\  hat  3  Towns  directly 
W.  ofPhiladelphia?  v.  c.  b.— What  town  S.  W.  of  Harrris- 
burgPc. — At  the  junction  of  what  two  rivers  is  Pittsburg?  In 
what  direction  from  Pittsburg  is  Greensburg?  Washington  ? 
What  2  towns  on  the  branches  of  the  Alleghany  ?  j.  m. — What 
town  on  Lake  Erie  ?  e. — Which  is  the  most  N.  E.  Town  in 
Pennsylvania  ?  n.— Which  is  the  most  S.  E.  Town  ?  p. — 
Which  is  the  most  S.  W.  Town  ?  w. — Which  is  the  mostN. 
W.?  E  —What  is  the  length  of  the  Susquehannah  ?.DeIavvare." 
Alleghany?  Monongahela?  What  Mounta4ns  pass  through 
Pennsylvania  ?  a.— How  tar  is  it  from  New  York  to  Phila- 
delphia ?  From  Philadelphia  to  Washington  ?  What  5  Col- 
leges has  Pennsylvania,  and  where  are  they  located  ?  In 
what  direction  from  Philadelphia  is  Washington  ?  Now  York  ? 
Detroit  ?  New  Orleans  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Harris- 
burg lo  Dover  ? 


hillv, 


.\OIlTU    AMERICA. 


m 


Qu'sUom  on  the  map  of  the  J\Iiddle  Sfates.-Wh&t  County 
borders  on  ake  Erie  ?  What  Counties  border  on  New-York^ 
Oa  the  Delaware  river  ?  On  Delaware  ?  On  Maryland  ? 
OnV.r,nn,a?  On  Ohio  ?  What  Counties  in  the  Xior  7 
Ho  A.  many  Couritics  has  Pennsylvania  ?     Mention  the  Shire 

iC^bu;:?'   ^''""'^-      '"^  "'^"'  ^■^^'''y  -  i^hiladelphil? 

Delaware! 

riow  is  Delaware  bounded?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Delaware  is  the  least  populous  ^  state  in  the 
Union  ;  and  the  smallest  in  extent,  except  Rhode 
Island. 

1  '7^^  northern  part  of  the  state  is  generally 
hilly,  and  has  a  fertile  soil ;  the  southern  part  is 
level,  and  unproductive. 

The  commerce  of  Delaware  is  small  ;  but  its 
manufactures  are  considerable. 

Delaware  is  distinguished  for  its  fine  wheat 

io/6.7i7.-DovER  is  situated  on  Jones'  Creek,  7  miles  from, 
its  entrance  into  Delaware  Bay 

Wilmington  is  situated  in  th^  northern  part  of  the  State, 
between  Christiana  and  Brandy  wine  creeks,  I  mile  above 
their  confluence,  It  is  the  largest  and  most  important  town 
m  the  state,  and  IS  celebrated  for  its  flour  mills,  and  other 
inanufacturing  establishments. 

MAP    OF   THE    UNITED    STATES. 

How  many  square  miles  has  Delaware  ?  Which  is  f h^ 
most  northern  town  in  Delaware?  w.- What  Town  south 
of  VVilmington  ?  n-c- What  Cape  has  Delaware?  h!!!i„ 
vvhat  direction  from  Dover  is  Washington  ?  New  York" 
Richmond?  Harrisburg  ?  Kxrtford  ?  What  is  the  Wth 
of  Delaware   Bay?     What  Canal  connects  Delaware  and 

napolis  p""  ^'""^  '"^  ^'""^  ^°^^'  ^^  ^»- 

Q^fions  on  the  map  of  the  Middle  Staies.-Hoy,  nanv 

Counties  has  Delawaro  ?     What  rnnnt,,  «^v..„„..  .u-  .      "^ 

. . .J.  ,,,,,„. „^^^-g  j^jj  'iurin 

8* 


90 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


em  part?  What  county  embraces  the  southern  part  ?  What 
County  embraces  the  niiddlc  part?  Mention  the  shire  town 
of  each  county. 

TRAVELS    ON    THE    MAP    OF    THE    MIDDLE    STATES. 

How  is  Albany  silvuited  ?  What  is  said  of  the  State  of 
New  York  ■'  IIow  lonj;  since  the  fust  settlement  was  made 
in  New  York?  What  canals  terminate  at  Albany?  What 
do  thoy  connect  ?  What  great  nalurat  curiomlt/  on  the  west- 
ern border  of  New  York?  Where  are  the  most  noted  Salt 
'Spn7ti;s  in  New  York:  [Salina  is  in  Onondaga  County. 
The  salt  springs  arc  on  the  border  of  Onondaga  Lake  which 
iS  about  7  miles  long,  and  3  broad.]  VN'hat  noted  mineral 
waters  in  New  York?  Where  is  West  Point?  A.  In 
Orange  County,  on  the  Hudson  river,  58  miles  north  of  the 
city  of  Now  York.  During  the  llevolufionary  war  it  was 
strongly  fortified,  and  deemed  one  of  the  most  important 
posts  in  America,  but  its  works  are  now  in  ruins.  This  place 
is  noted  for  Arnold's  treason,  and  the  execution  of  Major  An- 
dre. Jn  1802  the  general  government  established  a  Military 
Academy  at  West  Point,  and  in  1812,  appropriated  25,000 
dollars  for  erecting  buildings,  and  procuring  a  library  and 
apparatus.  The  number  of  Cadets  is  limited  to  250.  How 
will  you  sail  from  Albany  to  Trenton  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  New  Jersey  ?  For  what  is  it  noted  ? 
In  what  direction  from  Trenton  is  Newark?  For  what  is 
Newark  distinguished  ?  What  noted  falls  in  Now  Jersey  ? 
Which  part  of  New  Jersey  is  most  fertile?  How  will  you 
sail  from  Trenton  to  Harrisburjr? 


For  what  is  Pennsylvania  distinguished  i*  Which  is  the 
principal  city  of  Pennsylvania  ?  For  what  is  Philadelphia 
distinguished?  Which  is  the  most  important  city  in  the 
western  part  of  the  State?  Describe  Pittsburg.  [The  coun- 
try around  Pittsburg  including  8  or  9  counties,  is  one  great 
bed  of  fossil  coal.]  In  what  part  of  the  state  v^re  the  Lehigh 
and  Scuylkill  coal  mines?  How  will  you  sail  from  Harris- 
burg  to  Dover  ? 

What  is  said  of  Delaware  ?  For  what  is  Delaware  distin- 
guished ?  Which  is  the  largest  town  in  Delaware  ?  In  what 
part  of  the  state  is  Wilmington  ?  For  what  is  it  celebrated  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Dover  to  Baltimore  ? 


t?  What 
iro  town 

E3. 

State  of 
/as  made 
?  What 
tlio  wcst- 
lotcd  Salt 
I  County, 
lio  which 
i  mineral 
A.  In 
rth  of  the 
ar  it  was 
rnportant 
his  phice 
lajor  An- 
-  Military 
ed  25,000 
rary  and 
0.     How 


it  noted  ? 

r  what  is 

Jersey  ? 

will  you 

3h  is  the 
iladclphia 
ty  in  the 
'he  coun- 
)ne  great 
Q  Lehigh 
1  Harris- 


re  distin- 

In  what 

ebrated  ? 


NORTH    AMERICA. 
SOUTHERN  STATES. 


91 


Exports. 

Which  are  the  Southern  States  ?  How  many  are  there  ? 
VV  Inch  ,s  the  most  northern  ofthe  Southern  States.^  WhTch 
.nt "  T^'^u-'u"^      .  "^^  "^^"y  °f'ti^e"^  border  on  the  At- 

The  Southern  Stales,  in  extent  of  territory,  far 
surpass  the  Eastern  or  Middle  States;  and  are 
distinguished  for  their  valuable  productions,  nu- 
merous slaves,  and  for  the  amount  of  their  ex- 
ports. 

ThQ  eastern  part  of  the  Southern  States,  va- 
rying from  60  to  5>00  miles  in  breadth,  is  a  low 
sandy  plain,  and  generally  barren,  except  on  the 
rivers  and  sounds.  The  interior  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous, and  has  a  rich  and  fertile  soil.  The  cli- 
mate, m  the  eastern  part,  is  warm  and  unhealthy ; 
m  the  interior  it  is  mild  and  salubrious. 

Wheat,  tobacco,  and  Indian  corn  are  the  princi- 
pal productions  in  the  northern  part ;  rice,  cotton. 


m 


92 


NORTH    AMEP.ICM. 


and  sugar  in  the  southern  ;  vrnd pitchy  tar rtitrpen- 
tine  and  lumber  in  the  eastern  part. 

The  eastern  part,  or  low  country,  is  inhabited  principally 
by  planters,  who  live  on  large  plantations,  at  a  considerable 
distance  from  each  other,  and  have  many  slaves.  The  in- 
terior and  western  parts  are  inhabited  by  farmers,  who  have 
few  slaves  and  small  estates,  depending  principally  on  their 
own  labor  for  support. 

The  higher  classes  in  the  Southern  States  are  well  inform- 
ed, polite  and  hospitable  ;  but  the  lower  classes  are  rude  and 
extremely  ignorant.  The  slaves  perform  most  of  the  labor 
of  the  Southern  States,  and  form  nearly  half  the  population. 

MARYLAND. 

How  is  Maryland  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital? 

Maryland,  considering  its  extent  and  popula- 
tion, is  one  of  the  first  commercial  states  in  the 
Union. 

It  is  divided  into  two  parts  by  Chesapeake  bay, 
called  the  eastern  and  western  shore.  The  east- 
em  part  is  generally  level  ;  the  western  part  is 
hilly  and  mountainous. 

The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  The  principal  ar- 
ticles of  export  arejZowrand  tobacco. 

Towns. — Annapolis  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Severn 
river,  2  miles  from  its  entrance  into  Chesapeake  bay.  Pop. 
about  3,000. 

Baltimore  is  situated  on  the  Patapsco  river,  14  miles  from 
its  entrance  into  Chesapeake  bay.  It  is  well  situated  for 
commerce;  and  in  the  amount  of  its  shipping,  is  the  third 
town  in  the  Union.  It  is  divided  by  a  small  river  into  two 
parts,  called  the  town,  and  FelPs  point.  The  latter  is  the 
principal  seat  of  commercial  business.     Pop.  81,000. 

MAP    OF    THE    UNITED    PTATElS. 

What  Bay  divides  Maryland  ?  What  is  the  length  of 
Chesapeake  Bay  ?  What  River  empties  into  the  head  of 
Chesapeake  bay  ?  What  River  separates  Maryland  from 
Virginia?  How  is  Annapolis  situated  ?  How  is  Baltimore 
situated?     What  2  Towns  N.    W.   of  Baltimore?  r.  h  — 


What  t 

Mountt 

State  ? 

where, 

connect 

length, 

sail  fror 

Quesi 
border  < 
river  ? 
How  m 
counties 
county. 


^ 


The 
lying  oi 
miles  fr 
States  I 
in  1800, 
ernmen 

It  c 
Georgei 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


93 


turperi' 

•incipally 
siderable 

The  in- 
who  have 

on  their 

1  in  form - 
rude  and 
,he  labor 
ulation. 


.1? 

popula- 
!  in  the 

ke  bay, 
le  east- 
part  is 

ipa!  ar- 

!  Severn 
Y-     Pop. 

lies  from 
atcd  for 
-he  third 
:nto  two 
X  is  the 


3ngth  of 
head  of 
,nd  from 
laltimore 
'  r.  H- — 


What  town  in  the  southern  part  on  the  Potomac  ?  What 
Moun  ams  pass  through  Maryland  ?  What  rdleges  in  this 
fetato?  How  many  square  miles  has  Maryland?  When 
where,  and  by  whom  was  Maryland  settled  ?  What  Canal 
connects  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  Bays  ?  What  is  its 
length,  breadth,  and  depth  ?  [See  page  55.]  How  will  you 
sail  from  Annapolis  to  Washington?  vvmyou 

questions  on  the  map  of  the  Middle  ^/a/ey.— What  Counties 
border  on  Pennsylvania  ?  On  Delaware  ?  On  the  Potomac 
river?  How  many  Counlies  east  of  the  Chesapeake  bay  ? 
How  many  counties  west  of  Chesapeake  bay  ?  How  manv 
counties  has  Maryland  ?  Mention  the  shire  towns  of  each 
county.     In  wnat  county  is  Baltimore  ?   Annapolis  ?  &o. 

DISTRICTOFCOLUMBIA. 


A  View  of  the  Capitol. 

The  District  of  Columbia  is  ten  miles  square, 
lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Potomac  river,  120 
miles  from  its  mouth.  It  was  given  to  the  United 
States  by  Maryland  and  Virginia,  in  1790 ;  and 
m  1800,  it  became  the  seat  of  the  General  Gov- 
ernment. 

It  contains  Washington,  Alexandria  and 
Georgetown. 


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NORTH    AMERICA. 


Washington,  the  Capital  of  the  United  States,  is  situated 
on  the  Potomac,  300  miles,  by  the  course  of  the  river  and 
bay,  from  the  ocean.  The  city  is  laid  out  en  a  regular  plan, 
and  when  completed,  it  will  be  one  of  the  mopt  beautiful 
and  commodious  cities  on  the  globe  The  Capitol  for  the 
meetings  of  Congress  is  built  of  white  free  stone,  and  is  the 
most  magnificent  edifice  in  the  United  States.  Pop.  20,000. 

Alexandria  is  situated  on  the  W.  bank  of  the  Potomac,  6 
miles  south  of  Washington.  It  has  an  extensive  trade,  prin- 
cipally in  flour.     Pop.  9,000. 

Georgetown  is  situated  on  the  Potomac,  3  miles  west  of 
Washington.  It  is  a  handsome  town,  and  has  considerable 
trade.     Pop.  8,300. 

How  many  square  miles  in  the  District  of  Columbia  ? 
What  Colleges  in  the  district  of  Columbia?  What  cities  in 
the  District  of  Columbia?  How  far  is  Hartford  from  Wash- 
ington ?  Philadelphia  ?  New  York  ?  IN'ew  Orleans  ?  Bos- 
ton? Portland?  In  what  direction  from  Washington  do 
you  live  ?  How  far  is  Washington  from  the  Atlantic  ? 
Georgetown  ?  How  long  since  Washington  became  the  seaV 
ot  the  General  Government  ? 


VIRGINIA. 


J^atural  Bridge* 
How  is  Virginia  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


95 


,  is  Bituated 
le  river  and 
jgular  plan, 
>st  beautiful 
)itol  for  the 
,  and  is  the 
ip.  20,000. 
Potomac,  6 
trade,  prin- 

Ics  west  of 
considerable 


Columbia  ? 
lat  cities  in 
from  Wash- 
eans  ?  Bos- 
ihington  do 
c  Atlantic  ? 
.me  the  seat 


* 


Virginia  is  the  largest,  and  one  of  the  most 
powerful  and  populous  states  in  the  Union 

It  is  divided  by  the  Blue  Ridge  into  two*  parts 
Ihe  western   part  is  hilly  and  mountainous;  the 
eastern  is  generally  level. 

The  climate  near  the  coast  is  hot  and  unhealthy 
in  the  summer  ;  in  the  interior  and  western  parts 
It  IS  cool  and  salubrious. 

Wheaty  tobacco,  and  corn  are  the  most  valuable 
productions,  and  are  important  articles  of  com- 
merce. 

The  Natural  Bridge  over  Cedar  Creek,  is  one  of  the  great- 
est  natural  curiosities  in  the  world.  It  is  about  IQO  feet  in 
length,  60  leet  wide,  and  250  feet  above  the  surface  of  the 
water. 

ToMWJ.— Richmond  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  Falls  on 
James  river,  150  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  well  situated 
tor  trade,  and  has  a  considerable  share  of  commerce.  Pop. 
16,00.^.  *         "* 

Norfolk  is  stnated  on  Elizabeth  river,  8  miles  from  its  en- 
trance into  Hampton  Roads.  Its  harbor  is  good,  and  it  has 
more  foreign  commerce  than  any  other  town  in  the  state 

Yorktown,  situated  on  York  river,  1 1  miles  from  its  mouth, 
IS  famous  for  the  capture  of  Lord  Cornwallis  and  his  armv 
i9th  of  October,  1781.  ^' 

Mount  Vernon  is  situated  on  the  Potomac,  9  miles  bnlov/ 
Alexandria.  It  is  memorable  for  having  been  the  residence 
of  Gen.  Washington. 

MAP    OF    THE    UMTED    STATES. 

What  ^2  Rivers  rise  in  Virginia  and  empty  into  Albemarle 
bound?  R.  c— What4  Rivers  empty  into  Chesapake  bay? 
J.  Y.  R.  p. — What  branch  has  the  Potomac  ?  p  —What  i 
rivers  empty  into  the  Ohio?  m.  l-k.  g-k.  b-s.— What  moun- 
tains  in  Virginia?  What  is  the  most  eastern  ridoe  called' 
B.— What  two  towns  on  the  James  river  ?  r.  l.— What  Towii 
on  the  Appomattox,  a  branch  of  the  James  river  ?  r.--Wljat 
Is  the  principal  seaport  in  Vir«jinia  ?  \.     Flow  i^  it  situated  ? 


i\> 


96 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


mere  is  Yorktown,  and  for  what  is  it  celebrated  ?  What 
place  near  York  river  ?  w.— What  town  on  the  Rappahan- 
noc  ?  F.  — What  four  Towns  among  tl)e  Mountains  ?  w.  s 
L.  o.—What  Town  on  tho  Monongahela  ?  M.~What  Town 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Great  Kanhawa?  p-p.— What  two 
Towns  on  the  Great  Kanhawa  ?  c.  a.— What  town  on  a 
branch  of  the  Roanoke  ?  m.  What  two  towns  on  the  head 
branches  of  tho  Tennessee  river  ?  f.  a— What  town  on  the 
peninsula  between  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the  Atlantic  ?  d  — 
What  two  capes  lias  Virginia  ?  What  four  Colleges  has  Vir- 
§Jr"u  *  V.  ^^,'^*  '^  ^^®  '^"S^*"  of  James  River  ?  Rappahannoc  > 
What  Canal  connects  Chesapeake  bay  with  Albemarle  Sound  ' 
How  will  you  sail  from  Richmond  to  Newbern  ? 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 
How  is  North  Carolina  bounded  ?     Its  capital  ? 

The  eastern  part  of  North  Carolina  for  70  or 
80  miles  from  the  sea,  is  entirely  level,  abounding 
in  pine  forests,  which  furnish  vast  quantities  of 
pitchy  tar,  turpentine  and  lumber  for  exportation. 
The  interior  is  uneven  and  hilly  ;  and  the  west- 
ern part  mountainous. 

The  coast  is  lined  with  sand  banks  and  islands 
which  render  access  to  the  bays  and  sound  ex- 
tremoiy  difficult.  Its  commerce  is  chiefly  carried 
on  through  the  seaports  of  the  neighboring  states. 
The  exports  are  rice,  cotton,  tobacco,  pitch,  tar, 
turpentine  and  lumber. 

Tbwn^.— Raleigh*  is  pleasantly  situated  near  the  central 
part  ot  the  state,  containing  about  1,500  inhabitants. 

Newbern  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  and  has  a  consid- 
erable share  of  commerce.     Pop.  4,000. 

Wilmington  is  the  most  commercial  town  in  the  state.  It 
IS  situated  on  Cape  Fear  river,  36  miles  from  its  mouth.  Pop. 
about  3,000.  ^ 

The  Towns  in  this  State  are  small,  the  inhabitants  livins 
mostly  on  their  plantations. 

*  R&w-le. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


97 


What  3  Capes  has  N.  Carolina  ?  h.  l.  F.-What  2  Sounds  ? 
What  IS  the  length  of  Albemarle  sound  ?  Pamlico  sound  ' 
Wha   are  the  Rivers  of  N  Carolina?  g-f.  l-p.  c-f.  n.  p.  r.  c. 

,^to  fV"  nv  T  '"  '^%^:  ^'  P"*  °^  the  state  and  empties 
into  the  Ohio  ?G-K.~What  place  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the 
«Ar  ^J-^'—y"*^  town  on  Albemarle  sound,  at  the  mouth 
ot  the  Chowan?  e.— What  town  on  the  Roanoke  ?  h.— What 
town  on  Pamlico  river?  w.-What  2  towns  on  the  N.use  ? 
N.  H.~What  town  near  Raleiarh  ?  cii.-What  3  towns  on 
afZ  ^%  7^V  ^-  ^•,^— What  2  town  on  the  branches 
ot  the  G.  Pedee  ?  s.  s.—What  town  W.  of  Fayetteville  ?  c. 
What  townin  the  western  part  of  the  state?  m.— What 
springs  near  the  borders  of  Tennessee  ?  w-s.— What  seaport 
on  Core  sound,  S.  E.  of  Newborn  ?  B.-What  College  in  N. 
Carolina?  How  will  you  sail  from  Newborn  to  Columbia? 

„      .    „  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

liow  is  South  Carolina  bounded  ?    Its  Capital  ? 

The  coast  of  South  Carolina,  for  about  100 
miles  from  the  sea,  is  low,  flat,  sandy  and  un- 
healthy  The  rivers  are  bordered  with  marshes, 
m  which  are  produced  large  crops  of  rice. 

I  he  interior  is  beautifully  diversified  with  hills 
and  dales ;  and  has  a  rich,  fertile  soil.  The 
western  part  is  mountainous,  and  has  a  cool  and 
healthy  climate. 

The  chief  productions  are  cotton  and  rice;  be- 
sides these,  pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  and  lumber,  are 
exported  in  large  quantities. 

.^Jrihl'~^!'''''Vt  '^  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Congaree 
near  the  centre  of  the  state.  It  is  regularly  laid  out,  on  an 
elevated  p  am,  and  contains  about  3,500  inhabitants. 

C^harleston  IS  situated  at  the  junction  of  Ashley  and  Cooper 
rivers  7  miles  from  the  ocean.  It  is  regularly  ^laid  out!  a^nd 
has  a  large  share  of  commerce^-ealth,  Ld  refinement. 

IsI^S^^"VrY^T'.  ''^?'  ^"'°.^'r  ^  «•  ^-  ^'  «•  «•  ^- What 
island  E.  of  Charleston  ?     s.-What  seaport  in  the  southern 

9 


a.' 


m 


NORTH    A31ERICA. 


part  of  the  state,  on  Port  Iloyal  island  ?  b— What  4  Towns 
in  tlie  western  part  of  the  state  ?  p.  a.  o.  e— How  is  Charles- 
Ion  situated  ?  Wliat  town  on  Winyaw  bay,  at  tiie  mouth  of 
the  G.  1  edee  ?  c— What  town  on  the  Watcree,  a  branch  of 
,Uie  Santee  ?  c  —What  town  between  Camden  and  George- 
town ?  K.-What  Colleges  in  S.  Carolina,  and  where  are 
they  located  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Columbia  to  Mil- 
ledge  ville  ? 


GEORGIA 

How  id  Georgia  bounded 


What  is  its  Capital  ? 


Georgia  is  level,  barren,  and  sandy,  on  the 
coast,  hilly  in  the  interior,  and  mountainous  in  the 
north. 

The  chief  productions  are  cotton,  rice,  tobacco, 
coffee,  sugar,  figs,  oranges,  olives,  pomegranates, 
lemons,  <yc. 

The  winters  are  mild  and  agreeable  ;  but  the 
summers  are  warm  and  unhealthy,  especially  in 
the  southern  part. 

Totcns.— MiLLEDGEviLLE  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the 
Uconee.     It   is   a   flourishing  town,  and  has  a  considerable 

Savannah  is  situated  on  the  river  Savannah,  17  miles  from 
Its  mouth.  It  IS  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  and  hes  an  ex- 
tensive  commerce.     Pop.  8,000* 

Augusta  is  a  flourishing,  town  on  the  Savannah  river  127 
miles  by  land,  above  Savannah.     It  is  well  situated  for  trade 
Ihe  produce  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state  being  collected 
here,  to  be  conveyed  to  Savannah. 

■  ^'^"^L^''®  ^^^  ^  principal  Islands  on  the  coa^t  of  Geor- 
gia ?  What  4  Rivers  empty  into  the  Atlantic  ?  St  m.  s  a 
^;r-^^  j'^\^^  ^^"^^rn  unite  and  form  the  Altamaha?  o.  o' 
What  2  Rivers  unite  and  form  the  Appalachicola  ?  c  f 
—What  2  Towns  on  the  Savannah  river?  s.  a.— What  4 
Towns  on  the  coast  below  Savannah  ?  s.  d.  b.  St.  m  —What 
Town  on  the  O^.eechee  ?  L.-What  Town  between  th^  Oconee 
and  Ognerhon  ?     s.--Whal  town  on  tho  Chatahoodiee  ?     n. 


NORTH    AIVfRRICA. 


4  Towns 
!  Charles- 
mouth  of 
branch  of 
I  George- 
vlieio  are 
I  to  Mil- 


I? 

on  the 
s  in  the 

ohacco, 
anatcSy 

but  the 
iaily  in 

on  the 
siderable 

les  from 

IS  an  ex- 

ver,  127 
ar  trade, 
pllccted 

f  Geor- 


99 


M.  S. 
?      O. 


A. 

O. 


(       C.  F. 

What  4 
-What 
Oconee 


eu 


n. 


What  5  Towns  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  .-'     j.  p  c  c 

wTf  V.^  y'^^   ^^  ^''^'^  *°^'"«  i«  tJicre  a  Missionary  sti.L^ 
What  College    n   Georgia?     Whnt  Tnu,r,    •  ^"?;V  stat  on  .' 

,,  .    .    .,  ^  ALABAMA. 

ilovv  IS  Alabama  situated  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

anJ^h^^T^  'I  ^  n^wlv  settled  state,  and  is  distin- 
guished  for  the  rapid  increase  of  its  population. 

^.  ♦  *u  ^^''^.  '^^'  ^^"^   intersects  the  Horthern 
part  the  remainder  of  the  state  is  generally  level, 

the  r^ve'rs^  '"''''  especially  on  the  banks  of 

The  principal  productions  are  cotton,  rice, 
Indian  corn,  and  wheat.  Cotton  is  the  chief  ar- 
tide  of  export. 

soif  p'art.'  ^'  ^'"^^^"^  '^^^^^^> '  ^^^^P^  -  ^he 

w!^S'n\e?near"?r  ^'  F^'^fl'^^  '''^^''^  »"  ^^e  Black- 

vvarrior  nyer,  near  the  centre  of  the  stale.     It  is  a  handsome 

and  flounshmjj  town,  roaularlv    k;^    ^.  f  *   ■  !"^"*'°o™e 

2,000  inhabitants.         '^^"'^'^^^   '^^^    «"t  ?  contammg  about 

GuV^f^MWiL'^'n*'^  °^  ^^"^J^^  river,  33  miles  from  the 
r^n  AUri  ^^^'''''.'''  .^'  's  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  and  i* 
rapidly  increasmg  m  commerce  and  population^.  ' 

east  of '^obil?  '^f  .^^^T"  .«"^l«t  °f  Mobile  river,  15  miles 

;1dlrlt  if  eaiyl:;^~  '^^  ^^"^"^^^•-'  ^^  ^-«  ^ 

wIS!?''-  ^  ^^''''!;-    ""^*°   and   form"  the  Mobile  river?    t.  a. 
eJth roarth7''':,"''  '^'  Tombigbee  ?     What  Kiver  pass- 

*  Mo-beel'. 


100 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


in  the  Tennosseo  river?  What  2  Towns  on  Mobile  river,  at 
the  head  of  Mobile  bay  ?  m.  b. — What  town  on  Mobile  riv- 
er near  the  junction  of  the  Alabama  and  Tombigbee  ?  f. — 
What  3  Towns  on  the  Alabama?  c.  d.  c. — What  Town  on 
the  Tombigbee  ?  s.—What  2  Towns  on  the  Black  Warrior  ? 
T.  B. — What  Towo  on  the  Tennessee  river,  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  the  state?  f. — What  Town  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
state 7  H. — What  mountains  terminate  in  Alabama?  c.  a. — 
How  will  you  sail  from  Tuscaloosa  to  New  Orleans  ? 

TRAVELS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

For  what  are  the  Southern  States  distinguished  ?  How  is 
Maryland  divided  ?  How  is  Baltimore  divided?  How  will 
you  sail  from  Baltimore  to  Washington  ? 

When  did  Washington  become  the  seat  of  the  General 
Government  ?  Who  was  President  of  the  United  States  at 
that  time  ?  [See  page  53.]  Where  did. Congress  meet  be- 
fore the  seat  of  the  General  Government  was  removed  to 
Washington?  A.  At  Philadelphia.  What  distinguished 
edifice  in  Washington  ?  Who  was  the  first  President  of  the 
United  States  ?  Who  is  President  of  the  United  States  at 
this  time  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Washington  to  Rich- 
mond ? 


TTow  does  Virginia  compare  with  the  other  states  ?  What 
great  natural  curiosity  in  Virginia  ?  How  many  Presidents 
of  the  United  States  have  been  chosen  from  Virginia?  [See 
page  53.]  For  what  is  Yoiktown  famous  ?  How  will  you 
sail  from  Richmond  to  Wilmington  ? 

Which  is  the  most  commercial  town  in  North  Carolina  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  Town  ?  What  are  the  principal  exports 
inN.  Carolina?  How  will  you  sail  from  Wilmington  to 
Charleston  ? 


Describe  Charleston.  How  does  S.  Carolina  compare 
with  N.  Carolina  in  extent  of  territory  ?  [See  page  59.] 
In  what  direction  from  this  place  is  Charleston  ?  How  will 
you  sail  from  Charleston  to  Savannah  ? 

Describe  Savannah.  ,  How  many  years  since  Savannah 
was  settled?     [See  page  59.]     Which    produces  the  best 


l^ORTII  A-MEUICA. 


at 


c.  A. — 


101 


fruit,  this  State   or  Georgia  ?     Why  ?     How  will  you  sail 
from  Savannah  to  Mobile  ? 

How  long  since  Mobile  was  settled  ?  For  what  is  Ala- 
bama distinguished?  How  will  you  sail  from  Mobile  to 
New  Orleans  ? 


WESTERN  STATES. 


AncUi't  Fortifications  and  Mounds. 
Which  arc  the  Western  States  ?  How  many  are  there  • 
Which  is  the  most  northeastern  of  the  Western  States? 
Which  is  the  most  southwestern  ?  Which  one  extends  farth^ 
est  north?  Which  ^ends  farthest  south?  On  what  2 
Rivers  do  the  Western  States  lie  ?  m.  arid  o. 


The  Western  States  are  distinguished  for  their 
mild  climate,  fertile  soil,  extensive  *prairies,  and 
for  the  rapid  increase  of  their  population.  They 
are  generally  level,  except  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 

*  Prairies  are  plains  covered  only  with  grass.  They  gen- 
erally have  a  rich,  fertile  soil,  and  often  extend  farther  than 
the  eye  can  reach.  In  Asia  these  plains  are  called  Steppes^ 
and  in  South  America,  Pampas. 

9* 


102 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


The  principal  productions  are  wheat  and 
maize  in  the  northern  part ;  cotton^  hemp^  and  to- 
bacco in  the  middle  ;  and  rice,  cotton,  and  sugar 
in  the  southern  part. 

Fossil  coal  is  found  in  various  parts  ;  and  there 
are  numerous  salt  springs,  from  which  salt  is 
manufactured  in  large  quantities. 

The  woods  and  forests  abound  in  wild  f.nimals 
and  the  rivers  are  well  stored  with  fish. 

These  states  are  not  generally  supplied  with  common 
schools  ;  but  provisions  have  recently  been  made  for  their 
establishment  in  almost  every  town. 

Numerous  remains  of  fortifications  and  mounds  of  earth, 
are  found  in  various  parts  of  the  Western  States.  The  con- 
stroction  of  these,  shews  that  they  were  built  by  men  accus- 
tomed to  labor,  and  who  possessed  considerable  knowledge 
in  the  business  of  fortifications.  They  must  have  been  erect- 
ed at  a  remote  period,  as  trees  several  hundred  years  old  are 
often  seen  growing  upon  them.  When  and  by  whom  they 
wer^e  erected  is  entirely  unknown. 

LOUISIANA. 
How  is  Louisiania  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Louisiana  is  one  of  the  most  level  and  fertile 
states  in  the  Union.  The  southern  part  around 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,#r  30  or  40  miles, 
is  one  continued  swamp,  covered  only  with  a 
species  of  coarse  reed,  4  or  5  feet  high.  About 
one  fifth  of  the  state  is  covered  with  vast  prai- 
ries. 

A  considerable  part  of  the  state  is  lower  than 
the  Mississippi,  and  to  prevent  its  overflowing  the 
land,  levees  or  artificial  embankments  of  earth, 
are  raised,  from  five  to  thirty  feet  in  height,  on 
the  banks  of  the  river. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


103 


The  staple  productions  of  Louisiana  are  coHon, 
sugar,  and  nee.  It  has  an  extensive  commerce, 
which  IS  daily  increasing. 

The   climate  is  warm,  and  in  most   parts  un- 

Towns.^NEw  Orleans  is  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  100 

u^^ZlT  '*'  ??"**? '  ^"^  ''  ^^'^  ^^^^^  commercial  empori- 
«,?Jl  ^•'V'^;°''"^'-y  watered  by  the  Mississippi  and  its 
numerous  branches.  Its  trade  is  extensive,  and  it  bids  fair  to 
fioISS!  °"^  commercial  cities  in  America.     Pop. 

Baton  Rouge  is  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississip- 
pi, 1 10  miles  above  New  Orleans.     It  is  a  flourishing  place. 

Pop.  2,000      '  '"''''  ^'^^^^^  ''*"'^^°"  °"  '^''^  "^°'"-- 

3  '^wnl  nn  ^^  ^'Vl'  ^T^^^Ua  ?      s.  R.  W.  M.  P.- What 

3  To wns  on   he  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi  ?     n.  o.  b-r.  s-f. 

OrtanTr"„''  wT'^'t'"  ^"'^^  Ponchart?ain,  north  of  New- 
urleans  /     M^—What  Town  on  an  outlet  of  the  Mississippi, 

W  ?  ^Tl"^  th'^.  ^'  '"'•  '    "-^^^^  2  Towns  on  R^d 
Whit  4  of'hl;"^  ^Tr""^".  ?"  *^^  Wachitta  river  ?     m— 

WKiA   •    ?K     ^°'^"'  ^^'  °^^^^«  Mississippi  ?  o.  St-M.  N-I.  F. 
Which  IS  the  most  southern  Town  in  Louisiana  ?     How  is 

1?  sL?[ir'  "',ri'i-     tT'^^  '^^^"'i  °«  -^i^^l^  New  Oriels 
IVlf««?«J     •    •  '^''""^  ^"^^e^v  OHeans  isle.     Jl  is  formed   by  tho 

MauTnTfp'''"  K°V"'  ''i^'  ^"^  ^y  ^^  '^^^'•^"l^  river,  lakes 
aflThT  •  J''"n''^«  i'''"'  •^^'■^"^'  ^"^  *^»«  Gulf  of  Mexico  on 

sail  trom  New  Orleans  to  Jackson  ? 

„       .   ,,..    .  -.         MISSISSIPPI 

JJow  IS  Mississippi  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

IVIississippi  is  geneT^ilTI  level  state,  and  has 
a  fertile  soil,  well  adapted  to  the  ■  cultivation  of 
cotton,  Tice  and  sugar. 

The  climate  is  temperate,  and  in  the  elevated 
parts,  It  IS  generally  healthy. 


104 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


Tho  nortlicrn  and  northeastern  portions  of  the 
state  arc  inhabited  by  the  Chickasaw  and  Choc- 
taw Indians,  who  have  made  considerable  ad- 
vancement in  the  arts  of  civiHzed  life. 

Towns. — Jackson  is  situated  near  tlie  centre  of  the  state, 
and  is  a  newly  settled  and  nourishing  town.  Population 
ftboiit  1,000. 

Nalchcz  has  an  elevated  situation,  and  is  the  largest  anil' 
one  of  the  most  nourishing  tovv«s  in  the  state.  Ft  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  populous,  fertile,  and  highly  cultivated  coun- 
try ;  and  is  the  great  commercial  depot  for  the  settlements  in 
the  western  part  of  the  state. 

Washington  is  a  flourishing  town,  6  miles  E.  of  Natchez. 

What  are  the  Rivers  of  Mississippi  7  m.  y.  b.  p.  p.  t. — 
What  Town  on  the  Mississippi  ?  n.— What  Town  near 
Natchez  ?  w. — What  2  Towns  near  the  southern  boundary  ? 
w.  L  — What  3  Towns  >an  the  Pearl  river  ?  j.  m.  c. — What 
2  Towns  on  the  Tombigbee  ?  h.  c. — What  Missionary  sta- 
tion near  the  Yazoo  river  ?  e. — What  College  in  Mississippi  ? 
What  Indians  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  ?  What  In- 
dians in  the  eastern  part  ?  In  what  direction  from  Jackson 
is  New  Orleans  ?  Tuscaloosa  ?  Tallahassee  ?  Arkopolis  ? 
Philadelphia  ?  Savannah  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Jack- 
son to  N  ashville  ? 


TENNESSEE. 

How  is  Tennessee  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 


Tennessee  is  one  of  the  most  healthful,  pheas- 
ant, and  beautiful  states  in  \he  Union. 

The  Cumberland  mountaii^s  divide  the  state 
into  two  parts.  The  eastern  part  is  mountainous ; 
the  icestern  is  generally  level. 

It  has  a  rich  and  fertile  soil,  especially  on  the 
rivers ;  and  a  mild  and  healthy  climate.  The 
spring  is  about  six  weeks  earlier  here  than  in  New 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


105 


of  the 
Clioc- 
ile  ad- 

10  state, 
pulation 

gost  arvd' 

is  sur- 

(i  coun- 

ments  in 

[atchez. 

'.  p.  T. — 
vsrn  near 
undary  ? 
.—What 
ary  sta- 
isissippi  ? 
What  In- 
Jackson 
kopolis  ? 
)m  Jack- 


1? 

,  pieas- 

le  state 
linous ; 

on  the 
.     The 

in  New 


England.     The   north-easterly  winds  are  never 
felt  in  Tennessee,  and  seldom  the  noilh-west. 

The  principal  productions  are  cotton,  tobacco, 
wheat,  hemp,  and  maize. 

Towns. — Nashville  is  situated  on  the  Cumberland  river, 
in  the  midst  of  a  populous  and  fertile  country.  It  is  the  lar- 
gest and  most  flourishing  town  in  the  state.  Population 
about  6,000. 

Knoxville,  the  principal  town  in  the  eastern  part  of  Ten- 
nessee, is  situated  on  tlie  Holston,22  miles  above  its  junction 
with  the  Tennessee  river. 

What  are  the  Rivers  of  Tennessee  ?  m.  t.  c. — Wljat  moun- 
tains pass  through  this  state  ?  c. — What  mountains  separate 
Tennessee  from  North  Carolina  ?  a.  What  3  Towns  on  the 
Cumberland  river?  c.  n.  c.  What  3  Towns  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  state,  on  the  Tennessee  and  its  branches  ?  k.  g.  s. 
What  Missionary  station  on  the  Tennessee  ?  b.  What  five 
Towns  between  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers?  m.  m. 
8.  M.  w.  What  Town  in  the  southwestern  '•-orner  of  the  state 
on  the  Mississippi  ?  m. — What  3  Towns  between  the  Ten- 
nessee and  Mississippi  ?  j,  ii.  p. — How  many  miles  in  length 
is  the  Tennessee ?  Cumberland?  Mississippi?  What  Col- 
leges in  Tennessee  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Nashville  to 
Frankfort  ? 


KENTUCKY. 
How  is  Kentucky  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

The  southeastern  part  of  Kentucky  is  moun- 
tainous ;  the  northern  is  broken  and  hilly  ;  the 
remainder  is  mostly  level.  The  climate  is  mild 
and  healthy,  and  the  soil  is  rich  and  fertile. 

The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  maize, 
tobacco,  and  hemp.  Apples  and  peaches  are 
abundant. 

There  are  numerous  suit  springs  in  this  state, 
from  which  are  manufactured  large  quantities  of 
salt* 


lOG 


NORTH    AMT.RICA. 


Nearly  the  whole  of  Kentucky  rssts  on  a  bed  of  lime-stone, 
six  or  eight  feet  below  the  surface.  Through  the  apertures 
in  this  limestone,  streams  frequently  sink  into  the  earth  and 
entirely  disappear. 

There  are  many  remains  of  ancient  fortifications  and 
mounds  in  this  state ;  and  in  Big  Bono  valley,  29  miles  S. 
W.  of  Neivport,  hav«  been  discovered  many  bones  of  the 
Mammoth  of  an  enormous  size. 

There  are  n-   .drous  caves  in  Kentucky  ;  one  called  Mon- 
mouth cave,  near  Green  river,  has  been  explored  to  the  dis 
tance  of  10  miles,     jn'rom  the  earth  at  the  bottom  of  -these 
caves,  are  manvifactured  large  quantities  of  saltpetre. 

To(vns. — Frankfort  is  situated  on  the  Kentucky  river,  60 
mills  from  its  mouth.  It  is  a  pleasant  aud  beautiful  town. 
Pop.  about  2^000. 

Lexington  is  s."*uated  on  a  stliall  branch  of  the  Elk-horn 
river,  S;2  miles  S.  E.  of  Frankfort,  in  the  most  fertile  part  of 
the  state.  It  is  distinguished  for  the  rapid  increase  of  its 
population,  its  extensive  manufactures,  and  for  the  politene^ 
and  hospitality  of  its  inhabitants. 

Louisville  is  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  nearly  west  of 
Frankfort,  marked  L.  on  the  map.  It  i?  i,ho  most  populous 
and  commercial  town  iii  the  state.     Pop.  12,000. 

What  are  the  Rivers  of  Kentucky  ?  m.  o.  t.  c.  g.  *s.  k.  r. 
B-s. — What  Mountains  and  Kiver  separate  Kentucky  from 
Virginia  ?  What  1'own  on  the  Mississippi  ?  c. — What  Town 
on  the  Cumberland  river  ?  b. — What  Town  on  a  branch  of 
the  Cumberland  ?  c. — What  Town  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Cumberland  river?  s.— What  3  T  )wns  on  the  Ohio  ?  l.  n.  m. 
What  Town  on  a  branch  oftije  Green  river?  b-o.  What  2 
Towns  near  the  Green  river  ?  o  h.  What  Town  on  Salt 
river?  B.  What  3  Towns  S.  E.  of  Bardstown?  d.  Mt-v.  m. 
Wha^:  Town  on  the  Kentucky  river  ?  f.  What  3  Towns  be- 
tween the  Kentucky  and  Licking  rivers  ?  l.  p.  v.  What  is 
the  length  of  the  Ohio  river  ?  Licking.'*  What  CoUiiygcs  in 
Kenti:eUy,  and  where  are  they  located?  WiietfvanH  by 
whom  was  JCentucky  settled  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Frank- 
fort to  Columbus  ?  . 


*  The  river  between  Green  artd  Kentucky  rivers  is  called 
Salt  River. 


ine-stone, 
apertures 


ions  and 
)  miles  S. 
es  of  the 

led  Mon- 
0  the  dis 
of  -these 

'  river,  60 
ful  town. 

Elk-horn 
le  part  of 
ase  of  its 
jolitene^ 

west  of 
populous 


•       0*  n«  !• 

cky  from 
lat  Town 
branch  of 
th  of  the 

?    L.  N.  M. 

What  2 
J  on  Salt 

Mt-V.  M. 

owns  be- 

What  is 

>U«^e9  in 

anH  by 

n  Frank- 


is  called 


^  new  of  Cincinnati, 
How  is  Ohio  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

About  one  quarter  of  the  state  declines  to  lake 
nnT  '■  r  ^?"^^"^f  to  the  Ohio.  The  northern 
part  IS  level,  and  frequently  marshy  ;  the  south- 
ern part  presents  a  varied  surface,  and  is  ex- 
tremely rich  and  productive. 

Owing  to  the  fertihty  of  the  ^oii,  and  the  mild- 
ness of  the  climate,  the  population  of  Ohio  has 
increased  more  rapidly  than  that  of  any  other  of 
the  western  states  ;  and  in  agriculture,  manufac- 
tures, and  commerce,  it  surpasses  several  of  those 
lying  on  the  Atlantic. 

The  chief  productions  are  wheat,  maize,  nm, 
bare?/,  oats,  and  hemp.  In  the  southeaster^  pfrt 
ol  the  state  are  extensive  mines  of  pit^coaL^nd 
m  the  interior  are  numerous  salt  springs. 

n.^'Z'^r^t"^^^^^^^^^^^  ^'^"'^^^^  0°  theSciota, 

A       Ti.ecent.-.-   «{    div  auiic,     a   has  had  a  rapid  arowth' 

nwas  la^dout  n:  1012,  aud  the  present  populutL  S  alToul- 


-3* 


0. 


108 


UORTH    AMERICA. 


Cincinnati  is  one  of  the  largest,  most  wealthy  and  flour- 
ishing towns,  in  the  western  states.  It  is  regularly  laid  out, 
and  is  extensively  engaged  in  commerce  and  manufactures. 
Pop.  27,000. 

MAP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

What  three  rivers  empty  into  Lake  Erie  ?  m.  s.  c.  [The 
river  which  empties  into  Lake  Erie  at  Cloaveland  is  the 
Cuyahoga.]  What  4  rivers  empty  into  the  Ohio?  m.  h.* 
g  M  -_r*The  River  between  the  Muskingum  and  Sciota  is 
the  Hockhocking.]  What  4  Town<?  are  situated  on  the 
Ohio?  c.  G.  M.  8.— What  2  Towns  on  the  Miami?  d.  o.— 
What  3  Towns  on  the  Sciota  ?  c.  c.  c— What  2  Towns  on 
the  Hockhocking  ?  l.  a.— What  2  Towns  on  the  Musking- 
um ?  w.  z.  What  Town  N.  of  Wooster  ?  m.— What 
Town  Oil  Lake  Erie  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cuyahoga  river? 
c— What  Town  on  the  Cuyahoga?  r.— What  Town  S.  of 
Ravenna  ?  c— What  Town  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  State  ? 
J  —What  Town  on  Sandusky  bay  at  the  mouth  of  Sandusky 
river  ?  s.— What  Town  S.  of  Sandusky  ?  m.— What  Town 
on  the  Maumee  river  ?  d.— What  Colleges  in  Ohio  ?  What 
Canals  in  Ohio,  and  what  do  they  connect?  [See  page  65.] 
How  will  you  sail  from  Columbus  to  Indianapolis  ? 

Questions  on  the  Map  of  Ohio  and  /nrftana.—What  Coun- 
ties border  on  Michigan  Territory?  On  Lake  Erie?  On 
Pennsylvania  ?  On  Virginia  ?  On  Kentucky  ?  On  India- 
na'' How  many  Counties  in  Ohio?  In  what  County  is 
Cincinnati?  Coulumbus  ?  Athens?  Marietta  ?  Cleaveland  ? 
Where  is  Kenyon  College  located?  [See  page  57.]  In 
what  County  is  Gambler?  A.  In  Knox  County,  near  Mt. 
Vernon.  Which  is  the  most  southern  County  in  Ohio? 
Whicli  is  the  most  northern  County  ? 

'~~~  INDIANA. 

How  is  Indiana!  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

The  northern  part  of  Indiana  is  level,  and 
abounds  in  extensive  and  fertile  prairies ;  the 
southern  part,  near  the  Ohio,  is  generally  uneven 

OF  i»i"j'« 

t  In-je-an'-na. 


NORTH    A51ERICA. 


109 


The  soil  is  uncommonly  fertile,  producing 
wheat,  maize,  rye,  oats,  hemp,  flax,  &c,  in  great 
abundance.  ^  j  rs 

In  the  vicinity  of  Vevay,  the  vine  is  successful- 
ly cultivated  by  some  Swiss  settlers,  and  several 
hundred  gallons  of  wine  are  annually  made. 

'^?!^^^'r~^^^'^''^'^^oi.\s  is  situated  on  the  west  branch  of 

White  Kivcr.    It  IS  a  flourishing  town,  and  is  noted  for  the 

rap.fi  increase  of  its  population.     It  was  laid  out  in  1821. 

vincannes  IS  finely  situated  on  the  Wabash,  200  miles  from 

,.  mouth.     It  IS  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  and  is  a  place 

ot  considerable  trade. 


What  are  the  rivers  of  Indiana  ?  w.  w.  ^.  m.  What  2 
Towns  on  the  Wabash  ?  v.  h.— What  3  Towns  on  the  Ohio  ? 
^'  ^"J/r".  m  ^*  '^^^^  °"  Indian  creek  S.  W.  of  Charleston  ? 
^;.T"  ^  ^^"  ""  ^^^  *'^^^  branch  of  White  river  ?  c  — 
What  2  Towns  in  the  eastern  part?  j.  c— What  Fort  on 
the  Maumee  ?  w.— What  College  in  this  slate  ?  How  will 
you  sail  fro^m  Indianapolis  to  V'andalia? 

ILLINOIS. 


'■  -  ...lu.i./-"'/*".'"'"  •-■ 


Galherino;  Wheat. 


How  ia  Illiiiois  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  f 

10 


I 

f 


no 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


Illinois  is  generally  a  level  and  fertile  state ; 
and  is  distinguished  *  for  its  vast  and  extensive 
prairies. 

The  climate  is  temperate,  and  in  many  parts 
unhealthy.  The  principal  productions  are  wheat, 
rye,  maize,  oats,  and  hemp ;  and  in  the  southern 
part,  cotton  and  vines. 

Among  the  minerals,  are  coalfJron,  and  copper. 
Salt  springs  are  also  numerous. 

Towns. — Vanualia  is  a  newly  settled  town.  It  waa  laid 
out  in  1819,  and  has  had  a  rapid  increase. 

Kaskaskia  and  Cahokia  were  settled  l)y  the  French,  nearly 
100  years  since,  and  are  nourishing  lownf. 

What  7  Rivers  in  Illinois  ?  w.  o.  r.  k.  m.  i.  s. — What  3 
Towns  on  the  Mississippi  ?  a.  a.  c. — IIow  is  VA^DAL1A  situ- 
ated ?     What  Town  on  the   Kaskaskia  river,  11  miles  from 

its  mouth  ?   K. — What  Town  on  Illinois   river?  p. What 

Town  near  the  Illinois  river?  l  — What  Town  on  a  hranch 
of  the  Sangamon  r  s. — What  3  Towns  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  state  ?  p.  a.  y. — What  two  towns  in  the  southern  part  ? 
8.  A. — What  Town  on  L.  Michigan?  c. — What  extensive 
Prairie  in  the  eastern  part  of  Illinois?  Which  is  the  longest 
river,  the  Connecticut  or  Illinois  ?  How  far  is  Vandalia  from 
Hartford  ?  Boston  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Vandaha  to 
Jefferson  City  ? 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


MISSOURI, 


111 


Emigranls, 
How  is  Missouri  bounded  ?     \V  hat  is  its  Capital  ? 

Missouri  is  uneven  or  hilly,  in  the  northern 
part ;  and  in  the  southern,  it  is  intersected  by  a 
portion  of  the  Ozark  mountains.  The  remain- 
der is  generally  level. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy,  and  the  soil 
extremely  fertile,  especially  on  the  rivers. 

Missouri  is  distinguished  for  its  inexhaustible 
mines  of  lead.  There  are  numerous  salt  springs 
from  which  are  manufactured  large  quantities  of 
.salt.     Coal  is  foimd  in  abundance. 

The  chief  productions  are  whiat,  maize,  rye, 

cotton,  4^.     The  principal  exports  are  lead  and 

furs, 

Jefferson  Citv  is  a  newly  settled  town,  on  the  Missouri 
river,  120  miles  above  its  junction  with  the  Mississippi.  It 
is  situated  on  a  high,  bluff  shore,  100  feet  above  the  surface  of 
the  river,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  beautiful  and  fertile  coun- 
try. It  was  laid  out  in  1822,  and  in  1826,  it  ^  <-(•  made  the 
seat  of  Government. 


112 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


St.  Louis  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Mississippi,  18  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri,  and  1200  miles  above  N«w 
Orleans.  It  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  is  better  situated  for 
commerce,  than  any  other  inland  town  on  the  globe. 

What  are  the  principal  Rivers  of  Missouri?  m.  o.  m.  What 
2  rivers  rise  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state  ?  b-b.  and  St.  f. 
What  Mountains  in  Missouri  f  o.  What  6  Towns  on  the 
Missouri  river  ?  b.  Mt-v.  f.  b.  j.  Sl-c.  What  6  Towns  on 
the  Mississippi  ?l.  St-i..  h.  SUa.  j.and  n-m.  What  Town  on 
St.  Francis'  river  ?  q.  What  College  in  Missouri  ?  How  far 
IS  It  from  St.  Louis  to  Hartford  ?  Wher  was  Missouri  set- 
tled? How  many  square  miles  has  it  ?  Which  is  the  lar- 
gest, Missouri  or  Georgia?  How  will  you  sail  from  Jefferson 
City  to  St.  Augustine? 


TERRITORIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

How  many  Territories  belong  to  the  United  States  ? 
Which  is  the  most  southern  ?  Which  is  the  most  western 
territory?  Which  territory  extends  farthoet  east?  Which 
is  the  largest  territory  ?  W  hich  is  the  smallest  ?  Which  ex- 
tends farthest  north  ?  o. 


The  territories  of  the  United  States  are  of  two  kinds. 
The  first  kind  includes  those  districts  in  which  civilized  set- 
tlements have  commenced,  but  the  number  of  inhabitants  be- 
ing less  than  60,000,  (which  entitles  them  to  forma  constitu- 
tion for  themselves  and  to  send  members  to  Congress,) they 

are  governed  by  a  provisional  legislature,  and  a  Governor, 
who  is  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States. 
They  can  send  a  delegate  to  Congress,  who  has  a  right  to 
speak,  but  not  to  vote.  There  are  three  territories  of  this 
description;  viz.  Florida,  Michigan,  and  Arkansas.  The 
second  kind  includes  those  tracts  of  country,  over  which  the 
United  States  claim  the  right  of  sovereignty,  though  inhabi- 
ted only  by  Indians.  There  are  three  of  this  kind,  viz. 
North  West  Territory,  Missouri  Territory,  and  Oregon  Ter- 
ritory. 


NORTH    AMKUICA. 


113 


TERRITORY  OF  FI.ORIDA. 

How  is  Florida  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

.  Florida  was  formerly  a  Spanisli  Province,  but 
in  1819  it  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  tlie  United 
States,  and  in  18'22  it  was  erected  into  a  territo- 
rial government. 

The  coasts  arc  low,  sandy,  and  generally  bar- 
ren. The  interior  is  considerably  elevated,  and 
has  a  rich  fertile  soil,  and  abounds  in  wood  of  al- 
most every  kind,  especially  live  oak. 

The  principal  productions  are  cotton^  rice,  su- 
gar, indigo,  oranges,  olives  and  figs* 

Towns. — Tallaiiasse  is  a  newly  settled  town.  It  has  a 
healthy  situation,  and  is  distinguished  only  as  the  scat  of 
government. 

Pcnsacolais  pleasantly  situated  on  Pensaoola  bay,  50  miles 
east  of  Mobile.  It  has  a  good  harbor  and  is  rapidly  increas- 
ing in  population  and  wealth. 

St.  Augustine  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Atlantic.  It 
is  regularly  laid  out,  and  distinguished  for  its  dry  and  healthy 
atmosphere.  

What  2  Islands  near  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's  river  ?  a.  t. 
What  cluster  of  the  West  India  Islands  S.  E.  of  Florida?  b. 
What  2  Capes  East  of  Florida  >  What  Cape  S.  of  Florida  ? 
What  2  other  Capes?  What  are  the  3  principal  Bays  on 
the  coast  of  Florida  ?  c.  a.  t. — What  stream  passes  between 
the  Bahama  Islands  and  the  coast  of  Florida  ?  What  is  its 
velocity  per  hour  at  Jupiter  Inlet?  What  large  river  in 
Florida  empties  into  the  Atlantic  ?  What  are  the  4  principal 
rivers  emptying  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico?  a.  p.  e.  s. — What 
is  the  length  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ?  What  2  Lakes  in  the 
interior  ?  s.  m. — What  tribe  of  Indians  in  the  western  part  of 
Florida?  s. — Which  is  the  most  western  Town  in  Floiida? 
p. — What  2  Towns  on  the  Appalachicola  river?  c.  c. — 
What  Town  on  St.  Mark's  river,  at  the  head  of  Apalachoe 
bay  ?  What  Town  on  the  river  St.  John's  ?  j.— What  town 
in  the  interior?  m. — What  Town  on  the  coast  below  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  Johrrs?  How  will  you  sail  from  St.  Au- 
gustine to  D(4roit  ? 

10* 


114 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


*  MICHIGAN  TERRITORY. 
How  is  Michigan  Territory  bounded  ?     Its  capital  ? 

Michigan  is  generally  a  level,  and  fertile  Terri- 
tory, with  a  cold,  but  healthy  climate. 

The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  maize, 
oats,  barley,  peas,  apples,  pears,  and  grapes. 

Towns. — Detroit  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Detroit  river, 
between  lake  Erie  and  lake  St.  Clair.  It  is  a  place  of  con- 
siderable trade,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population. 

t  Michilimackinack  is  an  important  military  post,  situated 
on  an  island  of  the  same  name  in  the  straits  of  Michilimack- 
inack, 300  miles  N.  W.  of  Detroit.  It  is  the  grand  :f  depot  of 
the  Canadian  fur  traders. 


WhaC  4  Lakes  border  on  Michigan  Territory  ?  What  is 
the  length  and  breadth  of  Lake  Michigan  ?  [See  page  56.] 
Lake  Huron  ?  Erie  ?  What  is  the  circumference  of  lake  St. 
Clair  ?  What  2  Bays  in  Michigan  Territory  ?  s.  and  o-t. 
What  2  Towns  on  Saganaw  river  ?  s.  b. — What  Town  25 
milea  west  of  L.  St.  Clair?  p. — What  Town  on  Detroit  river? 
What  2  Towns  on  L.  Erie?  b.  f.— -What  Town  S.  W.  of 
Frenchtown?  t. — What  Town  on  St.  Joseph's  river?  c. — What 
Indians  in  the  western  part  of  the  Territory  ?  When,  where, 
and  by  whom,  was  Michigan  Territory  settled  ?  What  is  the 
length  of  the  river  St.  Clair  ?  Detroit  river  ?  How  will  you 
sail  from  Detroit  to  Green  Bay  settlement  ? 


NORTHWEST  TERRITORY. 

How  is  Northwest  Territory  bounded  ? 


Northwest  Territory  is  inhabited  principally 
by  Indians.  The  northern  part  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous, with  a  light  barren  soil  ;  the  remainder 
is  generally  level  and  fertile. 

JNear  lake  Superior  are  numerous  mines  of 
inm,,  copper,  and  lead,  of  the  richest  quality. 

*  Mtsh-e-gan'.  t  Mack-o-naw.         %  Day-po. 


The 
the  chi 
settlenc 

The 
summe 

What 
Mississip 
What  r} 
near  L. i 
you  sail 


How 

The 
and  m£ 
climate 
prairies 
and  pie 
has  a  r 
rice,  CO 

There 
150  mile 
springs,  < 
cient,  at  i 

Wild  a 
Deer,  an< 
prairies. 

Towns 
on  the  Ai 
mont  wa 
populatit 

Arkani 
its  moutl 
are  descc 


NORTH   AMERICA*. 


115 


There  arc  few  settlements  in  this  territory  ; 
the  chief  are  *Prairie  du  Chien,  and  Green  Bay 
settlements. 

The  climate  is  severe  in  winter,  but  mild  in 
summer,  and  in  most  parts  healthy. 

What  Rivor  empties  into  Green  Bay  ?  What  4  into  the 
Mississippi  ?  r.  c.  b.  w.  What  Falls  in  the  Mississippi  river  ? 
What  rj  Tribes  of  Indians  in  N.  W.  Territory?  What  Mines 
near  L.  Superior  ?  What  in  the  southern  part  ?  How  will 
you  sail  from  Prairie  du  Chien  to  Arkopolis? 

ARKANSAS  TERRITORY. 
How  is  Arkansas  Territory  bounded  ?    Its  Capital? 

The  eastern  part  of  Arkansas  Territory  is  level 
and  marshy,  and  has  a  warm,  moist,  unhealthy 
climate.  The  western  consists  chiefly  of  immense 
prairies.  The  middle  is  mountainous,  healthful, 
and  pleasant.  The  land  bordering  on  the  rivers 
has  a  rich  fertile  soil,  producing  wheat,  maize, 
rice,  cotton,  and  tobacco. 

There  are  numerous  salt  springs  in  this  territory ;  and  about 
150  miles  N.  W.  of  Arkansas,  are  a  number  of  medicinal 
springs,  celebrated  for  the  heat  of  their  water,  which  is  suffi- 
cient,  at  most  times,  to  boil  eggs. 

Wild  animals  are  numerous.  Bvffaloes  or  Bisons,  Elks, 
Deer,  and  wild.  Horses  are  seen  feeding  in  vast  herds,  on  the 
prairies. 

Towns.— Arkopolis,  or  Little  Rock,  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  Arkansas  river,  300  miles  from  its  mouth.  The  settle- 
ment was  commenced  in  1 820,  and  is  rapidly  increasing  in 
population. 

Arkansas  is  situated  on  the  Arkansas  river,  60  miles  from 
its  mouth.  It  contains  about  800  inhabitants,  most  of  whom 
are  descendants  of  French  and  Indians. 

*  Pra'-re  du  Sheen. 


116 


WORTH    AMKRrCA, 


What  Rivor  forms  tho  boundary  boUvocn  Arkansas  Terri- 
tory and  Mexico  ?  a.  What  2  branches  has  the  lied  R.  ?  w. 
and  F-w.  What  3  Rivers  empty  into  tho  Mississippi  ?  a.  w. 
and  St.-p.  What  large  branch' has  the  Arkansas  river  ?  c. 
What  2  branches  has  the  Canadian  river  ?  n.  and  s-f.  What 
branch  has  the  White  rivor?  b-b.  What  Mountains  extend 
through  the  middle  of  Arkansas  Territory  ?  o.  What  5  Towns 
on  tho  Arkansas  river?  a.  s.  c.  a.  m.  What  Town  on  tho, 
Mississippi?  v.  What  Town  on  VVhito  rivor  ?  n.  Wliat 
Town  on  Big  Black  river?  d.  What  Missionary  station  in 
the  northern  part,  among  the  Osage  Indians?  u.  What 
Desert  extends  into  tho  western  part  of  Arkansas  Territory  ? 
When,  where,  and  by  whom  was  Arkansas  Territory  set- 
tled ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Arkopolis  to  tho  Military 
station  at  Council  Bluff? 


MISSOURI  TERRITORY. 


Indians  catching  Buffaloes. 
How  is  Missouri  Territory  bounded  ? 

Missouri  Territory  extends  from  the  Mississippi 
river  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  embracing  about 
800,000  square  miles.  It  is  a  vast  wilderness, 
and  with  the  exception  of  a  few  military  posts,  is 
inhabited  entirely  by  Indians. 


Thes 
of  the  1 
remainc 
waste,  c 

Wild  a 
produces 
Missouri ; 
are  frequ( 
vast  numl 
cipice. 

Which 
is  its  leng 
J.  H.  o. — 
on  the  N. 
branches 
Rivers  un 
of  each  ? 
branch? 
souri  ?  I 
er  rises  in 
—What  ] 
St.  Aatho 
from  Ore) 
stone  and 
souri  Tor 
inhabited 
Mississip] 
Mississipi 
part,  onj) 
R.  s.— W 
the  Konz; 
Arkansas 
travelling 


Oreg 
]Vfounta 


NORTH    AMERICA.. 


117 


The  soil  in  the  western  part,  and  on  the  banks 
of  the  rivers,  is  extremely  rich  and  fertile ;  the 
remainder  is  generally  a  vast,  elevated  and  barren 
waste,  destitute  of  timber  and  vegetation. 

Wild  animals  are  extremely  numerous,  and  no  country 
produces  game  in  greater  abundance  than  the  banks  of  the 
Missouri  and  Arkansas  rivers.  Several  thousand  Buffaloes 
are  frequently  seen  in  one  drove.  The  Indians  take  them  in 
vast  numbers,  by  driving  them  into  enclosures,  or  over  a  pre- 
cipice. 

Which  is  the  largest  River  in  Missouri  Territc^y  ?  What 
is  its  length  ?  What  3  Rivers  unite  and  form  the  Missouri? 
J.  H.  o. — What  are  the  5  principal  branches  of  the  Missouri 
on  the  N.  side  ?  m.  j.  s.  l-p.  a.  What  are  the  9  principal 
branches  on  the  S.  side  ?  y.  l-m.  s.  s.  w.  q.  p.  k.  o. — What  2 
Rivers  unite  and  form  the  Platte  river  ?  What  is  the  length 
of  each  ?  What  is  the  length  of  the  Konzas  and  its  longest 
branch  ?  What  3  branches  has  the  Mississippi  N.  of  the  Mis- 
souri ?  In  what  Lake  does  the  Mississippi  rise  ?  What  riv- 
er rises  in  Red  Lake  and  runs  north intoLake  Winnipeg?  r. 
— What  Falls  in  the  Mississippi  ?  What  Fort  at  the  Falls  of 
St.  Anthony  ?  What  Mountains  separate  Missouri  Territory 
from  Oregon  Territory  ?  What  Hills  betvi^een  the  Yellow- 
stone and  Missouri  rivers  ?  What  extensive  Desert  in  Mis- 
souri Territory  ?  By  what  is  it  traversed,  and  by  what  is  it 
inhabited  ?  What  extensive  prairie  between  the  Missouri  and 
Mississippi  rivers  ?  What  Indians  between  the  Missouri  and 
Mississippi  rivers  ?  9.  i. — What  tribe  of  Indians  in  the  N.  W. 
part,  on  Maria's  river?  What  3  Tribes  on  the  Missouri  ?  m. 
R.  s.-— What  Tribe  on  the  Platte  river?  p.— What  Tribe  on 
the  Konzas  River  ?  k. — What  Tribe  between  the  Osage  and 
Arkansas  river?  o.— What  Mountains  must  you  cross  in 
travelling  from  Missouri  Territory  into  Oregon  Territory  ? 


OREGON  TERRITORY. 

How  is  Oregon  Territory  bounded  ? 

Oregon  Territory  extends  from    the    Rocky 

TVfr»iintjiin«  nn  llif»  past   to  thf»  Pnr»Jfir»  tin  iUt»  ixrAet  • 


118 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


and  from  the  Russian  Possessions  on  the  nortli, 
to  Mexico  on  the  south. 

The  soil  is  generally  fertile,  producing  various 
kinds  of  pines,  some  of  which  grow  to  the  height 
of  300  feet. 

The  climate  is  healthy,  and  milder  than  in  the 
same  latitude  on  the  Atlantic. 

Astoria  is  an  Amorican  sottleinont  on  tho  Columbia  rivor, 
18  milos  from  its  mouth.  It  is  settled  principally  by  fur  tra- 
ders. 

The  number  of  Indians  in  this  territory  is  supposed  to  be 
80,000.  

Which  is  the  principal  River  in  Oregon  Territory  ?  What 
is  tho  length  of  the  Columbia  River?  What  are  the  three 
principal  branches  of  the  Columbia?  c.  l  m.  What  Gulf  in 
the  western  part  of  Oregon  Territory  ?  What  Island  between 
the  Gulf  of  Georgia ard  the  Pacific?  What  Sound  W.  of 
Vancouver's  Island  ?  What  Bay  N.  of  the  mouth  of  Colum- 
bia river  ?  What  7  Capes  on  the  Pacific  ?  f.  d.  l.  f.  p.  o.  Ow 
What  names  have  been  given  to  the  highest  summits  of  the 
Mountains  in  the  western  part  ?  b.  ii.  J.  What  5  Tribes  of 
Indians?  s.  e  e.  c.  k.  What  Lake  in  the  eastern  part  ?  w. 
What  Lake  extends  into  the  S.  E.  part  ?  t.  Which  extends 
farthest  north,  Oregon  Territory  or  this  State?  In  what  di- 
rection from  If?  is  Astoria?  Which  has  the  greatest  latitude, 
or  which  is  farthest  from  the  Equator,  Astoria  or  this  place  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Astoria  to  Aoapulco? 


ABO 


When 
vast  will 
warlike 
fishing,  a 
had  neitl 
mcnts  CO 
traditioui 
fore  respi 
continent 
tainty. 

The  * 
tribes,  an 
country  i 
definite  a 

Since 
dians  ha 
eases,  til 
mains. 

Thep 
United  I 
inhabit  t 
general, 
tioned  fi 
tinguishi 


the 


1 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


119 


ABOIUGINAl.  INHABITANTS  OF  AMtltUCA. 


The  Pipe  of  Peace, 


When  America  was  discovered  by  Europeans,  it  was  a 
vast  wilderness,  inhabited  by  an  ignorant,  barbarous,  and 
warlike  people,  whose  principal  employinent  was  hunting, 
fishing,  and  war.  They  understood  but  a  f^w  of  the  arts,  and 
had  neither  books  nor  manuscripts.  Their  literary  attain- 
ments consisted  only  of  a  few  Hyeroglyphics,  uor  *on^.9,  and 
traditionary  tales^  handed  down  from  father  to  son.  There- 
fore respecting  their  origin,  migrations,  or  settlements  on  this 
continent,  nothing  could  be  learned  with  any  degree  of  cer- 
tainty. 

The  *aborigines  consisted  of  several  different  nations,  or 
tribes,  and  by  the  Europeans  were  named  Indirms^the  whole 
country  at  the  time  of  its  discovery,  having  received  the  in- 
definite appellation  of  West  Indies. 

Since  the  settlement  of  America  by  Europeans,  the  In- 
dians have  gradually  been  destroyed  by  wars  and  new  dis- 
eases, till  but  a  nrxiall  portion  of  their  original  number  re- 
mains. 

The  present  number  of  Indians  in  the  territories  of  the 
United  States  is  estimated  at  470,000,  a  majority  of  whom 
inhabit  the  country  west  of  the  Mississippi.  They  are,  in 
general,  of  a  large  size,  of  a  robust  frame,  and  a  well  propor- 
tioned figure,  free  from  defects  of  organization,  and  are  dis- 
tinguished for  bravery  and  native  eloquence. 

*  Ab-o-ridge-e-necs. 


120 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


E'^'jh  t-f  the  diffe  it  tribes  is  under  the  government  of  a 
chief  ana  council,  v  o  are  elected  to  office  on  account  of  their 
military  talents,  wisdom  and  experience. 

Of  all  the  independent  tribes  in  the  territories  of  the  United 
States,  the  *Sioux  are  the  most  warlike  and  powerful.  They 
are  divided  into  several  tribes,  and  are  the  terror  of  the  sav- 
age hordes,  from  the  river  St.  Peter's  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi. 

The  principal  tribes  within  the  United  States  are  the 
Cbickasaws,  Choctaws,  Cherokees,'  and  Creeks.  Therie 
tribes  have  made  considerable  progrees  in  agriculture,  and 
the  mechanic  arts.  They  possess  cultivated  Jields,  gardens^ 
inclosures^  herds  of  cattle^  and  are  engaged  in  different  kinds 
of  domestic  manujactures.  » 

Missionary  schools  have  been  established  among  these 
tribes,  at  which  hundreds  have  received  the  rudiments  of 
education,  and  adopted  the  industrious  habits  of  American 
citizens. 

Questi07is  on  the  Map  of  the  United  Stales. 
What  is  the  tribe  of  Indians,  whose  territory  lies  within  the 
chartered  limits  of  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Tennessee  ?  c. 
What  Missionary  station  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Georgia  ?  e. 
In  the  southern  part  of  Tennessee  ?  b.  What  Indians  in  the 
western  part  of  Florida  ?  s.  What  2  Tribes  in  Mississippi  ? 
c.  c.  What  Tribe  in  Michigan  Territory  ?  o.  What  ti  Trih^js 
in  N.  W.  Territory  ?  c.  m.  w.  What  Tribes  in  Missouri  Ter- 
ritory .'*  B-F.  M.  R.  s.  p.  K.  o.  I.  s.  What  5  Tribes  in  Oregon 
Territory  ?  s.  e.  e.  c.  k.  What  is  the  probable  number  of 
Indians  in  the  United  States  and  Territories  ?  A.  470,000. 
Which  is  the  most  powerful  and  warlike  of  all  the  indepen- 
dent tribes  ?  s. 


GENERAL  QUESTiONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  THE  U.  STATES. 

What  States  have  no  access  to  the  ocean  by  water  ? 
What  State  is  nearly  equally  divided  by  a  bay  ? 
What  3  States  are  nearly  equally  divided  by  rivers  ? 
What  2  Territories  arc  separated  by  a  lake  r 

Through  what  waters  must  the  Alleghany  pass  to  reach 
the  ocean?     Waters  of  L.  George? 


How  d 

How  d 

Throu: 

the  oceaij 

What! 
What 
What 
What 
What  ] 
What  S 
it? 

What 
New  Orl 

Which 
Whicl; 
What 
States  ? 
V»  !  1  at 
1.1  win 

W  hich 
Which 
Which 
*Whic 

1.  Mei 

2.  Mei 

3.  Mei 

4.  Mei 

Which 
tide  wate 

Which 
Which 

*  The 
ulation  o 
most  defi 
been  dcvi 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


121 


nt  of  a 
oftheir 

1  United 

I.  They 

the  sav- 

of  the 

are  the 
Therie 
ire,  and 
^ardens^ 
U  kinds 

ig  these 
nents  of 
mericaii 


ithinthe 
see  ?  c. 
gia  ?  E. 
iR  in  the 
sissippi  ? 
3  Trih^s 
»uri  Ter- 
L  Oregon 
itnber  of 
470,000. 
indopen- 


TES. 


fS 


? 


to  reach 


How  do  the  watern  of  L.  Superior  roach  the  ocean ' 
How  do  tlie  waters  of  the  Monongahela  ? 
Through  what  waters  must  the  Yollowsto    ;  pass  to  reach 
the  ocean  ?     W  aters  of  Fox  river  ? 


it? 


What  8  States  take  their  names  from  their  principal  rivers? 
WItat  2  States  take  their  names  from  the  adjacent  bays  ? 
What  State  takes  its  name  from  its  mountains  ? 
What  State  takes  its  name  from  its  principal  island? 
What  River  divides 2  States,  and  passes  through  2  others? 
What  State  has  the  greatest  number  of  lakes  in  and  around 


What  Rivers  will  you  cross  in  travelling  on  the  coast  from 
New  Orleans  to  Eastport  ? 

Which  State  has  the  greatest  number  of  rivers  in  it  ? 

Which  Stale  has  the  least  number  in  it? 

What  is  the  general  course  of  the  rivers  in  the  United 
States  ? 

W  licit  6  States  have  rivers  that  runs  a  northerly  course  ? 

1.1  >.v  hat  Territory  do  the  rivers  run  a  southeasterly  course  ? 

■"/>  I'lch  is  the  largest  City  in  the  Eastern  States? 
W  hich  is  the  largest  City  in  the  Middle  States  ? 
V'liich  is  the  largest  City  in  the  Southern  States  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  City  in  the  Western  States  ? 
*  Which  is  the  largest  City  in  the  United  States  ? 

1.  Mention  the  next  six  in  the  order  of  their  population. 

2.  Mention  the  next  six  in  the  order  of  their  population. 

3.  Mention  the  next  six  in  the  order  of  their  population. 

4.  Mention  the  next  six  in  the  same  manner. 


Which  Lake  has  the  greatest  elevation  above  the  head  of 
tide  water  ?     [See  page  56.] 

Which  State  has  the  greatest  number  of  Colleges? 
Which  State  is  most  distinguished  for  its  Canals  ? 

*  The  scholar  should  write  them  down,  and  annex  the  pop- 
ulation of  each.  This,  I  have  found  by  experience,  is  the 
most  definite,  and  the  most  useful  classification  that  has  yet 

been  devised. 

11 


122 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


*  The  Initials  of  certain  towns  in  the  United  JStutes  flpcll 
your  name ;  which  arc  they,  and  hovv  JJ^.J^oy  «'t«ated  ^ 

The  Initials  of  certain  towns  in  the  United  blates  form  the 
sentence,  Washington  was  thf.  Fathku  of  his  country  ; 
what  are  their  names,  and  where  are  they  situated  . 


BRITISH  AMERICA. 

British  America  extends  from  Davis's  Straits, 
and  the  Atlantic  on  the  east,  to  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains on  the  west ;  and  from  the  Arctic  ocean  on 
the  north,  to  the  United  States  on  the  south. 

It  is  divided  into  New  Britain,  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada,  New  Brunswick,  and  Nova  Sco- 
tia ;  besides  Newfoundhmd,  and  several  islands 
in  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

How  is  British  .\merica  bounde"d  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

UpTeII  CANADA. 
Upper  Canada  is  mostly  a  level  province,  and 
has  generally  a  fertile  soil,  and  a  cold  but  healthy 

climate.  ,,    .     •  i 

The  settlements  are  principally  m  the  southern 
part ;  the  interior  and  northern  part  is  still  a  wil- 
derness, and  is  inhabited  only  by  Indians. 

The  principal  articles  of  export  are  wheat, 
maize,  fish,  furs,  potash,  and  lumber.  Popula- 
tion about  150,000. 

Chief  7bMms.— York  is  Hnely  situated  on  York  bay,  and 
has  a  beautiful  and  commodious  harbor.  It  is  regularly  laid 
out,  and  contains  a  number  of  elegant  buildings.     Population 

about  4,000.  ^  ^       ,,      ^  .... 

Kingston  occupies  the  site  of  fort  I*  rontenac,  and  is  tlic 
most  hnportant  and  flourishing  town  of  Upper  Canada^  It 

"*^he»e  towns  should  bo  written  olf  by  the  scholar. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


123 


hft«  an  excellent  liarbor,  and  is  the  principal  station  O.r  the 
British  shippini^  on  lake  Ontario.     1  op.  J,UUU. 

Questions  on  ike  Map  of  the  United  Slates. 
What  six  lakes  lie  between  Upper  Canada  and  the  United 
States?  w.  s.  n.  c.  e.  o.  What  small  Lake  between  lake 
auperior  and  Lake  of  the  Woods  ?  h.  VVha  Kiver  connects 
lake  Superior  with  lake  Huron?  What  Islands  m  L.  Huron  ? 
M.  What  Bay  on  the  eastern  part  of  lake  Huron J>  «.  VV  hat 
t^o  Lakes  empty  into  Georgian  Bay  ?  n.  s.  What  R.ver 
connects  L.  Iliron  with  lake  St.  Clair?  St.-c.  W  hat  River 
emoties  into  lake  St.  Clair?  t.  What  Town  is  situated  on 
the  Thames  ?  l.  What  River  connects  L.  St.  Clair  vvith  ake 
Erie  ?  D.  What  River  empties  into  the  eaMern  part  ot  lake 
Erie  '>  a.  What  River  connects  L.  Erie  with  lake  Ontario  ? 
Niagara  river.      What  Falls  in  Niagara  river?     What  two 


Towns  on  lake  Ontario 


?  K.  y. 


What  River  forms  the  boun- 


dary between  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  ?  u.  W  hat  Indians 
between  lake  Ontario  and  lake  Huron?  s.  What  is  the 
Capital  of  Upper  Canada  ?  y.  In  what  direction  from  York 
is  the  Town  in  which  you  reside  ?  How  will  you  sail  from 
York  to  Quebec,  and  what  large  city  will  you  pass  ?  m. 

LOWER  CANADA. 

Lower  Canada  was  settled  in  1608  by  the 
French,  at  Quebec  ;  in  whose  possession  it  re- 
mained until  1759,  when  it  was  taken  by  the 
Enf'hsh,  in  whose  power  it  still  continues. 

Lower  Canada  is  mostly  an  uneven  and  moun- 
tainous province,  but  has  generally  a  fertile  soil, 
especially  in  the  valleys.  A  large  part  of  it  is  still 
a  wilderness,  inhabited  by  Indians. 

The  principal  settlements  are  m  the  vaie  ot  the 
St.  Lawrence.  The  greater  part  of  the  French 
population  is  confined  to  the  northern  bank  ot  the 
St.  Lawrence,  between  Montreal  and  Quebec. 

The  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  are  excessive 
Winter  generally  commuiicCs  m  x^Ovow..  •  -,  - 


124 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


'^\ 


lasts  till  April.  The  spring  is  usimlly  thi-ce  weeks 
eaHier  at  Montreal  than  at  Quebec. 

The  principal  articles  of  export  are>/*,  furs, 
potash  and  lumber.  J     ^J       ^ 

,rrI?n«fl"'°^-^°"^T°'°"'=^'  ^'""^«  ^«'«^  Quebec,  are  the 
P  el  o«  t""?h  ^  T  ^■T'''  S"""^^"-  ^^^  '^^'  Vonis  over  a 
E/lf  «^  *^%^'!*^">«h.ng  depth  of  246  feet,  exhibiting  a 
scene  of  womierful  beauty  and  grandeur.  ^ 

rnn^/  IT".*'  n?,''.'^?^''  '^  ^^^  ^^^pital,  not  only  of  Lower 
Canada,butof  all  Bntish  America.  It  is  situated  on  theriv- 
to  fLZrT'  ?7^  "^'^^'/'om  the  ocean.  It  is  divided  in- 
J:nrdXoth\V'^n!:tr:nd'a^t!^^^  ^-^"'  ^"^  ^^  «^-"S^^  <^- 
riv^r°SlT^  "  situated  on  an  island  of  the  same  name,  in  the 
lake  Ontir'"?.''^'  ^^^  "''^^'  ^^°^«  Q»^bec,  and  200  below 
furs  nn^V  ;»,  ^^'  ^"  extensive  commerce,  prmcipally  i„ 
tweVn  f  h  n  '  f  Jf^'"^'"'  °^the  trade  that  is  carried  on  be- 
tween  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Whnf  o^"?*'^^  0"  the  Map  of  the  United  States. 
Lowpr  Pn  ^"^T"  ^'''"'  the  boundary  line  between  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada  ?  a  u.     What  River  connects  lake  Chamnlain 
with  the  river  St.  Lawrence  ?  s.     What  River  connect  lake 

rlT' sTr  ^Vl '  ^'"  .f  ^^^"'^'^  -'^^  ^'^^  river  St.  Law! 
tyhi^  '  inio  "the  sY  I  """'  ^'^^  two  other  principal  Rivers  emp- 
lying  mto  the  St.  Lawrence  ?  St.-M.  and  s.  What  i<i  thA 
length  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ?  [It  will  be  remembered  that  he 
figures  on  rivers  denote  their  length  in  hundreds  of  Ss  as 
the  river  St.  Lawrence  is  marked  7i,  which  signifies  U  at  itl 
l^t     Z^  ''l  ^^"".^^'^     ^"  ^h^t  direction  from  Quebec  is  Bos! 

CL^^T""^--   ^'^"u^'P^^^-     Tn  what  directrnTom  Que 
bee  is  this  town,  in  which  we  now  are  ?     How  will  Tou  sail 
from  Quebec  to  St.  Johns,  in  New  Brunswick  ?  ' 

NEW  BRUNSWK  K. 
Cu\r.^  ^^-^f  Wick  extends  from  Maine  to  the 
yyy\n  ot  Jst.  J^awrence,  containing  about  30000 
square  imles,  and  100,000  infiabitants  ' 

The  climate,  like  that  of  Lower  Canada,  is  sub- 
•'  ^ ^'^^   ^*    'if'iii  iiiiu  cold,  but   rs 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


li>5 


2  weeks 
/hfurs, 

3,  are  the 
irs  over  a 
ibiting  a 

>f  Lower 
n  thcriv- 
vided  in- 
ongly  de- 
le, in  the 
00  below 
jipally  in 
ed  on  be- 


pperand 
lamplain 
Bcts  lake 
3t.  Law- 
ers  emp- 
i  is  the 
that  the 
miles,  as 
that  it  is 
c  is  Bos- 
>m  Qne- 
you  sail 


to  the 
30,000 

Is  sub- 
but   is 


d 


generally  healthy.     It  is  mostly  a  level  province, 
and  has  a  fertile  soil,  especially  on  the  river*. 

The  orincipal  articfes  of  export  are  fish  and 
timber. 

Chief  Towns. — Frederickton,  the  capital  of  Now  Bruns- 
wick, is  situated  on  the  river  St.  Johns,  80  miles  from  its 
mouth,  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation.  It  is  regularly  laid 
out,  and  contains  a  number  of  elegant  buildings. 

St.  J'ohns,  situated  on  the  river  St.  Johns,  3  miles  from  its 
mouth,  is  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  town  in  the  prov- 
ince.    It  has  a  good  harbor  and  an  extensive  commerce. — 

What  Bay  between  New  Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia?  f. 
iVhat  is  the  principal  River?  St.-j.  What  River  forms  part 
of  the  boundary  between  Maine  and  New  Brunswick?  St.-c. 
How  will  you  sail  from  St.  Johns  to  Halifax  ? 


NOVA  SCOTIA. 


Nova  Scotia  is  a  narrow  peninsula,  300  miles 
in  length,  containing  about  15,000  square  miles, 
and  100,000  inhabitants.  • 

It  has  a  cold,  damp  climate,  and  in  most  parts, 
a  thin  and  unproductive  soil.  The  principal  ex- 
ports are  fish,  lumber,  and  plaster  of  Paris. 

Chief  Thwns. — Halifax,  the  capital,  is  situated  on  Che- 
bucto  bay,  near  the  centre  of  the  province.  It  has  a  spacious 
and  commodious  harbor,  and  is  the  principal  naval  station  of 
G.  Britain  in  N.  America. 

Liverpool  and  Annapolis  are  places  of  considerable  trade. 

What  Cape  south  of  Nova  Scotia?  What  Island  east  of 
Nova  Scotia?  s.  What  Bay  between  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
Brunswick?  f.  For  what  is  it  remarkable?  A.  For  its 
tides,  which  rise  from  40  to  60  feet,  and  are  so  rapid  that  an- 
imals are  often  overtaken  and  drowned.  What  two  Islands 
N.  E.  of  Nova  Scotia  ?  St.-j.  and  c-b.  What  Town  on  Cape 
^Breton  ?  l. 


*  Bre-toon' 
11* 


126 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


NEW  BRITAIN. 


\v 


I    f. 


Islands  of  Ice. 

New  Britain  is  a  cold,  barren,  and  desolate  re- 
gion. It  includes  Labrador,  East  Main,  and  New 
Wales,  and  is  inhabited  by  various  tribes  of  In- 
dianst  among  whom  the  English  have  erected 
foi^ts  and  trading  houses,  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 
curing yV/r*  and  skins. 

Wild  animals  abound  in  these  regions  ;  the 
principal  of  which  are  moose,  deer,  otters,  bears, 
beavers,  martins,  foxes,  hares,  6f^,  During  the 
short  summer,  the  numerous  lakes  and  rivers  are 
covered  with  sea  fowl,  which  come  from  the 
south. 

The  method  of  travelling  in  New  Britain,  is  in 
canoes  of  birch  bark,  which  are  so  light  that  they 
can  easily  be  conveyed  from  one  stream  to  an- 
other. In  these,  the  fur  traders  travel  thousands 
of  miles,  with  their  furs  and  skins. 


NORTH   AMERICA. 


127 


The  *Esquimaux  Indians  inhabit  the  coast,  and 
are  small,  dull,  and  extremely  filthy,  living  prin- 
cipally on  seals  and  whales.  The  fKnisteneaux 
inhabit  the  interior,  and  are  little  known. 

What  Bay  divides  New  Britain  ?  h.  What  Bay  north  of 
Hudson's  Bay  ?  r.  What  Bay  south  of  it  ?  J.  What  2  Isl 
ands  in  Hudson's  Bay  ?  s.  m.  What  4  Rivers  empty  into 
Hudson's  Bay?  w.  c.  n.  s.  What  3  rivers  empty  into 
James'  Bay  ?  a.  m.  e  w.  What  Inlet  west  of  Hudson's  Bay  ? 
c.  What  two  straits  lead  into  Hudson's  Bay  ?  What  two 
Rivers  empty  into  the  Arctic  Ocean  ?  c.  m.  Which  are  the 
three  )»*'-gest  lakes  in  New  Britain  ?  w.  a.  s.  What  Indians 
inhabit  the  northern  part  of  N.  Britain  ?  e.  What  Indians 
inhabit  the  coast  of  Labrador  ?  e.  What  Indians  in  the  in- 
terior?  k.  What  three  Missionary  stations  on  the  coast  of 
Labrador  ?  o.  n.  h.  What  Forts  near  Hudson's  and  James' 
Bays  ?  c.  A.  s.  m.  What  Strait  west  of  Baffin's  Bay  ?  b. 
What  Sound  at  the  entrance  of  Barrow's  Strait  ?  l.  What 
name  is  applied  to  the  Islands  north  of  Barrow's  Strait  ?  n-g. 
Which  is  the  most  western  of  these  Islands  ?  m.  In  what  di- 
rection from  us  is  Melville  island  ?  In  what  zone  is  Melville 
island  ?  Is  the  climate  warmer  or  colder  in  Melville  island 
than  in  this  place  ?     How  should  you  like  to  live  in  New 

Britain?     Why?     Do  they  travel  in  N.  Britain  as  we  do? 

Why?    What  kinds  of  animals  inhabit  N.  Britain  that  do 

not  inhabit  this  state  ?     How  will  you  sail  from  Melville  Isl- 

and  to  St.  Johns,  in  Newfoundland  ? 


*  Es-ke-mo. 


t  Nis'-te-no. 


m 


I 


.-( 


V2S 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


INRWFOUNDf.ANl). 


Cod  Fisheries. 

Newfoundland  is  celebrated  for  the  codfisheriea 
on  its  coast,  which  are  the  most  valuable  of  any 
on  the  globe. 

It  is  generally  a  rough  and  barren  island  ;  with 
a  cold,  damp  climate,  occasioned  by  perpetual 
fogs. 

Towm.—^T.  Johns  issituated on  the  south  east  coast,  and 
contains  a.bout  15,000  inhabitants. 

Placentia  and  Bonavista  are  the  other  principal  towns. 

What  Strait  separates  Newfoundland  from  Labrador? 

What  Cape  south  of  Newfoundland  ?  m.  What  Bank  east 
of  Newfoundland  ?  How  long  is  the  Grand  Bank  ?  In  what 
direction  from  Newfoundland  are  the  Bermuda  Islands  ' 
Iceland  ?     Cuba  ? 

BERMUDA  ISLANDS. 

The  Bermudas  consist  of  about  400  small  isl- 
ands, most  of  which  are  barren  and  uninhabited. 

They  have  a  temperate  and  healthy  climate, 
but  subject  to  frequent  storms.     Pop.  10,000. 

Ill  what  direction  from  the  Bermudas  is  Cuba  ?     Trinidad  I 
Anticosti?     Ilayti, or  St,  Domingo  ?     Iceland? 


i 


«t»:' 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


129 


fisheries 
3  of  any 

J  ;  with 
3rpetual 

;oast,  and 

owns. 

ador  ? 
Bank  east 
In  what 
Islands  ? 


♦RUSSIAN  POSSESSIONS. 

The  Russian  Possessions  extend  from  the  Ter- 
ritory of  the  U.  States  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  em- 
bracing the  region  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains 
and  Mackenzie's  river.  They  are  inhabited  by 
about  1000  Whites,  and  50,000  Indians,  who  are 
subject  to  Russia. 

The  soil  produces  near  the  coast  a  few  pines 
and  birch  ;  in  the  interior  the  land  rises  into  hijjh 
mountams,  covered  with  perpetual  snov/. 

The  whole  region  presents  a  most  gloomy  and 
savage  appearance.  The  principal  employment 
of  the  inhabitants  is  hunting  and  fishing. 

Questions. — What  Straits  separate  the  Russian  Possessions 
from  Asia?  What  Cape  east  of  Bhering's  Straits  ?  What 
Cape  in  Asia  opposite  to  Cape  Prince  of  Wales?  e.  What 
two  Capes  N.  E.  of  Bhering's  Straits  ?  l.  i.  What  Peninsu- 
la in  the  S.  W.  partof  the  Russian  Possessions  ?  What  Riv- 
er east  of  Alaska  ?  c.  What  inlet  is  the  entrance  to  Cook's 
river  ?  What  Sound  E.  of  Cook's  river  ?  What  Mountain 
on  the  coast  S.  E.  of  Prince  William's  Sound  ?  e.  What  is 
the  height  of  Mt.  Elias?  [See  map  of  the  World.]  How  is 
the  coast  divided  between  mount  Elias  and  the  U.  S.  Terri- 
tory ?  N.  N.  and  N.  c.  Where  is  the  Russian  settlement  of 
Portlock  harbor?  What  settlement  on  Prince  of  Wales  Isle  ? 
Silka.  Which  is  farthest  north,  the  Russian  Possessions  or 
this  Stale  ?  In  what  direction  from  ms,  are  the  Russian  Pos- 
^     Have  they  schools  in  the  Russian  Possessions  ? 

*  Ru'-shian. 


sessions  ? 


nail  isl- 
labited. 
dim  ate, 
)00. 


'rinidad  ? 


130 


rl 


NORTH    AMEHICA. 

GUFENLAND. 


White  Bear. 

Greenland  is  one  of  the  coldest  and  most  barren 
countries  on  the  globe,  exhibiting  little  except 
rocks,  and  mountains  of  ice  and  snow.  It  belongs 
to  Denmark,  and  is  principally  valuable  for  the 
whale  fishery  on  its  coast. 

Tlie  Moravians  have  established  several  missionary  stations 
here,  arid  have  converted  many  of  the  natives  to  (-hristianity. 

Formerly  Greenland  was  supposed  to  be  a  part  of  North 
America  ;  but  late  discoveries  render  it  probable  that  it  is  a 

vast  island. 

The  principal  animal  in  Greenland,  is  the  while bear^yihicn 
attacks  indisc    minutely  both  man  and  beast. 

The  Greenl  nders  are  small  in  stature,  and  are  a  weak,  ni- 
doler.t,  and  superstitious  race.  The  population  is  supposed 
to  bo  20,000.  

What  Cape  south  of  Greenland?  f.  What  Missionary 
station  near  C.  Farewell  ?  l.  What  Settlement  north-west 
of  Lichtenau  ?  J.  Wiiat  4  Settlements  on  the  western  coast 
of  Greenland?  o.  n.  u.  v.  Which  is  the  most  northerly  Set- 
tlement? u.      What  3  Sounds  at  the  northern  extremity  of 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


131 


Baffin's  Bay  ?  s.  w.  J.  What  Island  on  tlio  wwlcrn  coast  of 
Greenland  ?  o.  (A  vast  mine  of  sea  coal  has  been  d.scovcr- 
Bd  in  the  island  of  Disco.)  What  Settlement  on  l)is<;o  Is  c^ 
G.  Wliere  is  Icy  Peak  ?  Where  are  the  Arctic  Hi.s?hlands 
What  Island  cast  of  Greenland  ?  What  Town  on  it :'  What 
MouMl ain ?  What  Bay  and  Straits  separate  Greenland  troni 
North  America? 


MEXICO. 


Pyramid  of  Cholula, 
How  is  Mexico  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Q.  To  whom  did  Mexico  formerly  belong?  ^      ,  ^_  ,    , 

\  To  Spain.  It  was  conquered  in  1.^21,  by 
Fernando  Cortez,  and  remained  a  Spanish  prov- 
ince till  IS^il,  when  it  became  independent. 

Q    What  is  its  length  and  breadth  ? 

A  It  is  about  18^20  miles  in  length,  and  on  a 
medium  800  miles  in  breadth,  contaimng  1,U0U,- 

000  square  miles. 

O    What  is  the  population?  .   ..^        .      .      h 

A.  It  is  computed  to  be  8,500,000,  principally 


'M 


1 


132 


WORTH    AMERICA. 


ill  the  southem  part ;  the  northern  beiiiir  inhabited 
rwh"/"^*^  l>y  IncJians  in  a  savage ^s  ate 

Q.   W  hat  18  the  face  of  tho  country  ?         " 

sight  ore  or  ^ 
extensive  pla..,o  uu 
1>700  miles  in  length. 

Q.   What  are  the  climate  ? 
.    A.  On  the  coast  it  is  hot  and  sickly  ;    in  the 
interior  ,t  ,s  cool  and  healthy.  ^  ' 

Q.  \Vliat  is  the  soil  and  productions? 

A.   iiie  soil m  most  parts  is  extremely  fertile 
^  For  what  has  Mexico  been  celebrated? 

A.  !•  or  Its  rich  and  extensive  mines  of  irolH 
»^uanaxuato,  Zacatecas  and  tCatorco 

ed  with  many  of  the  arta  aSrf  L/°°P  ^'  "'"'  """'  '"=q"ainl- 

oes  in  civilisation  M^V?e  Jl!i"''r''.1.°?"^''<'™''''=»''™"- 
buildings  still  e;ii6t      ffi  m    ■     f  J**^ ""''  monuments  and 

Pyrami^d  of  cSu  TO^^J^Uratf  m:^!""'™^  ""="' '"  '^ 
Stones  or  terraces-  and  is  1 77  1^  *  1  ?*  ^^  consists  of  4 
broad.  ItisbuiuVfuTburntbrUrS^^^^^^  VfP/-' 
amid,  was  a  temple  in  which  thevnff  au^  *°P  °^*^^  P^^" 
thesun.  ^         ^"'^^^  "^^J"  offered  human  sacrifices  to 

pofs:7t^rnmVHcruis^"r".V"'  °r  °^'^-  --t 

»na  delightful  valterwh;c^r2r^^^^ 

and  elevated  more  than  7  OOf)   fl^    k  ^'  m  circumference, 


*  Gwah-na-kwah'to. 


■^  Ca  tor'ce. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


133 


ig  inhabited 
state. 

but  it  rises 
ior,  to  the 
ads  out  in- 
'  which  are 


y  ;    in  the 


ely  fertile, 
'Of  tobaccOf 
IS  kinds  of 


s  of  gold 
ut  20  mil- 
mines  are 


iurds,  it  was 
re  acquaint- 
able  ad  van - 
unients  and 
r  them  is  the 
onsists  of  4 
1,423  feet 
of  the  Pyr- 
sacrifices  to 

>f  the  most 
:e  Tezeuco, 
umference, 
evel  of  the 


oceun.  It  iH  regularly  built  in  the  form  of  a  square,  of  four 
miles  on  each  side.  It  is  distinguished  for  tJio  vvidth  and 
regularity  of  its  streets,  the  splendor  of  its  public  edifices, 
and  for  its  mint,  at  which  more  uioney  is  coined  than  at  any 
other  in  the  world. 

Guanaxuato  is  a  largo  and  flourishing  city,  160  miles  N. 
W.  of  Mexico.  The  ground  on  which  the  city  is  built,  is 
about  7,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  distinguish- 
ed for  its  gold  and  silver  mines. 

*I'uebla  is  situated  on  a  large  plain,  70  miles  S.  E.  of 
Mexico.  The  city  is  regularly  laid  out,  and  contains  many 
elegant  buildings.  The  ground  on  w  hich  it  stands  is  eleva- 
ted more  than  7,(00  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  It  is 
famous  for  its  manufactures  of  earthen  ware,  iron  and  steel. 

t  Zacatecas  is  situated  in  a  mountainous  country,  240  miles 
N.  W.  of  Mexico,  it  is  one  of  the  most  celebrated  mining 
places  in  Mexico. 

Vera  Cruz,  the  principal  port  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  a 
place  of  great  trade.    It  is  unhealthy,  and  has  a  poor  harbor. 

Acapulco  is  the  principal  port  on  the  Pacific.  It  is  distin- 
guished for  its  excellent  harbor,  but  is  a  miserable  unhealthy 
town. 


What  are  the  4  principal  Rivers  emptying  into  the  Gulf 
of  California?  c.  g.  h.  c.  What  1  into  the  Pacific?  g.  What 
are  the  4  principal  Rivers  emptying  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico? 
B.  c.  B.  T.  What  2  Peninsulas  in  Mexico?  c.  v.  What  2 
Towns  on  the  peninsula  of  Yucatan  ?  m.  c.  What  3  Towns 
on  the  Bay  of  Campeachy  ?  v-c.  a.  v-h.  What  Town  S.  W. 
of  V^era  Hermosa  ?  |c.  What  Town  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Tula?  t.  What  8  Towns  on  the 
Pacific?  p-St-F.  M.  s-B.  s-D.  X.  z.  A.  T.  What  Ttfwn  N.  W. 
ofTe-hu-an'te-pee?  o.    What  6  Towns  around  Mexico  in 


different  directions 


G.  T.  v-c.  L-p.  A.  V.    What  Town  N.  of 


Guanaxuato  ?  s-l-p.  What  4  Towns  near  the  Tropic  of 
Cancer?  z.  p.  d.  St-a.  What  4  Towns  between  the  Gulf  of 
California  and  the  Cordilleras  mountains  ?  m.  a.  s.  s.  What 
6  Towns  between  the  Cordilleras  and  Rio  del  Norte  ?  n.  s.  l. 
N.  c.  V.    What  4  Towns  on  the  Rio  del  Norte  ?    s.  a.  m.  l. 


*  Poo-a-bla. 


tZak-a-te'cas. 
12 


%  Che-a'pa. 


^f^ 


\ 


m 


I  ■* 


It  r 


II  u 


! 


a 


134 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


What  Town  N.  E.  of  Monclova?  s-a.  What  2  Lakes  in 
the  northern  part  of  Mexico?  s.  t.  What  Lake  in  the 
southern  part  ?  c.  VV  hat  Mo  jntains  in  Mexico?  c.  Where 
is  the  Volcano  of  *Popocatapetl  ?  A.  In  ihe  southern  part 
of  Mexico,  between  Oaxaca  and  La  Tuubhi.  How  hi<rli  is 
Popocatapetl  ?  '^ 


GUATIMALA. 


Gathering  the  Cochineal. 
■How  is  Guatimala  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital 


Q.  To  whom  did  Guatimala  formerly  beloixr?. 

A.  To  Spriin.  It  was  conquered  and  settled 
soon  after  Mexico,  by  the  Spaniards,  in  whose 
power  it  remained  until  1823,  when  it  became 
independent. 

Q.  What  is  the  face  of  the  country  and  climate? 

A.  It  is  low,  swampy,  and  unhealthy  on  the 
coasts ;  in  the  interior  it  is  mountainous,  and  has 
a  mild  and  salubrious  climate.     It  contains  more 


*  I'o  ])o-Lat  a  pel. 


NORTH    AMERICA. 


135 


2  Lakes  in 
ke  in  the 
c.  Where 
uthern  part 
ow  high  is 


ipital  ? 

i\  settled 

in  whose 

became 


y  on  the 

and  has 

ins  more 


than  90  volcanoes  which  are  constantly  Burning. 
Eruptions  and  earthquakes  are  common. 

Q.   What  are  the  most  valuable  productions  ? 

A.  Most  kinds  of  tropical  fruits^  cotton^  and 
cochineal.  The  bay  of  Honduras  is  celebrated 
for  its  logwood  and  mahogany. 

\  [Cochineal  is  an  insect,  which  atFords  a  most  beautiful 
crimson  tint.  It  feeds  upon  the  Kopal  or  Cactus  Cochinilifer^ 
and  is  gathered  by  the  natives,  as  represented  in  the  cut.  It 
is  used  in  giving  red  colors,  especially  crimson  and  scarlet, 
and  for  making  carmine.  From  Guatimala  and  Mexico, 
cochineal  is  annually  exported,  to  the  amount  of  j£5U0,00O- 
sterling.] 

Q.  What  is  the  extent  and  population  of  Guatimala?. 

A.  It  contains  300,000  square  miles,  and  about 
2,000,000  inhabitants,  who  are  mostly  Inaians. 

Towns. — GuA'TiMALA,  formerly  a  beautiful  and  splendid'' 
city,  was  destroyed  in  1830  by  an  earthquake. 

Leon  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Lake  Leon.  It  is  a  pleas- 
ant town,  containing  about  10,000  inhabitants. 

What  Lake  in  Guatimala  ?  n.  What  River  is  the  outlet' 
of  L.  Nicaragua  ?  St- j.  What  Bay  in  the  northern  part  ? 
A.  What  Town  near  Amatique  bay  ?  v-p.  What  Seaport 
in  the  northern  part?  *t.  What  Town  in  the  interior?  c. 
What  2  Towns  on  the  Pacific?  g.  &  s-m.  What  Town  on 
L.  Leon,  N.  W.  of  L.  Nicaragua?  l.  What  Town  in  the 
southern  part  ?  c.  To  what  government  does  the  Province 
of  f  Panama  belong  ?  A.  Colombia.  Which  has  the  greatest' 
latitude,  or  which  is  farther  from  the  equator,  Leon  or  Ikis 
place?  Is  the  climate  warmer  or  colder  in  Guatimala  thari 
in  thu  state?     In  what  direction  from  us  is  Guatirriala? 


Tru-keel'-yo. 


1  Pan  a-mah'. 


1 

i 


\ 


\n 


([ 


136 


WEST   INDIES. 


WEST  INDIES. 


Slaves  at  Work. 
Where  do  the  West  Indies  lie  ? 
Q.  How  are  the  West  Indies  divided  ? 

A.  Into  the  Great  and  Little  Antilles,  Bahamas, 
and  Caribbean  Islands.  With  the  exception  of 
Hayti,  or  St.  Domingo,  they  all  belong  to  some 
of  the  European  powers ;  chiefly  to  Great  Bri- 
tain, France  and  Spain. 

Q.  What  is  the  Climate? 

A.  In  winter  it  is  mild  and  delightful ;  in  sum- 
mer it  is  extremely  hot  and  unhealthy. 

Q.  How  are  the  seasons  divided  ? 

A.  Into  wet  and  dnj.  These  islands  are  sub- 
jected to  dreadful  hurricanes  during  the  months 
of  August  and  September,  which  frequently  do 
extensive  injury.  Earthquakes,  violent  thunder 
and  lightning  are  also  common. 

Q.  What  is  the  soil,  and  principal  productions  ? 

A.  The  soil  of  most  of  the  islands  is  extremely 


WEST    INDIES. 


13T 


fertile,  producing  sugar,  coffee,  cation,    indigo, 

cocoa,  ginger,  allspice,  ^c.     The  principal  fruits 

are  oranges,  lemons^  limes,  pine  apples  Vii\A  figs. 
Q.  What  is  the  population  of  all  the  West  India  Islands? 

A.  About  '2,450,000,  of  whom  three  fourths  are 
slaves. 


A  TABULAn  VIEW  OF  THE  TRINCIPAL  WEST  INDIA  ISLANDS. 

Bahamas. 
Islands,      |.  Belonging  to  \  Sq.  mil.  \    Pop.    |  Chiif  Towns 


Bahama         j 

15000 

Providence    f 
Turks            r 

G.  Britain. 

5500 

^Guanahani  j 

. 

Great  Antilles. 

Cuba 

Spain 

50000 

62*»000  Havannah. 

fllayti 

Independent 

28000 

65''000  Cape  Henry. 

Jamaica 

G.  Britain 

e4uo 

360000  Kinsrston. 

Porto  Rico 

Spain 

4.0U 

225000 

St.  Juan. 

Caribbe 

'an  Iflan 

ds. 

Trinidad 

G.  Britain 

1700 

25000  Port  of  Spain 

Guadaloupc 

France 

675 

115000  Basse  Terre 

Martinico 

France 

370 

95000  St.  Pierre 

St.  Lucia 

G.  Britain 

225 

16000  Carenage 

Barbadoes 

G.  Britain 

166 

93000  Bridgetown 

Tobago 

G.  Britain 

140 

16000  Scarborough 

St.  Vincent 

G.  Britain 

130 

23010  Kingston 

Grenada 

G.  Britain 

110 

31000  St.  George 

Santa  Cruz 

Denmark 

100 

3l000|Santa  Cruz 

Antigua 

G.  Britain 

93 

36000  St.  John's 

Tortola 

G.  Britain 

90 

11000  Road  Harbor 

St.  Thomas 

Denmark 

40 

5000  St.  Tiiomas. 

*  The  first  land  discovered  by  Columbus,  Oct.  12,  1492. 
f  Formerly  calli'd  Hispaniola,  or  St.  Domingo. 

12* 


138 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


Which  IS  the  most  northerly  group  of  the  West  India  Isl- 
ands?  B.  Which  is  the  most  northerly  Island?  a.  Which 
IS  the  most  easterly  of  tho  West  India  Islands  ?  b.  Which  is 
the  most  southerly  Island?  t.  Which  is  the  most  westerly?  c 
What  4  Towns  on  the  island  of  Cuba?  h.  m.  St.-s.  St.-j.  To 
whom  does  Cuba  belong  ?  VV  hat  is  its  population  ?  Its  Ca- 
pital ?  What  3  Towns  in  Hayti?  c-h.  p-p.  rd.  What  is  its 
population  ?  Capital  ?  To  whom  does  Jamaica  belong  ?  Its 
Capital  ?  To  whom  does  Porto  Rico  belong  ?  What  is  its 
Capital?  What  cluster  of  Islands  lie  about  midway  be- 
tween Porto  Rico  and  Nova  Scotia  ?  b. 


GENERAL    QUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP   OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


What  IS  the  length  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico' 
«ru  Hudson's  Bay?     Gulf  of  California? 
What  IS  the  length  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ? 

Mountains  ?     Cordilleras  ?      How 

How  wide  is  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ? 

Ocean  ? 


Caribbean 

Alleghany 
high  is  Popocatapetl  ? 
How  wide  is  the  Pacific 


SouUi  mmnica. 


South  American  Indians. 
Q.  What  is  the  extent  of  South  America? 

A.  It  extends  from  the  straits  of  Magellan,  to 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


139 


the  isthmus  of  Darien,  being  4,600  miles  in  length, 
and  3,000  miles  in  its  extreme  width  ;  containing 
about  7,000,000  square  miles. 

Q.  Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  does 
it  lie  ? 

A.  Between  54°  S.  latitude  and  12°  N.  lati- 
tude ;  and  between  35°  45'  and  81°  6' W.  longi- 
tude. 

Q.  For  what  is  South  Amurica  distinguished  ? 

A.  For  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  the  size  and 
grandeur  of  its  rivers,  and  the  height  and  extent 
of  its  mountains.  Its  rich  and  extensive  mines 
of  <roldj  silver,  jylatina,  mercury  and  diamonds 
excel  those  of  any  other  part  of  the  globe. 

Its  soil  produces  many  valuable  plants  and 
shrubs  which  are  found  in  no  other  country. 

Q.  Which  is  the  principal  chain  of  mountains  ? 

A.  The  Andes,  which  extend  the  whole  length 
of  South  America.  The  highest  peak  of  the  An- 
des is  Chimborazo,  100  miles  S.  W.  of  Quito. 
It  is  more  than  4  miles  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
There  arc  numerous  volcanoes  among  the  Andes. 
The  most  celebrated  among  them  is  Cotopaxi,  40 
miles  So  E.  of  Quito.  It  is  '^\  miles  high,  being 
much  the  loftiest  volcano  on  the  globe. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  the  inhabitants  of  S.  America? 

A.  They  are  composed  of  various  races  :  as  Whites^  Civil- 
ised and  Independent  Indians^  JVegroes^  Mestizoes^  jyiulattocs 
and  Samboes.  [The  Mestizoes  are  the  descendants  of  the 
Whites  and  Indians  ;  and  the  Samboes  of  Indians  and  Ne- 
groes.] The  majority  of  the  population  consists  of  Indians, 
who  are  subject  to  the  whites^  many  of  whom  are  in  the  most 
abject  state  of  slavery, 

Q.  What  is  the  character  of  the  Spaniards  ard  Portu- 
guese ? 

A.  The   high  classos   are  generally   well   educated  and 


ll 


140 


SOUTH    AMERir^A 


1  H 


wealthy,  but   dissolute  in  their  morals.     The  lower  clasHea 
are  ignorant,  rude  and  superstitious. 

Q.   What  is  the  character  of  the  Independent  Indians  ^ 

A.  They  are  brave,  intelligent,  industrious  and  warlike, 
and  generally  more  civilized  than  those  of  North  America. 

Q.  What  is  the  state  of  education  ? 

A.  Since  the  provinces  Have  become  independent,  great  at- 

tention  has  been  given  to   education.     Several  universities 

liavc  been  founded,   and  information  has  been  extensively 

dittused  by  means  of  books  and  newspapers. 

Q.  .What  are  the  most  distinguished  animals  in  South 
America  ? 

A.  The  JagiiaV,  or  American  Tiger,  the  Lama  or  Peruvian 
l^amel,  and  the  Vicuna  or  Peruvian  sheep. 

Q.  What  is  the  most  remarkable  bird  of  South  America  ? 

A.  The  Condor,  which  is  the  largest  bird  known  that  lias 
the  power  of  flymg.  It  soars  to  the  height  of  20,0; )0  foot, 
and  preys  upon  calves,  goals,  and  sheep,  and  has  been  known 
to  carry  oft  children  10  years  .of  age.  Its  wings,  when  ex- 
tended, measure  from  12  to  16  feet,  and  the  larger  quills  are 
about  3  feet  in  length.  b      h  a.c 


Colombia  ? 
Guiana .'' 
Peru  ? 
BVazil  ? 
Bolivia? 

United  Provinces  ? 
Chili .» 
Patagonia .' 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 

How  is  South  America  bounded  ? 


Capital  ? 
Capitals? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 
Capital  ? 


Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towns  ? 
(  hief  Towns? 
Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towns  ? 
Chief  Towrs  ? 


Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 
Rivers  ? 


RIVERS. 

Where  does  Port  Desire  River  rise,  in  what  direction  does 
it  run,  and  where  does  it  empty  ?  Camaranes  ?  Rio  Negro  ^ 
Colorado?  Willows?  Saladillo  ?  Dulce?  Salado?  Verl 
mejo  or  Grand  ?  Pilcomayo  ?  Paraguay  ?  Uruguay  ? 
Parana  ?  St.  Francisco  ?  Salgado  ?  Parnatha  ?  Itapecu- 
ra?        Tocaiitins?        Araguay?        *  Xingu  ?        Tapajos? 

*    Zin'irn  ~  ~' 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


lis  in  South 
Lor  Peruvian 


ra 
CO  ? 


141 

jira?  Puros?  Ucayale  ?  Amazon?  Negro?  Yupu- 
Putumayo  ?  Napo?  Paslaca ?  Essequibo  ?  Orono- 
Magdalena  ?     Cauca  ? 

ISLANDS. 

Where  is  the  Island  of  Trinidad  ? 

Where  is  the  Island  of  Joannes  or  Marajo  ? 

Where  are  Martin  Vas,  Trinidad,  and  Saxemburg  leles  ? 

Where  are  Georgia,  Aurora,  and  Falkland  Isles  ? 

Where  is  the  Island  of  Terra  del  Fuego  ? 

Where  is  Staten  Land  ? 

Whore  is  the  Island  of  Chiloe  ? 

Where  are  Juan  Fernandes  and  Massafuero  Isles  ? 

Where  are  the  Islands  of  St.  Felix  and  Ambrose  ? 

CAPES. 

Where  is  Capo  Vela  ? 

Where  is  Cape  St,  Roque  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Horn  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Blanco  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Orange  ?     • 

Where  is  Cape  North  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Frio  ? 

Where  are  Cape  St.  Maria  and  Cape  St.  Antonio  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Pillar  ? 

Where  are  Cape  St.  Francisco  and  Cape  Corientes  ? 

Where  is  Lake  Titicaca  ? 
W  here  is  Salt  Lake  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Colugnape? 
Where  is  Lake  de-los-Palos  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Maracaybo? 


BAYS. 


Where  is  St.  George's  Bay  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  St.  Matthias? 
Where  is  Anegada  Bay  ? 
Where  is  the  Bay  of  All  Saints  ? 
Where  i^  the  Bay  of  Panama  ? 

GULFS. 

Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Maracaybo  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Darien  ? 


(8  1 


ci 


14^2 


SOUTH   AMIIRKA. 


Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Penas  ? 
Where  is  the  ArcJiipelago  of  Chonos  ? 

MOUNTAINS. 

How  far  do  the  Andes  extend  ? 

Where  is  Chimborazo,  the  highest  peak  of  ihe  Andes? 
Where  is  Cotopaxi,  the  second  highest  peak  ? 
Where  is  Mount  Chilian  ? 

COLOMBIA. 


A  Fiew  of  the  AMes^  and  Quito. 
How  is  Coloiiibia  bounded  ?    What  is  the  Capital  ? 

Colombia  embraces  New  Grenada  and  Vene- 
zuela. Its  surface  is  greatly  diversified.  In  the 
eastern  part,  especially  near  the  Oronoco,  it  con- 
sists of  immense  plains ;  in  the  western  part,  it 
contains  some  of  the  highest  summits  of  the  An- 
des, and  abounds  in  the -most  sublime  scenery. 

The  climate  on  the  coast  and  in  the  plains,  is 
hot  and  unhealthy ;  in  the  mountainous  regions, 


SOUTIi    AMERICA. 


143 


Andes? 


al? 

J  Veiie- 
In  the 
►,  it  con- 
part,  it 
the  An- 
nery. 
lains,  is 
regions, 


it  varies  with  the  elevation.  The  highest  sum- 
mits have  perpetual  winter. 

The  soil  of  the  valleys  and  plains  is  fertile, 
producing  cottnn,  grain,  coffee,  tobacco,  and  vari- 
ous tropical  fruits. 

c  Ti)^/^"^  °^  *  requondama,  in  the  river  Bogota,  15  miles 
S.  W.  from  Santa  Fo  do  Bogota,  present  one  of  the  grandest 
and  most  subhme  scenes  in  the  world.  The  river  above 
the  falls,  is  140  feet  broad  ;  it  is  compressed  to  35  feet  at 
the  falls,  when  it  rushes  down  at  two  bounds  to  the  aston- 
ishing depth  of  6U0  feet. 

Towns.— Sauta  Fe  de  Bogota  is  situated  in  the  mijdst 
of  a  fertile  plain,  which  is  elevated  about  8,700  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  ocean  ;  it  is  handsomely  built,  and  contains 
many  magnificent  public  buildings. 

f  Quito  is  distinguished  for  its  grand  elevation.  Jt  is 
situated  on  a  plain  between  two  ridges  of  the  Andes,  9,500 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  It  is  subject  to  dreadful 
earthquakes  and  tempests,  and  for  this  reason  the  houses 
are  only  of  one  story. 


W  hat  are  the  ^  principal  rivers  that  empty  into  the  Ama- 
zon .    N.  V.  p.  N.  p.   What  large  river  rises  in  Colombia  and 
empties  mto  the  Atlantic?  o.    What  branches  hp  the  Oro- 
noco?  A.  M.  G.  c.     What  River  empties  into  t^e' Caribbean 
bea  ?  M.  What  branch  has  it  ?  c.     What  niQuntaJns  extend 
through  the  western  part?  a.     Where  is    Chimtoraz^o;  and 
how  high  IS  It  ?  Where  is  Cotopaxi,  the  highest  volcano  on 
the  globe?    How  high  is  Cotopaxi?    What  Lake  and  Gulf 
in  the  northern  part  ?    m.  m.     W  hat  Ports   on    the  Isthmus 
ot  Darieii?  p-n.  and  p.     What  6  Ports    on  the    Caribbean 
sea?  L.  c.  St-M.  p-c.  c    c.     What  2  Towns  on  the  gulf  of 
Maracaybo?  M.  c.     What  Town  S.    of  L.    Maracaybo?  v. 
What  three  Towns  on  the  Oronoco  ?  St.-T.  c-r.  e.     What 
Town  near  the  mouth  of  the  Oronoco  ?  v-g.     What  Town 
near  the  river  iNegro?  Joaquim.   What  Town  in  the  S  W 
part,  on  the  Gulf  of  :|:  Guayaquil?  o.  What  Town  nearly  on 
the  Kquator?  q.  What  Town  N.  of  Quito  W.  of  the  An- 
des ?  u.     What  Town    among  the  Andes?     p.     What  four 


*la-kweu  da-ma.         fKe'-to.         ^  ^wai-a-kill. 


rr 


144 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


Ilii 


nn 


Towns  around  the  Capital  in  dift'erent  directions  ?  p.  h.  c.  e. 
What  5  Towns  on  the  Amazon  ?  o.  s-j.  b-l.  l.  j.  What 
Town  among  the  Andes  near  Jaen  ?  c. 


GUIANA 

How  is  Guiana  bounded  ?     What  are  its  Capitals  ? 

Guiana  is  generally  a  level  and  extremely  fer- 
tile country,  with  a  hot,  moist,  unhealthy  climate. 
Its  chief  productions  are  sugar,  cojfee,  cotton,  co- 
coa, maize  and  indigo. 

Guiana  is  divided  into  English  Guiana — Dutch 
Guiana — and  French  Guiana. 

Towns. — STdBKOEK,  or  Georgetown,  the  Capital  of  Eng- 
liyh  Guiana,  is  situated  at  the  moutli  of  the  Demarary  river. 

Paramaribo,  the  Capital  of  Dutch  Guiana,  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  Surinam  liver,  18  miles  from  tlio  sea. 

Cayenne,  the  Capital  of  French  Guiana,  is  situated  on  an 
island  of  the  same  name.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  which  is 
well  defended  by  a  castle. 


What  River  separates  Guiana  from  Colombia  ?  e. 
W  hat  Town  at  the  mouth  of  the  *Essequibo  river  ?  e. 
What  Town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Demarary  river.'  s. 
What  Town  at  the  mouth   of  fBerbice  river  ?  n-a. 
What  Town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Surinam  river  ?  p. 
What  Town  on  an  island  near  the  coast  f  c. 
How  is  Guiana  divided  ?  e.  d.  f. 


PERU. 

How  is  Peru  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 


Peru  is  distinguished  for  its  mines  of  gold  and 
silver ,  likewise  for  those  of  copper,  Xmercury, 
and  lead. 


*  Es  se  kee'-bo.  -j-  Ber-bees'. 

X  Per  \  is  the  only  country  in  America  that  produces  mer- 
curyj  or  quicksilver. 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


145 


The  western  part  of  Peru  between  the  Andes 
and  the  coast,  is  generally  level,  barren  and  un- 
healthy. 

The  middle,  lying  between  two  ridges  of  the 
Andes,  has  a  mild  and  healthy  climate,  and  gen- 
erally a  fertile  soil. 

The  part  east  of  the  mountains  consists  of  im- 
mense plains,  called  pampas^  covered  only  with 
grass. 

The  chief  productions  are  cotton^  sugar ,  grainy 
and  Jesuifs  or  Peruvian  Bark. 

Toions. — *LiMA  is  situated  on  a  small  river  in  the  midst  of 
a  spacious  and  delightful  valley,  7  miles  from  the  Pacific.    It 
is  distinguished  for  the  majrnifirence  of  its  public  buildings, 
and  the  rich  ornanienl«  of  the  churches.     It  was  founded  by 
Pizarro,  in  1535.     Callao  is  the  port  of  Lima. 

Cuzco,  550  miles  S.  E.  of  Lima,  was  the  ancient  capital  of 
the  Peruvian  Empire,  founded  in  1043  by  Manca  Capac,  tho 
first  Inca  of  Peru.  It  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  under  Pi- 
zarro, in  1  j34.  It  contained  a  magnificent  temple  of  the  sun 
and  other  edifices,  decorated  with  gold,  and  adorned  with  the 
idols  of  the  various  nations  subdued  by  the  Incas.  Tho  city 
still  preserves  many  monuments  of  its  ancient  grandeur. 

What  large  River  rises  in  Peru  and  empties  into  the  At- 
lantic? What  three  Rivers  rise  in  lake  Rogaguado?  p^^.  j. 
What  two  other  Rivers  in  Peru  ?  ii.  u. — What  mountains  ex^ 
tend  through  the  western  part  of  Peru  ?  a. — What  12  Cities 
on  the  Pacific?  p.  tL.  t.  g.  h.  c.  p.  i.  c.  q.  a.  a. — What  2 
Towns  among  the  Andes  ?  :J:c.  t. — What  3  Towns  E.  of  the 
Andes  ?  Jo.  o.  c. — Which  is  the  most  northerly  city  in  Peru  ? 
Which  is  the  most  southern  ?  a. 


BRAZIL. 
How  is  Brazil  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capita!  ? 

Brazil  is  generally  level,  and  has  a  fertile  soil, 

"Lee-ma.    iLam  ba  eke.    i  Caxa-mar-ka.  KJam-a-ros'-ko. 

13 


hi 


'!■ 


I 


II 


li! 


I 


I 


* 

h 

I"' 


•L 


146 


SOUTH    AMEllICA. 


and  in  nio.st  i^aits  a  temperate  and  liealtliy  cli- 
mate. It  is  celebrated  lor  its  mines  ot  goldt  sil- 
ver, and  diamonds. 

[Brazil  and  Hindoostan  arc  tliu  only  counlricis  that  produce 
diamonds.] 

The  principal  productions  are  sugar,  tobacco, 
indigo,  maize,  and  various  khuh  oi' (hje-woods. 

In  the  interior  aro  vast  herds  of  homed  catllc  and  wild 
horses  which  aro  hunted  only  for  their  skinu.  lirazil  abounds 
in  poisonous  scrp'-^tts,  soinc  of  which  arc  I'roni  25  to  40  feet 
in  length. 

The  white  population  is  principally  in  tho  soutliern  part, 
and  along  the  coast.  The  remainder  is  inhabited  by  Indians, 
who  aro  extremely  hostile  to  the  whites. 

The  western  part  of  Brazil  is  called  Amazonia,  which  em- 
braces the  interior  of  S.  America,  it  is  inhabited  entirely 
by  Indians,  of  whom  little  is  known. 

Ihwns. — Rio  Janeiro  is  well  situated  for  trade,  and  has 
an  extensive  commerce.  The  town  is  well  built,  and  adorn- 
ed with  numerous  churches  and  convents. 

Pornambuco  is  a  flourishing  place,  and  has  a  large  trade, 
principally  in  cation. 

Which  are  the  8  principal  Rivers  emptying  into  the  At- 
lantic? p.  St.  F.  s.  p.  I.  a.  c.  T. — What  large  branch  has  the 
Tocantins  ?  A. — What  town  is  situated  on  a  small  river  that 
empties  into  L.  ,De  los  Palos  ?  For  tal-e-gre. — What  1 6 
towns  on  the  Atlantic  ?  p.  v.f.  s.  r.  s.  p.  s.  p.  p.  o.  p.  n.  s.  c. 
M. — Wiiat  3  Towns  on  the  Amazon  ?  s.  o.  m. — What  three 
Towns  on  its  branches  ?  c.  p.  and  v-b — [Ve.  or  v.  stands  for 
villa.]  What  Town  on  the  Araguay  ?  VVhat  one  near  it  ?  v-b. 
— What  town  on  the  Tocantins  ?  a. — What  town  on  a 
branch  of  the  Par-na-tha?  Va.  o. — What?  Towns  on  and  near 
the  river  St.  Francisco?  r.  a.  s.  t.  and  p.  t.  v-r. — What  2 
Towns  S.  W.  of  Rio  Janeiro  ?  s.  p.  and  va-N. — What  3  Towns 
on  the  sources  of  the  Paraguay  ?  c.  St.  p.  and  n-c. 


BOLIVIA, 
llow  is  Bolivia  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  H 


SOITTII    AMERICA. 


14T 


Bolivia  resembles  Peru  in  climate,  soil,  and 
productions.  It  is  famous  for  its  silver  mines, 
particularly  those  of  Potosi,  which  are  the  richest 
on  the  globe. 

Bolivia  was  formerly  included  in  the  province  of  Buenos 
Ayrcs.  In  1825  it  was  erected  into  a  state,  and  named  after 
Bolivar,  the  distins^uished  South  American  general. 

Town. —  Potosi  is  situated  on  the  mountain  which  contains 
the  celebrated  mines  of  Potosi.  The  mountain  is  18  miles  in 
circumference,  and  about  one  mile  high,  in  which  are  300 
mining  pits,  which  are  occasionally  worked.  These  mines 
were  accidentally  discovered  in  1545.  Potosi  has  a  college, 
and  several  convents  and  nunneries.  The  inhabitants  are 
principally  engaged  in  working  the  mines. 

What  extensive  Desert  in   the  western   part?  a.— What 

Seaport  on  the  coast  ?  c.  or  Port .     What  Town  among 

the  Andes?  l-p. — What  Town  on  the  Pilcomayo  ?  p. -On 
the  Vermejo?  t. — What  Town  in  the  interior?  c. 


UNITED  PROVINCES. 


Manner  of  catching  Wild  Catlle. 

How  are  the  United  Provinces   bounded?     What   is  the 
Capital  ? 


r* 


148 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


tt! 


The  United  Provinces  are  a  level,  fertile,  and 
populous  country,  and  abound  in  extensive  plains 
covered  only  with  grass. 

These  plains  are  mostly  uniahabited,  and  are  frequented  by 
immense  herds  of  cattle,  which  are  hunted  only  for  their  skins. 

These  provinces  are  rich  in  minerals,  and  pro- 
duce most  of  the  fruits  and  vegetables  of  the  tor- 
rid and  temperate  zones. 

Tlid  portion  between  the  Parana  and  Paraguay  rivers,  pro- 
duces a  singular  herb,  called  ma//e,  which  is  used  as  a  substi- 
tute foi'iea  in  various  parts  of  S.  America,  and  forms  one  of 
the  firincipai  articles  of  export  from  this  province. 

Towns. — Buenos  Avres*  is  situated  on  the  Rio  de  la  Pla- 
ta, 480  miles  from  its  moath.  It  is  well  built,  and  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  commerce,  population  and  wealth.  The  La  Pla- 
ta is  here  30  miles  wide,  but  the  navigation  is  dangerous,  ow- 
ing to  frequent  storms.  Buenos  Ay  res  is  celebrated  for  the 
mildness  arid  salubrity  of  its  climate. 

tMonte  Video  is  situated  120  miles  K.  of  Buenos  Ayres.  It 
has  the  best  harbor  on  the  La  Plata.  Jt  has  a  considerable 
trade,  principally  in  hides,  tallow,  and  dried  beef. 

Which  is  the  largest  River  in  the  United  Provinces  ?  i.. 
What  2  Rivers  unite  and  form  the  La  Plata?  u.  p.— What 
River  empties  into  the  La  Plata  ?  s.— What  4  branches  has 
the  Paraguay  ?  s.  v.  p.  p.— What  River  empties  into  Salt 
Lake  f  What  3  Rivers  in  the  southern  part?  jv.  c.  w.  —What 
4,  Towns  on  the  Paraguay  ?  a.  n.  c.  s-f.— What  3  Towns  in 
the  northern  part?  x.  j.  s.— What  3  Towns  in  the  W.  part? 
M.  s-j.  R.— What  5  Towns  in  the  interior?  t.  c.  s.  c.  St.  l. 
What  Town  near  cape  St.  Maria  ?  m.— What  Mountains  sep- 
arate the  United  Provinces  from  Chih? 


ij:  CHILI. 

How  is  Cliili  bounded .-'     Its  Capital  ? 

Chili  consists  of  a  long  narrow  tract  lying  be, 

*  Bo  nos-Ar-res.         1  Mon-ts  Vee-dTZ^        f  Cli^^S. 


SOUTH    AMEIIICA. 


149 


tiie,  and 
ve  plains 

juented  by 
their  skins. 

and  pro- 
'  the  tor- 


•ivers,  pro- 
is  a  svibsti- 
rms  one  of 

de  la  Pla- 
rapidly  in- 
le  La  Pla- 
erons,  ow- 
ed for  the 

Ayres.  It 
nsiderable 


inces 


L. 


p.— What 
nehes  has 

into  Salt 
v.— What 
Towns  in 

W.  part  ? 

1.  c.  St.  L. 

I  tains  sep- 


ying  he. 


iife 


tween  the  Andes  and  the  Pacific.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  healthy,  fertile  and  beautiful  countries  in 
the  world. 

Chili  has  numerous  mines  of  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, tin,  and  i7on  ;  ar.d  produces  grain,  sugar, 
cotton,  oil,  icinv,  and  fruits  in  abundance. 

In  some  parts  of  Chili  it  seldom  or  never  rains ; 
but  the  country  is  well  watered  by  means  of  the 
numerous  small  rivers,  which  flow  from  the  An- 
des into  the  Pacific.  Among  the  Andes  in  Chili, 
are  14  volcanoes  which  are  in  a  constant  state  of 
eruption.  Earthquakes  frequently  happen  which 
often  do  extensive  injury. 

The  Aricanians,  an  independent  tribe  of  war- 
like Indians,  inhabit  the  southern  part  of  Chili. 
They  are  distinguished  for  their  love  of  liberty, 
bravery  and  humanity. 

Towns. — Santiago  was  founded  in  the  year  1541.  It  is 
situated  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  plain,  about  90  miles  from 
Valparaiso.  Its  houses  are  built  of  brick,  and  only  one 
story,  on  account  of  earthquakes.  It  has  considerable  trade. 
Its  inhabitants  are  distinguished  for  gayety  and  hospitality. 

Valparaiso,  the  port  of  Santiago,  is  the  most  commercial 
city  in  Chili.  It  has  an  oxccllent  harbor,  and  considerable 
trade.  

What  6  Towns  on  tlio  Pacific  ?  J.  c.  c.  v.  c.  v. —  What  re- 
markable summit  of  the  Andes  in  Chili  ?  Mt.  c. — How  high 
is  Mt.  Chilian .'  What  Island  near  the  southern  part  of  Chi- 
li ?  c— What   extensive  Desert  N.  of  Chili  ?  a. — On  what 

A.  On  the  river  Maypo. 


River  is  Santiago  situated  .'* 


PATAGOiNIA. 

How  is  Patagonia  bounded  ? 


onia  IS 


a  cold,    inhospitable   region,  of 
13* 


151) 


SOUTH    AMERICA. 


whrcb  little  is  known  except  tl*6  coasts.  It  is 
inhabited  by  larious  tribes  of  Indians,  wiio  are 
said  to  be  of  gigantic  size. 

What  are  tho  3  principal  rivers  of  Patagonia  ?  p-d.  c.  n. 
What  straits  separate  it  from  Terra  del  Fuego?  What  2 
Bays  on  the  eastern  coast?,  e.  m, — What  Gulf  on  the  western 
coast  ?  p. — What  ArchipcltLgo  <)riihe  western  coast  f  What 
Peninsula  south  of  it?     What  Desert  in  the  interior  ?  c-u. 

aUESTIONS    ON    THE    MAP    OF   SOUTH    AMERICA. 

How  will  you  sail  from  Porto  Bello  to  Panama  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Panama  to  Assumption  ? 
What  singular  herb  do  you  find  here,   and  for  what  is  it  a 
substitute  ? 

llbw  will  you  sail  from  Assumption  to  Cuzco  ? 
What  can  you  say  respecting  Cuzco  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Cuzco  to  Santa  Fe  De  Bogota  ? 
What  curiosity  do  you  find  near  this  place  ? 

Why  are  there  no  largo  rivers  that  empty  into  the  Pacific 
ocean  ? 

What. river  empties  into  the  Atlantic  by  several  mouths  ? 
Through  what  waters  must  the  Paranaiba  river  pass  to 
reach  the  Atlantic  ?  * 


In  what  direction  from  us  is  Cape  Horn  ? 

Supposing  you  were  at  Cape  Horn  to-dayM  12  o'clock,  in 
what  direction  would  your  shadow  fall  ? 

What  season  is  it  at  Cape  Horn  now? 

Are  the  seasons  in  S.  America  the  same  as  ours  ?    Why  ? 

Which  has  the  greatest  latitude,  or  which  is  iarther  frow 
the  F-quator,  CipeHorn,  or  this  place? 

In  which  division  of  S.  America  should  you  prefer  to  live? 

Which  part  of  S.  America  do  you  suppose  is  the  warmest, 
tne  southern  or  northern  part  of  it  ?     Why  ? 
self?^*^  Prevents  S.  America  from  being  a  continent  by   it- 

Ifyou  should  goto  S.  America,  would  you  probably  find 
the  people  as  enlightened  and  moral  as  in  this  state  ?     Why  r 


ETJ^OPE. 


151 


'^wiiam^'f^^ 


Q.  How  does  Europe  compare  with  the  other  grand  divi- 
sions of  Iho  globe  ? 

A.  Europe  is  the  smallest  of  the  five  grand  di- 
visions of  the  globe  ;  being  3,000  miles  long  from 
E.  to  W.  and  *2,r)00  broad  from  N.  to  S.  contain- 
ing 3,300,000  square  miles. 

Q.  Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  does 
it  lie  ? 

A.  Between  S6^  and  71°  N.  latitude  ;  and  be- 
tween 9^0  W.  and  60°  R.  longitude. 

Q.   What  is  said  respecting  the  climate  of  Europe? 

A.  It  is  milder  than  that  of  Asia,  or  America, 
in  the  same  latitude.  The  southern  part,  below 
45^  ]N.  latitude  is  warm,  producing  the  o/u;e,  nne, 
mulberry  and  orange.  Between  45°  and  65°  it 
is  temperate,  being  the  climate  of  fruits,  grairin 
grass,  and  rsriflctit  plant!?.     The  pR4't  north  of 


11 


152 


EUROPE. 


65°  is  severely  cold,  producing  but  few  of  the 
necessaries  of  life. 

Q.  For  what  is  Europe  distinguislied  ? 

A.  It  is  distinguished  for  learning  and  science, 
for  excellence  in  the  useful  and  elegant  arts,  and 
for  the  intelligence,  refinement,  activity  and  en- 
terprise of  its  inhabitants. 

Q.  What  is  the  state  of  literature  in  Europe  ? 

A.  It  has  reached  a   higher  degree  of  perfection  than  in 

any  other  part  of  the  globe.      The  Universities  of  Europe 

are  numerous,  and  generally  on  a  more  extended  plan  than 

those  in  the  United  States.     The   most  celebrated  are  those 

•  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge. 

The  following  Table  exhibits  a  view  of  some  of  the  most 
'  celebrated  Universities  in  Europe. 


Universities. 


Cambridge 

Oxford 

Salamanca 

Saragossa 

Edinburgh 

Glasgow 

Aberdeen 

Ley den 

Upsal 

Vienna 

Prague 

Gottingen 

Leipsic 

Beilin 

Halle 


Stud. 


2000 

3000 

3000 

2000 

12000 

1400 

400 

300 

1200 


1000 


Copenhagen  700 
Kiel  150 

Padua,  It.       300 
Palermo         600 


Library 
lOOOOO 


20000 
50000 


13000 
50000 
4000(1 


1600350000 


tOOtiOO 
3OO0OL! 


1449 
1500 
1300 
160OI16OOO0 


50000 
6000C 


P. 

60 
27 

21 

77 
55 
40 
81 
84 
54 


Q.  What  is  the  stale  of  education  .'' 

A.  Instead  of  being  ditfused  through  all  ranks 


EUROPE. 


153 


'  the  most 


of  society,  as  in  the  United  States,  it  is  confined 
to  the  higher  and  middle  classes,  who  spare  no 
pains  or  expense  in  acquiring  a  liberal  and  finish- 
ed education  ;  but  the  lower  classes  are  general- 
ly ignorant,  superstitious  and  degraded. 

[In  some  parts  of  Europe  no  provision  has  been  made  for 
the  education  of  the  lower  class,  and  it  is  seldom  a  person 
can  be  found  among  them,  who  is  able  either  to  read  or  write. 
The  countries  best  provided  with  schools  for  the  instruction 
of  the  poor  are  Scotland,  Norway,  Sweden,  Denmark,  Ger- 
many, Prussia  and  Switzerland.  In  many  of  these,  ;)art47j, 
schools  are  kept,  similar  to  those  in  the  United  States.] 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  the  inland  navigation  ? 

A.  By  means  of  the  numerous  rivers  and  ca- 
nals, it  is  very  extensive. 

CANALS. 
The  following  Table  exhibits  a  view  of  the  length,  breadth, 
and  depth  of  some  of  the  principal  canals  in  Europe. 


Canals. 


Languedoc 

Grand  Trunk 

Leeds  and  Liverpool 

Grand  Junction 

Grand  Irish 

Central 

Orleans 

Kiel 

Caledonian 

Forth  and  Clyde 


Connecting. 


Garonne  &  Mediterranean 
Mersey  and  Trent 
Leeds  and  Liverpool 
Thames  and  Grand  Trunk 
Shannon  and  Liffey 
Soane  and  Loire 
Loire  and  Seine 
Bailie  and  North  Sea 
Atlantic  and  Murray  Firth 
Forth  and  Clyde 


L'th. 

W. 

D. 

miles 

feet. 

feet 

140 

64 

6 

140 

30 

& 

140 

4i 

100 

26 

4i 

83 

40 

5 

71 

48 

5i 

45 

30 

4i 

22 

100 

10 

2 

110 

20 

35 

66 

7 

154 


EUROPE. 


GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  HISTORICAL  TABLE, 
Exhibiting  the  density  of  population  of  the  principal  Divi- 
sions,— the  present  sovereigns, — vi^ith  the  time  of  their  birth 
and  accession  to  the  throne, — and  also  the  prevailing  reli- 
gion of  the  nation. 


pop 

o  bo 

Countries. 

on 
s.m 

22 

Present  Sovereign 

born 
1796 

1825 

Religion. 

.Russia 

Nicholas  I. 

Greek  Ch. 

Austria 

105 

Francis  I. 

1768 

1792 

Catholic 

Turkey 

46 

Mahmoud  H. 

1785 

1808 

Mahometan^ 

France 

146 

Louis  Philip. 

1773 

1830 

Catholic 

Sweden 

13 

Charles  XIV. 

1764 

1818 

Protestant 

Spain 

57 

Ferdinand  VH. 

1784 

1808 

Catholic 

Norway* 

6 

Charles  XIV. 

1764 

1818 

Protestant 

Prussia 

94 

Fred.  Wm.  III. 

1770 

1797 

Protestant 

Great  Britain 

141 

William  IV. 

1766 

1830 

Protestant 

Naples 

152 

Ferdinand  II. 

1810 

1830 

Catholic 

Portugal 

90 

Don  Miguel 

1802 

1828 

Catholic 

Irelandt 

203 

William  IV. 

1765 

1830 

Catholic 

Bavaria 

111 

Louis  I. 

1786 

1825 

Catholic 

Sardinia 

146 

Charles  Amadeus. 

1800 

1831 

Catholic 

Belgium 

224 

Leopold  I. 

1790 

1831 

Catholic 

Holland 

224 

William  L 

1772 

1813 

Protestant 

Denmark 

72 

Frederick  VI. 

1768 

1808 

Protestant 

Hianovert 

87 

William  IV. 

1765 

1830 

Protestant 

Roman  States 

162 

Gregory  XVI. 

1765 

1831 

Catholic 

Wirfemburg 

172 

William  L 

1781 

1816 

Protestant 

Saxony 

161 

Frederic  Augustus 

1797 

1830 

Protestant 

Baden 

167 

Ch'sLeop.Fred'k 

.790 

1830 

Protestant 

Tuscany 

174 

Leopold  n.             1797 

1824 

Catholic. 

*  Subject  to  th 

le  king  of  Sweden,    t  United  wit) 

I  G.  Britain. 

MAP    OF    ETTROl'E. 

How  is  Europe  bounded  ? 

Portugal  ? 

Capital  ?     Chief  Towns  ?     Rivers  ? 

Spain  ? 

Capital?     Chief  Towns?     Rivers? 

F'*iince  ? 

Capital  ?     Chief  Towns  ?     Rivers  ? 

Neinenands 

?          Capital?     Chief  Towns?     Rivers? 

Germany  ? 

Capital  ?     C;hief  1'owns  ?     Rivers  ? 

Denmark  ? 

Canifji!  ?     Chief 

'  Tov\ 

ne  ? 

RiyfiVH  ? 

EUROPE. 

r' 

Svvitzerlaad  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Kivcrs? 

Italy  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers^ 

Austria? 

Capital? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  1 

Turkey  ? 

(^apital? 

Chief  Towns  r 

Rivers  ? 

Prussia  ? 

Capital? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

Russia  ? 

Capital? 

Chief  Towns  ? 

Rivers  ? 

Sweden  ? 

Capital? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

Norway  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers? 

England? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers? 

Scotland  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

Ireland  ? 

Capital? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

155 


RIVERS. 

Where  does  tlic  river  Ebro  rise,  what  course  does  it  ruir, 
and  where  does  it  empty?  Guadalquiver  ?  Guadiana? 
Tagus  ?  Duero,  or  Douro  ?  Minho  ?  Garonne  ?  Loire  ? 
Seine  ?  Rhine  ?  Rhone  ?  Saone  ?  Po  ?  Tiber  ?  Dan- 
ube ?  Drave  ?  Save  ?  Pruth  ?  Dniester  ?  Bog  ?  Dnei- 
per?  Dopeo?  Don?  Volga?  Ural?  Oka?  Petchora? 
Mezen  ?  Dwina?  Onega?  Duna  ?  Niemen  ?  Vistula? 
Oder?  Elbe?  Weser  ?  Ems?  Tornea  ?  Glomma? 
Thames  ?     Severn  ?     Shannon  ? 


LAKES. 

Where  are  Lakes  Ladoga  and  Onega  ? 
Where  are  Lakes  Wenner  and  Wetter  ? 
Where  are  Lakes  Constance  and  Geneva  ? 
A.  In  Switzerland. 


1 


%, 


Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 
Where  is  the 


GULFS. 

Gulf  of  Venice? 
GulfofTaranto? 
Gulf  of  Geneva? 
Gulf  of  Lyons  ? 
Zuider  Zee  ? 
Gulf  of  Bothnia? 
Gulf  of  Finland? 
Gulf  of  Riga? 
Bay  of  Biscay  ? 


SEAS. 

Where  is  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 
Where  is  the  Sea  of  Azof  ? 


It] 

7!  1 


156 


EUROPE. 


Whore 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Whore 


is  the  Black  Sea  ? 
is  the  Sea  of  Marmora  ? 
is  the  Archipelago  ? 
is  the  Mediterranean  ? 
is  the  Irish  Sea  > 
is  the  North  Sea  ? 
is  the  Baltic  Sea  ? 
is  the  White  Sea? 


Where 
.^Where 
^NVhere 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Whore 
Where 
Where 


STRAITS. 

is  the  Strait  of  Constantinople  ? 
are  the  Dardanelles  ? 
is  the  Strait  of  Otranto  ? 
is  the  Strait  of  Messina  ? 
is  the  Strait  of  Bonefacio  ? 
is  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  ? 
is  the  Strait  of  Dover? 
is  the  Skager  Rack? 
is  the  Cattegat  ? 

CHANNELS. 


Where  is  the  English  Channel  ? 
Where  is  St.  George's  Channel  ? 
Where  is  Bristol  Channel  ? 
Where  is  North  Channel  ? 


Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Sark  and 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


\i»i 


ISLANDS. 

are  the  Luffoden  Islands  ? 

is  Iceland  ? 

are  the  Faroe  Islands  ? 

are  the  Shetland  and  Orkney  Isles  f 

are  the  Hebrides  or  Western  Islands  f 

are  the  Isle  of  Man  and  Anglesea  ? 

Wightr   ''^'"''^'  ''**  Guernsey,   Jersey,  Alderney, 

are  the  Scilly  Islands  ? 

are  Bellisle  and  the  Isle  of  Rhe  ? 

are  Tvica,  Majorca,  and  Minorca ? 

are  Sardinia,  Corsica,  and  Elba? 

are  the  Li  pari  Islands  ? 

is  the  Island  of  Sicily  ? 

is  Malta  or  Melita  ?  •  ♦ 

is  the  island  of  Candia? 


EUROPE. 


157 


Where  are  Cyprun  and  Rhodes  ? 

Where  are  Negropont,  Scio,  Samos,  Patmos? 

Where  are  the  Ionian  Islands  ? 

Where  are  Zealand  and  Funen  ? 

Where  are  Gothland,  Aland,  and  Oland  ? 


PENINSULAS. 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  C'rimea  ? 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Morea? 


MOUNTAIN?. 

Where  are  the  Dofrafield  Mountains  f 
Where  are  the  Pyrenees  ? 
Where  are  the  Alps  ? 
Where  are  the  Appenines  ? 
Where  are  the  Carpathian  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Heemus  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Ural  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Olouetz  Mountainn? 
Where  are  the  Cevennes  ? 
Where  are  the  Erzgeberg  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Sierra  Morena,   Toledo,   and  Cantabrian 
Mountains  ? 


VOLCANOES. 

Where  is  Mount  Etna? 
Whore  is  Mount  Vesuvius  ? 
Where  is  Mouat  Hecla  ? 


CAPES. 

Where  is  Capo  North  ?  Cape  Naze  ?  Land's  End  ?  Liz- 
ard Point  ?  Cape  Clear?  CapeLaHogue?  CapeOrtegal? 
Cape  Finisterre  ?  Cape  St.  Vincent?  Cape  Spartivento  T 
Capo  Matapan  ? 

Which  is  the  most  northerly  Cape  ?  n. 
Which  is  the  most  southerly  Cape?  t. 
Which  is  the  most  easterly  Cape?  n. 
Which  is  the  most  westerly  Cape  ?  c. 

What  is  the  length  of  the  Volga?— Danube?— Dneiper?— 
Don  ?— Rhi^e  ?— Dneister  ?— Dvvina  ?  Duna  ?  Rhone  ? 
Elbe?  Loirs  ?—Tagiis '  Vistula?  Niemen?— Weser  ?— 
Bog?      Save?      Oder?     Mezen?— Ebro?     Drave?     Po? 

14 


i 

I 


158  EUROPE. 

Duoro.''  Guadiaua:'  Oka?— Guadalqmvcr :»  Gdronne  » 
Glomnia  ?  Tornea  ?  Onega  ?— Seine  ?— Thames  ?  Donee  ^ 
Shannon?     Pruth  ?     Tiber?     Saone  ?     Minho  ?     Severn^ 


NORWAY. 


The  Malstrom. 
How  is  Norway  bounded  ?     ^Yhat  is  its  Capital  ? 

Norway  is  a  cold,  rugged,  mountainous,  and 
barren  country,  and  abounds  in  the  most  beauti- 
ful and  sublime  scenery. 

The  chief  wealth  of  Norway  consists  in  its  im- 
mense forests  of  pine,  which  furnish  vast  quanti- 
ties of  lumber  for  exportation,  and  in  its  fisheries, 
and  mines  of  iron,  copper,  and  silver. 

Norway  is  distinguished  for  the  *Malstrom,  a 
dreadful  whirlpool  on  its  coast.  It  can  be  heard 
at  a  great  distance,  and  is  so  violent,  that  every 
thing  which  comes  near  it,  is  drawn  in  and  dashed 
in  pieces. 

*  Ma^vrstrcom. 


EUROPE. 


159 


Garonne  ? 

» ?  Donee  ,■* 

Severn  ? 


pital  ? 

>us,  and 
t  beauti- 

in  its  im- 
t  quanti- 
isheries, 

itrom,  a 
le  heard 
It  every 
I  dashed 


View  of  the  North  Cape  ai  Midnight,  in  Summer.* 

Character.— The  Norwegians  are  honest,  brave,  and  indus- 
trious ;  and  generally  well  instructed  in  the  common  branch- 
es of  education.  _  . 

[Norway  was  formerly  an  independent  kingdom,  but  m 
1397,  it  was  annexed  to  Denmark,  and  in  1814  it  was  ceded 

to  Sweden.]  ,       ., 

Town*.— Bergen  is   finely  situated  for  trade,  and  is  the 

most  populous  and  commercial  town  in  Norway. 

Christiana  has  a  large  share  of  commerce,  and  is  the  most 

beautiful  and  pleasant  town  in  the  kingdom. 

Drontheim  has  a  g-ood  harbor,  and  considerable  trade.     It 

was  anciently  the  residence  of  the  Norwegian  kings. 

"What  Mountains  separate  Norway  from  Sweden?  d.— - 
How  many  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile?  [See  page  154.] 
What  is  the  principal  river  in  Norway  ?  g.  What  islands 
on  the  coast  of  Norway  ?  l.  What  whirlpool  on  the  coast  ? 
M.  Which  is  the  most  northerly  town?  d.  What  town  N. 
of  Bergen  ?  Loevig.  What  town  on  Christiana  Gulf,in  the 
60"  N.  latitude  ?  c.  What  town  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Glomma,  noted  for  the  death  of  (  harles  XII.  king  of  Swe- 
den ?  F.  What  Town  on  the  Skager  Rack  ?  c.   What  Town 

♦  In  the  northern  part  of  Norway,  the  sun  remainn  above 
the  horizon  for  several  weeks  in  summer,  and  below  it  or 
an  equal  length  of  time  in  tke  winter. 


I 

I 

I 

I 


160 

in  the  interior 
The  most  sout 
Stockholm? 


EUROPE. 


?  K.      Which  is  the   moHt  northerly  Cape  ? 
therly  ?     How  will  you   sail  from  Bergon  to 


J 


SWEDEN. 

How  IS  Sweden  bounded?     What  is  ils  Capital  ? 

Sweden  is  a  mountainous  country  ;  and  is  cel- 
ebrated for  the  number  of  its  lakes  and  rivers. 

f  he  wealth  of  Sweden  consists  principally  in 
Its  mmes  of  iron,  copper  and  lead;  and  in  its  ex- 
tensive  forests,  which  furnish  timber,  pitch,  tar 
and  turpentmo  in  large  quantities. 

The  winters  in  Sweden  are  long,  and  severely 
cold  ;  the  summers  are  short,  and  extremely 
warm.  The  soil  in  most  parts  is  unproductive, 
and  unfit  for  cultivation. 

Character.— ThB  Swedes  are  polite,  brave  and  hospitable  • 
and  are  distinguished  for  their  general  educatioji  and  moral! 

Tbif^m— Stockholm  is  situated  on  seven  rocky  islands  in 
the  strait  which  connects  lake  Malar  with  the  Baltic.  It  has 
a  sate  and  commodious  harbor,  and  an  extensive  trade. 

Oottenburg  is  well  situated  for  trade,  and  is  next  to  Stock- 
iiolm  m  commerce,  population  and  wealth.  It  is  the  seat  of 
o  an  n!r/  ft^^  India  Company,  and  its  commerce  extends 
loan  parts  of  l^uropo,  America  and  the  West  Indies. 

Carlscrona  has  a  largo  share  of  commerce,  and  is  the  prin- 
cipal station  of  the  Swedish  navy.  ^ 

What  are  the  2  principal  Rivers  in  Sweden  ?  d.  t.  Which 
are  the  3  prmcipal  Lakes?  w.  w.  andiMa-ldr.  What  Town 
on  the  Caltegat  ?  a.  V;hat2Towns  on  the  Baltic /cc 
Z\%l^r  \f,  l^oc^^-^-^  ?  ,.  What  Town  on  tl'^ 
rivei  Dal  ?  F.  What  4  towns  on  the  Gulf  of  Bothnia  ?  a 
u.  p.  T.  What  Town  in  the  western  part,  among  the  moun- 
tains ?  T  What  Town  in  the  southern  part,  on  the  sound  of 
Elsinore  ?  Malmo.     What  3  Islands  in  the  Baltic,   near  the 

S  :l  ^^::'  '''--     "-^  -"  ^-  -'  «•-  ^ck^ 


1/  [F^rg; 

I  andl 

I  '^ 

i  rein 

I  clotl 

I  In 

m  week 

I  time 

I  TI 


y  Cape  ? 
^ergon  to 


lal? 

I  is  cel- 
/ers, 
pally  in 
I  its  ex- 
ch,  tar 

3verely 
remely 
lUctive, 


ipitable  ; 
d  moral- 

;Iands  in 
.  It  has 
de. 

0  Stock- 
9  seat  of 

extends 

3. 

he  prin- 

Which 
t  Town 
J?  c.  c. 

1  on  the 
nia  ?  a. 
)  moun- 
oundof 
lear  the 

Stock- 


EUROPE. 
LAPLAND. 


IGl 


I 
f. 


Laplander  Travelling. 

Lapland  occupies  the  northern  part  of  Nor- 
way, Sweden  and  Russia.  It  is  a  cold,  gloomy, 
and  barren  region,  and  very  thinly  inhabited. 

The  principal  wealth  of  the  inhabitants,  is  the 
rein  deer,  which  supplies  them  with  food  and 
clothinff,  and  serves  also  as  a  beast  of  burden. 

In  the  northern  part,  the  sun  does  not  set  during  several 
weeks  in  summer,  and  does  not  rise  for  the  same  length    oi 

time  in  the  winter.  ,  . ■, 

The  Laplanders  are  under  no  regular  government,  and 
are  a  miserable,  ignorant  and  superstitious  race.  1  hey  live 
in  small  huts,  half  sunk  in  the  ground  ;  m  the  middle  of 
which  they  build  their  fire  and  sit  around  it  on  their  heels. 
They  place  their  food  on  the  ground,  and  eat  it  with  ttioir 
fingers.  In  the  winter  they  make  long  excursions  on  the  ice, 
in  sledges  drawn  by  rein  deer.  .      ^      i     j         j 

Tbt^m.— Kola  is   the  capital  of  Russian  Lapland ;  and 

Tornea,  of  Swedish  Lapland. 

What  are  the  2  principal  Rivers  in  Lapland  ?  a.  T.-What 
3 Towns  in  Lapland?  t.  o.  k.-How  will  you  sail  from 
Tornea  to  St.  Petersburg  ? 

14* 


10-2 


EUROPE. 


M 


RUSSIAN  EMPIRE. 

In  extent  of  Territory,  the  Russian  Empire  surpasses  all 
others  on  the  globe.  It  embraces  nearly  half  of  Eutope, 
more  than  one  third  of  Asia,  and  Iho  northwestern  part  of 
North  Ambrica. 


RUSSIA  IN  EUROPE. 

How  is  Russia  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 


Russia 


rally  a  level  country,  and  is  di 


generally  a  level  coun 
tinguished  for  its  vast  plains  and  majestic  rivers. 

The  northern  part  is  severely  cold  and  unpro- 
ciuctive;  the  southern  part  is  temperate,  and  pro- 
duces wheat y  rye,  oats,  barley^  and  Indian  corUy 
in  great  obundance. 

Russia  has  mines  of  silver,  copper  and  iron. 

The  commerce  of  Russia  is  very  extensive. 

It  is  carried  on  through  the  Caspian,  Black,  Bal- 
tic, and  White  Seas.  By  means  of  its  numerous 
rivers  and  canals,  goods  are  easily  conveyed 
through  all  parts  of  the  interior. 

The  common  method  of  travelling  in  winter, 
is  in  sledges,  or  in  small  houses  placed  on  sleds. 

Character. — The  Russians  are  hardy,  vigorous  and  patient 
of  labor;  but  extremely  rude,  ignorant  and  barbarous.  The 
lower  classes  are  slaves  to  the  nobles. 

Tbu'm.— St.  PETERSBurwG  was  founded  in  1704,  by  Peter 
the  Great.  It  is  distinguished  for  the  width  and  regularity  of 
its  streets,  and  the  general  miignificence  of  its  buildings. 

Cronstadt,  the  seaport  of  St.  Petersburg,  is  situated  20 
miles  distant,  on  an  inland  in  the  gulf  of  Finland,  and  is  the 
principal  station  of  the  Russian  navy. 

Moscow,  the  ancient  capital  of  Russia,  is  situated  on  the 
Moskwa.  It  was  burned  in  1812,  to  prevent  its  falling  into 
the  hands  of  the  French.  It  has  since  been  rebuilt,  and  is 
more  rcjyular  and  magnificent  ths?n  before. 


ill' 


What  are  the  2  principal  lakes  in  RHssia?  o.  r,.— Whal 


rpasses  aH 
f  Eutope, 
n    part   of 


tal? 

d  is  dis- 
z  rivers. 
1  unpro- 
ind  pro- 
in  coiiif 

iron. 
isive. — 
ck,  Bal- 
imerous 
)nveyed 

winter, 
sleds. 

id  patient 
us.     The 

by  Peter 
ularity  of 
ngs. 

uated  20 
nd  is  the 

d  on  the 
lling  into 
,  and   is 


r.UROPE. 


163 


2  rangca  of  Mountains  ?  o.  u.— W  hat  are  the  Rivers  of  Rus- 
sia'?     What  5  Seas  in  and  around  Russia?  c.  a.  b.  ^w.— 
What  town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Danube?  r.     What  2  Towns 
on  the  J3niester?  b.  a  -What  Seaport  on  the  Black  Sea?  o. 
What  4  Towns  on  the  Dnieper?  c.  K.  N.  s.—VViiat  Town 
on  the  Don?  T.-What    13  Towns   on   the    Volga  and   its 
branches?  A.  s.  *t.  o.  p    v.  k.  p.  n   m   k.  |t  j._-Whattown 
on  .he  Ural  ?  o  —What  Town  on  the  ^Patchora?  a— What 
Town  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mezen  ?  .t.-What  2  Towns  on 
the  river  Ousa  ?  o.    and  o.-What  3  Towns  on  the  Dwma  ? 
V   AT  -What  Town  on  the  Onega?  o.-What  3  rowns  m 
Finland^  w   a.  u -What  Town   on   the   Gulf  of  Fmland, 
memorable  for  the  first  battle  between  Peter  the  Great  and 
Charles  XII  ?  A.  Narva.     What  Town  on  the  Gu.f  of  Fin- 
land W   of  Narva?     A.  Revel.-What  Town  on  the   t.nlf 
of  Ri^a*^  H  -What  town  on  the  Duna  ?  p.     What  town  on 
the  Ntomen  ?     On  a  branch  of  the  Niemen  ?  w  -Wha^  town 

a  V"   rxf  Wilm  ?  M What  2  Towns  b.  *^.  ol  &t.  leicrs 

^^f,,"^  V -What  Town  in  Crimea?  K -What  Tribe  of 
C^s^acks  on  the  River  Don  >  D.  c.-Wbere  i.  Pultowa  mem 
orable  for  the   last  battle  between   Peter  the   Groat,  and 
Charles  XII.?     How  will  you  sail  from  St.  Petersburg  to 
Warsaw  ? 

polandT 

How  is  Poland  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Poland  was  formerly  a  large,  independent,  and 
powerful  kingdom,  but  since  1772  it  has  been  di- 
vided between  Prussia,  Austria,  and  Russia. 

In  1815,  a  small  portion  of  its  former  limits  was 
erected  into  a  kingdom,  and  is  governed  by  a 
viceroy  appointed  by  the  emperor  of  Russia. 

Poland  is  generally  a  level  country,  abounding 
in  extensive  marshes.  The  climate  is  cold,  but 
the  soil  is  productive. 

C/i«mder.— The  nobles  are  rude,  haughty,  and  illiteiaie  ; 
l^jio  Tiongantg  are  Door>  wretched  and  servile. 

Towns.— Warsaw  is  well  situated  for  commerce,  and  has 


*  Za-rit-zeen. 


I  Ver. 


X  Pe  k6  ra. 


164 


EUROPE. 


an  extensive  inland  trade.     It  presents  a  striking  contrast  of 
splendid  mansions  an^  miserable  hovels. 

Cracow  is  well  situated  on  ths  Vistula,  and  hasan  exten- 
sive  mland  trade.  In  1815,  Cracow,  with  a  small  territory 
adjacent,  was  constituted  a  free  state,  under  the  protection  of 
Russia,  Austria,  and  Prussia. 

Which  is  the  principal  river  of  Poland  ?  v.—What  three 
towns  m  Poland,  besides  the  capital?  p.  p.  l.— Where  is 
Cracow  ?    How  will  you  sail  from  Warsaw  to  Berlin  ? 

PRUSSIA. 
How  is  Prussia  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Prussia  was  formerly  a  small  state  of  Germa- 
ny ;  but  by  gradual  accession  of  territory,  it  has 
become  one  of  the  first  kingdoms  in  Europe. 

It  is  mostly  a  level  country  with  a  cold,  moist 
but  healthy  climate.  The  soil  is  various,  eeno- 
rally  better  adapted  to  grazing  than  cultivation. 

Ihe  most  celebrated  mineral  production  in 
Frussia  is  amber,  which  is  found  on  the  shores  of 
the  Baltic. 

Prussia  possesses  a  large  extent  of  territory  in 
the  western  part  of  Germany,  lying  on  both 
sides  of  the  Rhine,  and  bordering  on  the  king- 
dom  of  Netherlands.*  * 

Character.-The  higher  classes  are  generally  well  inform- 
ed,  polite,  and  extremely  fond  of  dress.  The  lower  cWs 
are  ignorant,  degraded,  and  superstitious.  As  a  nation  they 
are  distinguished  for  bravery  and  fondness  for  war  ^ 

2ou;n*.— Berlin   is  situated  on  the  river  Spree,  a  small 

^  fi^       ^]  u  ^'«^'»g"»shed  for  the  splendor  of  its  public 
edifices,  and  the  extent  of  its  manufactures 

Breslau    the  capital  of  Silesia,  is  a  beautiful  city,  and  is 
distinguished  for  its  manufacture  of  linen. 

*  See  the  map. 


•srz.' 


contrast  of 


asan  exten- 
all  territory 
rotection  of 


IVhat  three 
-Where  is 
srlin  ? 


il? 

Germa- 
y,  it  has 
rope, 
d,  moist, 
IS,  geno- 
Itivation. 
ction  in 
hores  of 

ritory  in 
on  both 
he  king- 

>11  in  form- 
er classes 
tion,  they 

S  a  small 
tl  cities  in 
its  public 

ty,  and  is 


EUROPE. 


165 


Whicli  are  the  3  principal  Rivers  in  PruRsia  ?  v.  o.  e.— 
XltV:  is  situate'd  on'the  Elbe  f  m  -What  3  on  the 
Oder  >  8.  P.  D.— What  town  on  the  Baltic.  ?  c.---What  Z 
ioTns  near  the  mouth  of  the  Vistula  ?  d.  k.-How  many 
square  miles  has  fPrussia  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Berlm  to 

Vienna  ? 

AUSTRIA.* 

How  is  Austria  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

The  Austrian  territory  was  formerly  of  small 
extent  ;  but  its  limits  have  been  mcreased  by 
treaty  and  conquest,  till  it  has  become  a  power- 

^" m^soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  the  climate 
mild  and  heahhy.  The  chief  productions  are 
^rain.winedind  olives.  , 

It  is  rich  in  minerals.  Hungary  is  distinguisli- 
ed  for  its  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver  and  copper  ; 
Illyria  for  its  mines  of  inercury ;  and  Galicia  tor 

^^xfe  Lt  mine's  of  Wielicza,  8  miles  S.  of  Cracow,  are  the 
most  celebrated  of  any  in  the  world  The  principal  mine  is 
more  than  a  mile  in  length,  about  lOOO   teet  broad,  and  800 

^^  C^amrfer.-The  nobles  of  Austria  are  ignorant,  haughty 
and  oppressive  ;  the  lower  classes  are  active,  moral,  and  in- 

^"?;LT-/tenna  is  the  largest  city  in  Austria,  and  has  an 
extensive  trade.  H  contains  many  magnificent  edihces,  and 
is  distinguished  for  science,  arts,  commerce  and  '•efnement 

Prague,  the  capital  of  Bohemia,  is  situated  on  the  Muldau, 
a  branch  of  the  Elbe.  It  has  the  oldest  university  in  Ger- 
many,  founded  in  1348.  It  is  noted  for  its  manufactures  of 
linens,  cottons,  and  silks.  ,c    cxr     •  «   ^« -^o 

Venice  is  situated  at  the  head^f  the  gulf  of  Venice,  on  >2 

'  *  Before  1804,  Austria  was  only  an  Archduchy;  it  was 
then  erected  into  an  empire  under  Fnn..i«  i.  who  up  lo  that 
period  was  emperor  of  Germany. 

i    Seethe  chart. 


•sc^ 


166 


EUROPE. 


I- 


small  islands,  which  are  connected  by  450  bridges.  It  was 
once  a  republic,  and  the  greatest  commercial  city  on  the 
globe.  Though  much  reduced,  it  still  retains  some  features 
of  its  ancient  greatness. 

Which  is  the  principal  river  in  Austria  ?  d.  What  3  branch- 
es has  the  Danube  ?  d.  s.  t.— What  river  forms  the  bounda- 
ry between  Austria  and  Italy  ?  p.— What  river  rises  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Austria  and  empties  into  the  North  sea  ? 
E.— What  4  towns  on  the  Danube  ?  v.  p.  b  p.— What  6 
towns  on  the  branches  of  the  Danube?  b.  a.  t.  t.  i.  o.— 
What  town  in  the  S.  E.  part  ?  h— In  the  N.  E.  ?  l.— What 
town  in  the  northern  part  memorable  for  the  imprisonment 
of  La  Fayette?  o.— What  town  on  the  Elbe?  p.— What 
2  towns  at  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice  ?  v.  t.— What  2 
towns  on  the  east  side  of  the  Gulf  of  Venice?  l.  r.— What 
town  on  the  Po,  celebrated  for  being  the  birth  place  of  Vir- 
gil ?  M.—What  2  towns  N.  of  Mantua,  on  the  Adige  river  ? 
t.  v.— What  t^jvn  in  the  western  part,  capital   of  Austrian 


Italy 


M. — What  mountains  in  Austria?  c.  b. — How   long 


are  the  Carpathian  Mountains  ?  How  many  square  miles  has 
Austria?  What  is  the  population*?  How  many  inhabitants 
to  a  square  mile  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Vienna  to  Berne? 

SWITZERLAND. 

How  is  Switzerland  bounded  ?     What  is  its  canilal  ? 

Switzerland  is  a  small,  romantic  country,  lying 
upon  the  Alps.  It  abounds  in  the  most  pictur- 
esque and  sublime  scenery,  and  is  the  most  ele- 
vated portion  of  Europe. 

The  highest  summits  of  the  Alps  are  covered 
with  glaciers,  or  fields  of  ice,  of  vast  extent  and 
magnificence.  Switzerland  has  almost  every  va- 
riety of  climate  and  soil. 

The  valleys  are  warm  and  extremely  oroduc- 
tive,  producing  the  vine,  grain,  and  various  kinds 
of  Jrmt.  The  chief  occupation  of  the  Swiss 
farmers,  is  the  raising  of  cattle. 

«  See  the  Chart.  ~ 


Cliaraa 
dustrious. 

Towns '■ 
antly  situi 

Geneva 
in  Switzei 
tiful  seem 
and  its  ex 

What 
A.  ConstB 
on  the  lal 
lake  Com 
stance  ?  i 
R.— Wha 
Kingdom 
Berne  to 


i 


Gern 
free  cit 
lowing, 

1.  T 


T 
T 
T 
T 
1 


2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 
wester 
river  li 
Nether 

The 
Brenie 

The  B 
dent,  ha 


■"'riM»im».^k^^ 


EUROPE. 


167 


B.  It  was 
ity  on  the 
le  features 

1 3  brcnch- 
e  bounda- 
ses  in  the 
^orthsea? 
—What  6 

,  T.  I.   O. — 

L.— What 
nsonment 
p.— What 
—What  2 
R.— What 
ce  of  Vir- 
ige  river  ? 
Austrian 
low  long 
miles  has 
•habitants 
to  Berne? 


lal  ? 

pictur- 
ost  ele- 

iovered 
ent  and 
ery  va- 

3roduc- 

is  kinds 

Swis55 


Cfiaracter.  The  Swiss  are  intelligent,  brave,  hardy,  and  in- 
dustrious, and  strongly  attached  to  their  native  soil. 

Towns. — Berne  is  a  large,  well  fortified  town,  and  is  pleas- 
antly situated  on  the  River  Aar,  n  branch  of  the  Rhine. 

Geneva  is  the  largest,  and  one  of  the  most  beautiful  cities 
in  Switzerland.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  picturesque  and  beau- 
tiful scenery,  and  ie  distinguished  for  its  literary  institutions 
and  its  extensive  manufacture  of  watches. 

What  Mountains  in  Switzerland?  a.— What 2  Lakes? 
A.Constance  and  Geneva.  What  town  m  the  S.  W.  part, 
on  the  lakeof  Geneva?  a.— What  town  in  theN.  E.  part  on 
lake  Constance  ?  c.  What  town  between  Berne  and  Con- 
stance ?  z.— What  River  passes  through  Lake  Constance  i 

R. What  river  through  Geneva    lake  ?    r. — What  small 

Kingdoms,   of  Switzerland  ?  s.— How  will  you  sail  from 
Berne  to  Frankfort-on-the-Maine  ? 

GERMANY. 

How  is  Germany  bounded  ?    Its  Capital  ? 

Germany  embraces  thirty-five  states,  and  four 
free  cities  ;  the  principal  of  which  are  the  fol- 
lowing,viz.^ — 


Capitals. 

Munich. 
Stuttgard. 

Dresden. 

Hanover. 
Carlsruhe. 


1.  The  Kingdom  of  Bavaria, 

2.  The  Kingdom  of  Wirtemberg, 

3.  The  Kingdom  of  Saxony, 

4.  The  Kingdom  of  Hanover, 

5.  The  Grand  Dutchy  of  Baden, 

6.  The  Prussian  Dominions,  which  lie  in  the 
western  part  of  Germany,  on  both  sides  of  the 
river  Rhine,  and  border  on  the  Kingdom  of  the 
Netherlands. 

The  four  free  cities  are  Hamburg,  Frankfort, 
Bremen,  and  Lubec. 

The  state?  and  free  cities  of  Germany,  although  indepen- 
dent, have  formed  a  union,  for  the  purposes  of  mutual  de- 


*     I 

n 


168 


EUROPE. 


fenue  and  proioctioii,  slylod,  "  The  coal'ederalion  of  the  sov- 
ereigns and  free  towns  of  Germany."  The  general  concerns 
of  the  confederation  are  confided  to  a  Federative  Diet,  which 
holds  its  sessions  at  Frankfort-^»>-the-Maine. 

[The  states  are  bound  to  defend  each  other  in  case  of  for- 
eign invasion  ;  and  engage  not  to  make  war  upon  one  an- 
other, but  to  submit  their  differences  to  the  decision  of  the 
Federative  Diet.] 

The  northern  part  of  Germany  is  level ;  the  southern  is 
hilly  and  mountainous.  The  soil  in  most  parts  is  fertile,  and 
the  climate  mild  and  salubrious.  Germany  is  celebrated  for 
its  mines  of  silver,  copper^  tin,  sinc^  and  coal. 

Character. — Tiio  Germans  are  grave,  industrious  and  per- 
severing, and  aic  distinguished  for  their  proficiency  in  the 
arts  and  sciences. 

Town.t. — Frankfort  is  a  free  city,  situated  on  the  Maine, 
a  branch  of  the  Rhi^iC.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  extensive 
commerce,  and  for  being  the  permanent  seat  of  the  Federa- 
tive Diet. 

Hamburg  is  the  first  commercial  city  in  Germany,  and  is 
distinguished  for  iU  charitable  and  humane  institutions. 

"What  5  Rivers  in  Germany  ?  u.  r,.  w.  e.  d. — In  what  part 
of  Germany  is  Saxony  ?  e. — What  is  its  capital  ?  d. — What 
other  town  in  Saxony  ?  l. — In  what  part  is  Bavaria  ?  s-e. — 
What  is  its  Capital  ?  m. — In  what  part  is  Wirtemburg  ?  s. — 
What  is  its  Capital  ?  s.—In  what  part  is  Baden  j*  s-w. — 
What  is  its  Capital  ?  »c. — In  what  part  is  Hanover  ?  n. — 
What  is  its  Capital  ?  h.  What  other  town  in  Hanover  ?  o. 
— In  what  part  are  the  Prussian  possessions  ?  Western  part. 
What  town  in  the  Prussian  possessions  ?  A.  Cologne.f 
Where  are  the  4  free  cities  ?  Lubec  is  in  the  northern  part, 
near  the  Baltic.  At  which  of  the  free  cities  does  the  Federa- 
tive Diet  hold  its  sessions  ?  Fi — How  will  you  sail  from 
J'rankfort  to  Copenhagen  ? 

DENMARK. 

How  is  Denmark  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Denmark  consists  principally  of  the  peniiibula 
of  Jutland,  and  the  islands  of  Zealand  and  Fmjen. 


*  Carls  ro6ee. 


t  Co-lo. 


EUROPE. 


169 


i 


1  oi'  the  80V- 
ral  concerns 
Diet,  which 

case  of  for- 
ipon  one  an- 
;ision  of  the 

southern  is 
s  fertile,  and 
ilebrated  for 

)us  and  per- 
iency  in  the 

1  the  Maine, 
its  extensive 
the   Fedcra- 

lany,  and  is 
Lutions. 


In  what  part  I 
;?  D.— What  Ll 
aria  ?  s-e. — 
nburg  ?  s. — 
en  j*  s-w. — 
nover  ?  n. — 
PJanover  ?  g. 
'estern  part. 
i.  Cologne.f 
Drthern  part, 
!  the  Federa- 
)u   sail  from 


apital  ? 

peniiibula 
nd  Ftujen. 


It  IS  generally  a  level  and  fertile  cuuntry,  with 
a  moist  but  healthy  climate. 

Denmark  is  well  situated  for  trade  and  has  an 
extensive  conmierce.  Its  exports  consist  princi- 
pally oi  grain  and  cattle, 

Iceland  and  the  Faroe  Islands  belong  to  Denmark.— Ice- 
land is  a  cold,  barren,  and  mountainous  island,  and  is  cele- 
brated for  its  volcanoes  and  for  its  hot  springs,  called  Geysers, 
which  often  spout  hot  water  to  the  height  of  150  feet. 

Character. — The  Danes  are  moral,  intelligent,  industrious 
and  hospitable. 

Towns. — CopENHAGisN  is  situated  on  the  east  shore  of  the 
Island  of  Zealand.  It  is  one  of  the  best  built  cities  in  Eu- 
rope, and  has  a  good  harbor,  and  an  extensive  commerce. 

Elsinore  is  situated  on  the  island  of  Zealand,  20  miles  N. 
of  Copenhagen.  It  is  distinguished  for  being  the  place 
where  all  foreign  ships  that  trade  to  the  Baltic,  pay  toll. 

What  is  the  Strait  called  between  Zealand  and  Sweden  ? 
A.  The  Sound.  Between  Zealand  and  Funen  ?  A.  The 
Great  Belt.  Between  Funen  and  the  peninsula  of  Jutland  ? 
A.  The  Little  Belt.  What  canal  connects  the  Baltic  with 
the  North  Sea?  A.  The  canal  of  Kiel.  What  town  in  the 
northern  part  ?  v. — What  town  in  the  southern  part?  k. — 
What  Islands  belong  to  Denmark  ?  f.  and  i. — ^What  2 towns 
in  Iceland  ?  H.  s.  -  What  volcano  in  the  southern  part  ?  h. 
How  high  is  iVIt.  Hecla  ?  What  is  a  volcano  ?  What  re- 
markable Springs  in  Iceland  ?  What  2  small  Islands  in  the 
North  Sea,  near  Denmark  ?  s.  h. — How  many  square  miles 
has  Denmark  i**  What  is  the  population?  How  many  in- 
habitants to  a  square  mile  ?t  How  will  you  sail  from  Co- 
penhagen to  Amsterdam  ? 

NETHERLANDS. 

How  is  Netherlands  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Netherlands  is  the  most  level  country  in  Eu- 
rope, and  near  the  coast  the  land  is  lower  than 
the  sea.  To  prevent  its  being  overflowed,  the 
inhabitants  have  erected  high  mounds  or  dikes. 


i.tc« 


*  See  the  chart. 


15 


t  See  page  154. 


f  i 

1 


U 


170 


EUROPE. 


The  soil  is  extremely  rich,  and  highly  cultiva- 
ted, producing  maize,  flax,  madder,  and  good  pas- 
turage. 

The  climate  in  most  parts  is  cold,  and  damp  ; 
but  is  generally  healthy,  especially  in  the  inte- 
rior. 

Netherlands  is  distinguished  for  its  numerous 
canals,  which  serve  the  same  purpose  as  roads  in 
other  countries. 

The  Dutch  formerly  were  the  most  commercial  nation  in 
the  world,  but  since  the  French  revolution,  their  commerce 
has  considerably  decreased.  They  are  distinguished  for 
their  agriculture,  and  for  the  extent  and  variety  of  their  man- 
ufactures. 

Character. — The  Dutch  are  honest,  patient  and  persever- 
ing ;  and  remarkable  for  their  industry,  frugality  and  neat- 
ness. 

Towns. — Amsterdam  is  built  in  a  low  marshy  spot,  on  an 
arm  of  the  Zuider  Zee.  It  is  the  richest,  most  populous,  and 
commercial  city  of  the  Netherlands,  and  is  the  seat  of  nu- 
merous manufactures. 

Brussels  is  a  large,  splendid,  and  wealthy  city,  in  the  south- 
ern part  of  Netherlands  ;  and  is  distinguished  for  its  manu- 
factures of  lace,  camlets  and  carpets. 


I 


What  2  cities  in  the  western  part  of  Netherlands  ?  h.  a. — 
What  City  in  the  southern  part,  on  the  river  Maes  ?  l.— 
What  City  W.  of  Liege,  memorable  for  the  decisive  battle 
between  the  armies  of  Bonaparte  and  Lord  Wellington  in 
1815?  w— What  City  in  the  S.  W.  part  on  the  Scheldt, 
memorable  for  the  treaty  of  peace  signed  hero  between  G. 
Britain  and  the  United  States,  in  1814?  c— Which  is  the 
principal  River  in  Netherlands  f  r. — What  is  the  population  ? 
What  is  the  density  of  the  population  ?  Which  has  the 
greatest  latitude,  Amsterdam  or  this  place  ?  What  direction 
from  lis  is  Amsterdam  ?  How  will  you  sail  from  Amster- 
dam to  Paris  f 


i 


I 


cultiva- 
ood  pas- 

I  damp ; 
the  inte- 

iimerous 
roads  in 

nation  in 
commerce 
Liished  for 
their  mau- 

pcrsever- 
and  neat- 
pot,  on  an 
ulous,  and 
aat  of  nu- 

the  south- 
its  rnanu- 


?  H.  A. — 
aes  ?  L. — 
ive  battle 
ling'ton  in 
;  Scheldt, 
5twecn  G. 
icli  is  the 
)puIation  ? 
I  has  the 
t  direction 
Amster- 


EUROPE. 
FRANCE. 


171 


Gathering  Grapes. 
How  is  France  bounded?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

France  is  the  most  beautiful  and  delightful 
country  in  Europe,  and  is  distinguished  for  the 
fertility  of  its  soil,  and  the  mildness  of  its  climate. 

It  is  generally  level,  and  produces  wheat,  maize, 
barley,  vines,  mulberries,  olives,  and  most  kinds  of 
fruit. 

France  has  a  large  share  of  commerce ;  and  is 
noted  for  its  silks,  woollen  goods,  brandy  and 
wines. 

The  island  of  Corsica  belongs  to  France,  and  is  celebrated 
as  the  birth  place  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte. 

Character. — The  French  are  polite,  gay,  active  and  indus- 
trious, and  celebrated  for  their  proficiency  in  the  arts  and 
sciences. 

Towns. — Paris  is  pleasantly  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
river  Seine  ;  and  for  splendor,  magnificence,  and  gayety,  it 
exceeds  any  city  in  the  world.  It  is  noted  for  the  extent  and 
value  of  its  libraries,  and  literary  institutions,  and  for  the 
number  and  variety  of  its  amusements. 

j^yuiis,  luc  ScCtJuu  i^iiy  iss  r  la^icc,  ja  niiuaicu  at.  t-ii'-  j^. t..  i.--.. 


172 


EUROPE. 


of  the  Rhone  and  '''Saone. 
noted  for  the  manufartu)  u 


Tt  hflR  an  oxtensive  trade,  and  ia 


Which  are  the  6  pi  ucijiai  ilivers  in  France  ?  g.  l.  s.  r.  s. 
R. — What  mountains  separate  France  from  Spain  ?  p.— How 
long  are  the  Pyrennees  ?  What  IVlountains  in  the  S.  E.  part? 
c. — Which  is  the  most  S.  VV.  City  in  France:*  b. — What  2 
Cities  on  the  Garonne  ?  b.  t. — What  3  Cities  on  the  Bay  of 
Biscay  ?  r.  r.  l-o. — What  5  Cities  on  '1*^  Luii^  ?  n.  t.  o,  n. 
c. — Which  is  the  most  western  City  in  France  ?  b — What  2 
Cities  on  the  English  Channel  ?  St.  b.  and  c. — What  "2  Cities 
on  the  Seine  ?  p.  r. — What  Town  on  the  Strait  of  Dover  ? 
o. — What  Town  on  the  border  of  the  Netherlands  ?  i.  — 
What  City  S.  of  Lille  ?  a.— What  2  Towns  on  the  Moselle, 
a  branch  of  the  Rhine  ?  n.  m. — What  Town  on  the  Rhine  ? 
s. —  What  City  at  the  junction  oftho  Saone  and  Rhone  ?  l. — 
WJiat  3  Cities  on  the  Rhone."  v.  a.  n. — What  seaport  on 
the  Mediterranean  t. — What  large  seaport  on  the  Gulf  of 
Lyons  ?  m  — What  inland  Town  in  the  southern  part,  dis- 
tinguished for  its  healthy  situation  •*  M. — How  will  you  sail 
from  Paris  to  London? 


BRITISH  EMPIRE* 

The  British  Empire  consists  of  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and 
the  adjacent  islands,  together  with  numerous  foreign  pos- 
sessions in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  America. 

It  is  the  most  powerful  tmpiro  on  the  globe,  and  is  distin- 
guished for  the  extent  of  its  commerce  and  maim  factu res,  for 
its  vast  and  powerful  navy,  and  for  the  intelligence,  enter- 
prise, and  activity  of  its  inhabitants. 

How  is  the  island  of  Great  Hrilain  divided  ? 
In  vvh;it  part  of  the  island  is  Scotland  ? 
In  what  part  of  the  island  is  Wales? 
In  what  part  of  the  island  is  England  ? 

*  Sone» 


rade,  utid  ia 


J*    Ij*    3*   K*  9* 

?  p.— How 
S.  E.  part  ? 
I.— What  2 
the  Bay  of 

N.  T.  o.   N. 

i— What  2 
bat  2  Cities 
of  Dover  ? 
mds  ?  1.  — 
iio  Moselle, 
;he  Rhine  ? 
hone  ?  L. — 

seaport  on 
ho  Gulf  of 

part,  dis- 
ill  you  sail 


reiand,  and 
>reign  pos- 

d  is  distin- 
actures,  for 
(ice,  enter- 


E1TROPE. 
ENGLAND. 


173 


St.  Paul's  Church. 
How  is  England  bounded  ?     What  is  its  capital  ? 

England  is  a  fruitful  and  highly  cultivated 
country,  and  is  distinguished  for  its  extensive 
comnfierce,  numerous  canals,  and  for  the  extent, 
variety  and  value  of  its  manufactures. 

Its  surface  is  agreeably  diversified  with  hills 
and  plains,  and  abounds  in  the  most  beautiful  and 
delightful  scenery. 

The  soil  is  extremely  fertile,  and  produces 
wheaty  barley,  oats,  peas,  beans,  SfC.  and  good 
pasturage. 

The  climate  is  milf\  moist,  and  variable,  and 
is  less  subject  to  extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  than 
that  of  any  other  country  in  the  same  latitude. 

The  mineral  productions  of  England  are  nu- 
merous, the  most  valuable  of  which  are  coal,  cop- 
per, tin,  iron  and  lead. 

Character.— The.  English  are  intelligent,  brave,  industrious 
and  enterprising ;  but  possess  great  national  pride. 

15* 


\u 


ft 


P.VROVP.. 


Towns. — r^ONT»ON,  the  motropoIiH  oflliA  flritiNli  Em^iire,  is 
lituatedon  the  Thames,  60  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  is  tho 
most  populous  city  in  Europe  ;  and  ia  commerce,  manufac- 
tures, and  wealth,  it  is  the  first  city  on  the  gloho.  It  contains 
many  magnificent  buildings,  and  is  distinguished  for  its  nu- 
merous literary  and  charitable  institutions. 

Liverpool  is  situated  on  the  Merwey  ;  and  by  means  of  ca- 
nals it  is  connected  with  the  principal  manufacturing  towns 
in  the  interior.  It  is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  towns  in 
England  ;  and  in  commerce  and  wealth,  it  is  second  only  to 
London. 

Bristol  is  a  large,  llotirishing  and  commercial  city,  situated 
on  the  Avon,  4  miles  iVytn  its  junction  with  the  Severn.  It 
is  noted  for  the  number  of  its  charitable  institutions. 

Portsmouth,  situated  on  the  English  channel,  is  the  chief 
naval  station  of  the  British  Empire.  Its  harbor  is  sufficient 
to  contain  the  whole  British  navy. 


What  2  Capes  S.  W.  of  En^rJand  ?  What  cluster  of  Isl- 
ands  near  Land's  End  ?  s. — What  Islands  in  the  English 
Channel  belong  to  England  f  Guernsey,  Jersey,  AlJerney, 
Sark  and  Wight.  What 2  Islands  in  the  Irish  Sea?  a.  m.— 
What  2  Ports  on  the  English  Channel  ?  p.  p.— What  Town 
on  the  Thames  ?  l.— Which  is  the  most  easterly  Town  in 
England  ?  n.— How  is  Bristol  .situated  ?  What  Town  near 
it?  B. — ITow  is  Liverpool  situateci  ?  In  what  direction  from 
Liverpool  is  Leeds,  noted  for  its  woollen  manufncluns?  \n 
what  direction  from  Liverpool  is  Birmingham,  distinguished 
for  its  hardware  manufactures  ?  What  2  Cities:!  on  the  Hum- 
ber,  in  the  N.  E  part  ?  y.  h.  What  Town  in  !he  northern 
part,  near  the  North  Sea,  famous  for  its  trade  in  coals?  n. — 
What  Town  near  the  boundary  between  England  and  Scot- 
land? c. — In  what  direction  from  London  is  Oxf(»rd,  cele- 
brated for  its  Univelfsity  ?  What  Strait  between  F  ance  and 
England  ?  d. — What  4  channels  around  the  British  Isles  ? 
How  many  square  miles  has  the  British  Empire  ?  What  is  the 

population  ?     How   many  inhabitants  to  a  square  mile  ? 

Mow  will  you  sail  from  London  to  Edinburgh  ? 

WALES. 

Mow  is  Wales  bounded  ? 


Wales  is  a  mountainous  country,  generally  re- 


KIT  ROPE. 


nri 


Empire,  is 

It  is  tho 

manufar- 

[t  contaiiiH 

or  its   nu- 

jans  of  ca- 

ing  towns 

towns  in 

1(1  only  to 

^  situated 
ivern.      tt 

IS. 

tJio  chief 
sufficient 


er  of  Isl- 
>  EnglisJt 
\.lJerney, 

?    A.  M,— 

lat  Town 
Town  in 
own  near 
tion  from 
'.res?  \n 
nguished 
he  Hum- 
northern 
lis?  N. — 
id  Scot- 
rd,  cele- 
ance  and 
ih  Isles? 
hat  is  the 
mile  ?— 


semhling  Tinoflana    in   rlimnte,  soil    and  profltic- 

tions.  ,     I .    tc^gict  I 

Wales  was  conriuorod  and  united  to    England  in  lU^J,  i>3' 

Edward  I.  _  .  ,    i   r.  •  r- 

The  eldest  son  of  the  King  of  England  la  styled  rnnco  of 

Wales. 

Char(irlcr.—T\w  Welch  arc  the  ilescendants  of  the  ancient 
Britons.     They  are  a  passionate,  hirt  honest,  bravo  and  hos 
pitable  people.  ^ 

What  Channels,  of  Wales?  b— Whi.t  Channel  hrtvvoen 
Wales  an.I  Ireland?   What  Island  near  the  northern  part  of 
Wales,  distinguished  for  its  mines  of  copper?  a.— What  t 
Towns  in  Wales  ?  St.  a.  and  St.  d. 

SCOTLAND. 


FingaVs  Cave  in  Si'iffa. 
How  is  Scotland  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

The  nortJwrn  part  of  Scotland,  called  the 
HiMands,  is  a  cold,  mountainous,  and  barren 
country  ;  the  sovthern  part,  termed  the  Lowlands, 
IS  agreeably  divoiSHHiri  witu  mils  «i.vx  [.?.!. -s-. 


illy  re- 


176 


EUROPE. 


is  noted  for  the  miWness  of  its  climate,  and  the 
fertihty  of  its  soil. 

The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
barley,  ^*c.  The  most  important  minerals  are 
coal,  iron,  and  lead. 

The  principal  islands  belonginjrto  Scotland,  are  the  Ork- 
ney, Shetland,  and  iiebrides  or  Western  Isles 

fn  Staffa,  one  of  the  Western  isles,  is  a  remarkable  cav- 
ern ol  great  extent,  called  Fingal's  ( lave.     It  is  supporte.l  on 

fnn  I  «'  f  ^  7"^''i  '^^^oJ""^"^'  an^  roofed  by  the  bottoms  of 
fcucli  as  liave  been  broken  away. 

nn^lnr"''"^'""^''^  ^cotch  are  temperate,  industrious,  hardy, 
and  enterpriznig,  and  arc  disthiguished  for  their  general  ed- 
ucation and  morality.  K"""iuieu 

7Wn5._  Edinburgh  is  situated  2  miles  f.om  the  Firth  of 
Wh  hilh  W"''?"""^"?  T  5^."  ^'^"«'  ^^^^Pt  the  north,  by 
ted  a«  \  'V^'^^^^^y  ^""^'  '^"^  ^'"^^  *°"g  l^een  «el«bra- 

nort  nf  r  i-'k^  of  science  and  literature.  Ldth  is  the  sca- 
Forth        ^^  ^'^  '  situated  2  miles  distant,  on  the  Firth  of 

m.n&rJ'^''!,"''^"^  °"  ^^^  "^"'  Clyde,  and  in  population, 
manufactures  and  commerce,  is  the  first  city  in  Scotland. 

oftco-rand  '  Tt  t>'  ^''''^^\^Y'^  i«  theVincipal  seaport 
merce  ""  ^"'"'^  '''''''°''  ^"'^   ''^   extensive  co.n- 

M  ~ma?rh«n  '  f  ['''•'  inlhT^astern  part  of  Scotland  ?  r. 
lllT^^  w  ^h  "f/  between  Scotland  and  Ireland  ?  What 
Town  Af  ^^ri""^'  How  is  Edinburgh  situated  ?  W  la 
lanufa^iul;  nf  r'^'^^'VS'^'  ^"  '''«  '^^3^'  distinguished  for  its 
A -Whit  Tnf  ""ll  r.-What  Town  on  the  North  Sea  ? 
A  —What  Town  on  Murnw  Firth  ?  i.— What  Town  l,^  r 
Inverness' n w»,o4  n^        j ^  ^n.n  .  \.      vvnai  lown  *,.  ©1 

land'  w  h7-^^ '''''"  '"  ^he  northern  part  of  Scot- 
land? w.-How  18  Glasgow  situated  ?    What  Town  S    F 

liL^^s'^T"  W&f  ^i''^^  '''  -anufactures'of  cotton  and 
/rplace  r  w1^  W^^  ?''''>^'  ^'"*'t"^«'  Edinburgh  or 


,  and  the 

rye,  oats, 
!rals   are 

>  the  Ork- 

table  cav- 
l»portecl  on 
bottoms  of 

>us,  hardy, 
fonoral  ed- 

e  Firth  of 
north,  hy 
n  celebra- 
is  the  sca- 
e  Firth  of 

opulalion, 
tiand. 
il  seaport 
sive  coin- 


itland  ?  V. 
I  ?  What 
id  ?  What 
hed  for  its 
orth  Sea  ? 
•wn  E.  of 
of  iScot- 
wn  S.  E. 
otton  and 
iburgh  or 
jh?  How 


KIIUOPR. 
IIIKI.ANI). 


177 


GianCs  Canseway. 


How  is  Ireland  bounded  ?      WhAl  is  its  Capital  ? 

Ireland  is  a  beautiful  and  fertile  island,  agreea- 
bly diversified  with  hills  and  plains. 

Ireland  is  distinguished  for  its  extensive  hogs 
and  morasses,  which  cover  one  tenth  of  its  sur- 
face,  and  are  wholly  unfit  for  cultivation. 

The  climate  is  mild,  moist,  and  healthy,  but 
subject  to  frequent  changes. 

The  principal  productions  ar6  potatoes,  oats, 
grass,  and  jhiT..  The  chief  articles  of  export  and 
manufacture,  are  linens  and  muslins. 

The  Giant's  Causeway,  on  the  nortliern  coast,  is  one  ol 
the  irroatcst  curiositios  in  the  British  Empire.  It  consists  of 
several  hnndred  thonsand  columns  of  basaltic  rock,  rising 
from  2  to  400  feet  above  the  surface  of  the  water. 

Ckaracle.r.-~'V\\&  Irish  iti  <rP"«ral  are  quick  of  apprehen- 
sion, active,  biave,ana  boapitable  ;  but  pasaiouate,  l|^orant, 
vain,  and  Huperatitioiis. 


178 


EUROPE. 


View  of  Dublin  Harbor. 
^  Town's.— DvBUiH  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  river  Lif- 
iey  ;  ami  ni  extent  and  population,  it  is  the  second  city  in 
the  British  Lmpire.  It  contains  many  magnificent  build- 
ings, and  has  one  of  the  most  beautiful  harbors  in  Europe, 

Cor,L  IS  the  second  city  in  Ireland,  for  size,  riches  and  im- 
portance ;  and  possesses  more  foreign  trade  than  any  other 
port  m  the  island. 

I.ipveiick,  situated  on  the  Shannon,  is  one  of  the  most 
flounshing  towns  in  Ireland.  It  is  distinguished  for  its  ex- 
tensive manufactures  and  commerce. 

What  Town  iu  the  north  of  Ireland  ?  l.  What  Town  on 
the  northeaf  torn  part  on  the  Irish  Sea  ?  b.  How  is  Dublin 
situated  What  Town  in  the  interior,  S.  W.  of  Dublin  ?  k. 
What  3  Towns  m  the  southern  part  of  Ireland  ?  w.  c.  k.— 
VVhat  2  Towns  in  the  western  part?  l.  o.  What  is  the  prin- 
w^i  .i'^^^u  »"V^'an<l'  s.  What  Sea  east  of  Ireland  ?  i. 
What  2  Channels  on  the  coast  of  Ireland  i  How  will  vou 
sail  from  Dublin  to  Lisbon  ?  ^ 


PORTUGAL. 
Flow  is  Portugal  bounded  ?    What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Portugal  is  a  small  and  fertile  kingdom,  and  is 
noted  ii)r  its  mild,  pleasant,  and  healthy  climate. 


wines. 


EUROPE. 


179 


^^ 


river  Lif- 
id  city  in 
snt  build- 
Rurope, 
s  and  im- 
any  other 

the  most 
for  its  ex- 


Tov/n  on 
is  Dublin 
ublin  ?  K. 
iV.  c.  K. — 

the  prin- 
eland  "?  i. 

will  you 


The  principal  productions  are  vines,  olives, 
lemons,  Jigs  and  grain.  The  chief  exports  are 
wines,  salt  and  uy)ol.  . 

Agriculture  and  manufactures  are  in  a  back- 

"v'lrd  state 

*  Chnracler.— The  Portuguese  are  friendly  and  hospitable  ; 

but  ignorant,  haughty,  and  superstitious. 

Towns.— LiBBOti  is  built  on  several  small  hills  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tagus.  It  was  nearly  destroyed  in  1755,  by  an  earth- 
quake, but  it  has  since  been  rebuilt.  It  has  a  considerable 
share  of  commerce,  and  the  best  harbor  m  Europe. 

Oporto  is  situated  on  the  Duero,  and  is  the  second  com- 
mercial town  in  Portugal.  It  is  noted  for  its  strong  wmes, 
called  Port.  

What  3  B/.ver«  pass  through  Portugal  ?  g.  t.  d.  What 
Cape  has  l.rtugal  ?  St.  v.  What  City  in  the  S.  part  ?  I<  aro. 
wTatCUy  S.of  Lisbon?  St.  u.  What2Tovvnsm  the  N. 
part  ?     How  will  >  ou  sail  from  Lisbon  to  Madrid  ? 

SPAIN. 


IS 


I,  and 
limate. 


Bull  Fizhts. 
Hovv  IS  Spaui  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  !' 


180 


liUROPE. 


Spa 


m  IS  gene 


rally  a  mountainous  country  and 

scenery. 


abounds  in  beautiful  and  rornant 

The  climate  is  mild  and  pleasant  in  the  north 
but  warm  and  unhealthy  iji  the  south.  The  soil 
is  generally  fertile,  especially  in  the  southern 
part ;  and  produces  wheat,  maize,  barley,  silk,  oil 
und  fruits  in  abundance. 

Great  attention  is  given  to  the  raising  of  Meri- 
no sheep,  which  produce  the  finest  wool  in  Eu- 
rope. Agriculture  and  maiiufactures  are  much 
neglected,  and  the  commerce  of  Spain  is  chiefly 
carried  on  by  other  nations. 

Tlie  most  noted  curiosily  of  Spain,  is  Montscrrat,  20  miles 
N.  W.  of  Barcelona.  It  rises  in  the  form  of  a  sugar  loaf,  to 
the  height  of  3,3U0  feet,  and  is  inhabited  by  tliousands  of 
monks. 

The  moat  favorite   amusement  of  the  Spaniards    is  hull 
Jighls ;  and  ahnost  every  town  has  an  amphitheatre  erected 
for  this  purpose. 

Character. — The  Spaniards  are  temperate,  grave,  polite, 
and  faithful  to  their  word,  but  ignorant,  proud,  superstitions, 
and  revengeful. 

Towns. — Madrid  is  situated  on  the  *Mrti/anares,  a  small 
branch  of  the  Tagus.  It  has  neither  commerce,  nor  manu- 
factures, and  is  important,  only  as  the  capital  of  Spain.  It 
is  the  most  elevated  cdpital  in  Europe,  being  about  half  a 
mile  higher  than  the  level  of  the  sea. 

Cadiz  is  situated  on  tiie  island  of  Leon,  and  is  the  first 
commercial  city  in  Spain.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  and 
is  the  centre  of  trade  for  America  and  the  West  Indies. 


What  are  the  rivers  of  Spain  ?  k.  g.  g.  t.  d.  m.  What  3 
Capes  has  Spain  ?  o.  f.  t.  W  hat  Mountains  between  France 
and  Spain  ?  p.  What  3  ranges  of  Mountains  in  Spain?  s.  m. 
T.  c.  What  6  Towns  on  the  Mediterranean?  b.  v.  d.  c.  a.  m. 
What  British  fortress  on  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar  ?  g.  How 
is  Cadiz  situated  ?  What  City  on  the  Guadalquivcr  ?  s.— ■ 
What  town  on  a  bianch  of  the  Guadalquivcr,  formerly  the 


a-za  n4-reets'. 


EUROPE. 


181 


rilry  and 

le  north, 
The  soil 
southern 
,  silkf  oil 

of  Merl- 
in Eu- 
e  much 
3  chiefly 

.,  20  miles 
Lr  loaf,  to 
usands  of 

la  is  bvJl 
re  erected 

I'o,  polite, 
erstitioiis, 

s,  a  small 
lor  manu- 
spain.  It 
)ut  half  a 

s  the  first 
Lrbor,  and 
idies. 

What  3 
m  France 
ain?  s.  M. 

D.  c.  A.  M. 

(3.  Mow 
iTcr?  s,- — 
iiierly  llie 


residence  of  the  Moorish  kings?  a.  What  Town  on  the 
Guadiana  ?  b.  What  2  Towns  on  the  Tagus  ?  t.  t.  What 
2  Cities  between  the  Tagus  and  Duero  ?  m.  s.  What  2  Ci- 
ties on  the  Duero  ?  b.  v.  On  the  Ebro  ?  8.  t.  What  City 
on  a  branch  of  the  Ebro.-'  m.  What  City  between  the  Duero 
and  Cantabrian  Mountains?  l.  What  2  cities  between  the 
Cantabrian  Mountains  and  the  Bay  of  Biscay  ?  b.  o. — 
What  2  ports  in  the  N.  W.  part  of  Spain  ?  Corunna  ond 
Ferrol.  What  other  Town  in  Spain?  m.  What  3  Islands 
near  Spain  ?  i.  m.  m.  How  many  square  miles  has  Spain  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Madrid  to  Rome? 


ITALY. 


El  up  lion  of  Mount  Vesuvius. 
How  is  Italy  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ?  ii. 

li^ly  is  one  of  the  m<  _t  beautiful  and  interesting 
countries  in  Europe,  and  is  distinguislied  for  the 
fertihty  of  its  soil,  the  mildness  and  serenity  of  its 
air,  and  for  the  beai'/  nud  diversity  of  its 
scenery.  Italy  was  once  iiie  ?arden  of  Europe, 
the  parent  of  tlie  arts  and  sciences,  and  mistress 
oi  the  world  ;  but  owing  to  the  indolence  of  the 

16 


182 


EUROPE. 


inhabitants,  it  is  now  one  of  the  most  feeble  and 
powerless  divisions  of  Europe. 

Italy  contains  the  most  splendid  specimens  of 
painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture  ;  and 
abounds  with  the  remains  of  ancient  monuments, 
such  as  ainphitheatres,  triumphal  arches,  ruins  of 
temples,  bridges,  aqueducts,  6fC. 

The  principal  productions  of  Italy  are  grain, 
vines,  olives,  fruits,  silks,  and  maihle.  Agricul- 
ture is  in  a  very  backward  state,  and  commerce 
and  manufactures  receive  but  little  attention. 

Italy  is  divided  into  a  number  of  small  states,  the  principal 
of  which  are  the  following,  viz  — 1.  The  Kingdom  of  Naples, 
in  the  southern  part,  which  includes  the  island  of  Sicily. 
Capital,  Naples. 

2.  The  Roman  States,  or  the  Pope's  Dominions,  in  the 
middle.     Capital,  Rome. 

3.  The  Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany,  northwest  of  the  Roman 
States,  dependent  on  Austria.     Capital,  Florence. 

4.  The  Republic  of  St.  Marino,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
Ronjan  States,  under  the  protection  of  the  Pope.  Capital, 
St.  Marino. 

5.  Duchy  of  Lucca.     Cap.  Lucca. 

6.  States  of  Parma.       "       Parma. 

7.  States  of  Modena.     "     Modena. 

8.  Austrian  Italy.  "       Milan. 

9.  The  kingdom  of  Sardinia,  in  the  northwestern  part, 
which  includes  the  Island  of  Sardinia.     Capital,  Turin. 

Character. — The  Italians  are  affable  and  polite  ;  and  excel 
in  music,  painting  and  sculpture  ;  but  they  are  effeminate, 
superstitious,  slavish,  and  revengeful. 

Towns. — Rome,  once  the  capital  of  the  Roman  Empire,  and 
the  proud  metropolis  of  the  civilized  world,  is  situated  on 
the  Tiber,  15  miles  from  its  mouth.  In  the  days  of  Augustus 
Cesar,  its  population  was  2,000,000,  and  its  circumference 
lifty  miles.  Although  greatly  reduced,  it  is  one  of  the  mos 
l.eautiful  and  magnificent  cities  in  Europe,  and  is  distinguish 
ed  for  the  numerous  remains  of  its  ancient  grandeur.  It 
contains  many  elegant  edifices;  among  which   is  St.  Peter's 


In  the  northern 
part,  dependent  on 
Austria. 


Ij  Ik 


EUROPE. 


183 


;ble  and 

mens  of 
e  ;  and 
lumenls, 
ruins  of 

Q  grain, 
Agricul- 
•nnmerce 
ion. 

e  principal 
of  Naples, 
of  Sicily. 


IS,  in 


the 


he  Roman 


E. 


part  of  the 
Capital, 


}  northern 
endent  on 


tern   part, 
Turin. 
:  and  excel 
iffeminate, 

mpire,  and 
tuated  on 
'Augustus 
umference 
f  the  mos 
istinguish 
ideur.  Il 
3t.  Peter's 


church,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  splendid  fabrics  in  the 

world.  ».,     ,       .     ,.  ,•        •  I     1  r 

NxPLES,  situated  on  the  bay  of  Naples,  is  distinguished  for 

its  deli<rhtful  situation,  and  for  the  beauty   of  its  surrounding 

scenery.     It  is  generally  well  built,  but  has  few  manufactures, 

and  but  a  small  share  of  commerce. 

Palermo,  the  capital  of  the  Island  of  Sicily,  is  a  large  and 
beautiful  city,  and  has  a  considerable  share  of  commerce,  and 
extensive  manufactures  of  silk. 

Florence,  situated  on  the  Arno,  is  one  of  tne  most  beau- 
tiful cities  in  Europe.  It  is  distinguished  fur  the  hue  arts; 
and  noted  for  being  the  birth  place  of  Americus  Vesputius. 

Leghorn,  in  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Tuscany,  is  one  of  the 
chief  seaports  of  Italy.     It  is  famous  for  its  straw  hats. 

Turin  is  situated  on  the  Po,  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile  and 
delightful  country.     Tt  is  a  regular  and  handsome  city. 

Genoa,  once  the  seat  of  a  famous  republic,  is  now  the  chief 
seaport  of  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia.  It  is  noted  for  being  the 
birth  place  of  Columbus. 

What  range  of  Mountains  in  Italy?  a.     "«^ '«"S.^[^^  ^^^ 
Appenines?     What  Volcano  near  Naples  ?     Hpw  high  isJVlt. 
Vesuvius  ?     Which  are  the  2  principal  Rivers  in  Italy     i .  t. 
What  Cape  S.  of  Italy  ?  s.     What  3  Gults  around  Italy  •   v. 
T   G.     What  Strait  is  the  entrance  to  the  Gulf  of  Venice     o. 
What  Strait  between  Italy  and  Sicily  ?  >'•  ,,^\^^^^?""^*';" 
in  Sicily  ?E.     How  high  is  Mt.  Etna?     ^hat  4  Towns  m 
Sicily  ?  p.  M.  c.  s.     What  Town  m  the  southern  part  of  Italy. 
M.     On  the  Gulf  of  Taranto  ?  t.     What  Town  near  Naples 
s      What  4  Towns  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice  ?  b.  p.  a.  u.     \^  hat 
Town  S.  W.  of  Ravenna?  *b.     What  2  Towns  in  ^^^^ 
rior?  F.  A.     What  Town  near  Rome  ?  c  v.     What  Port  wc.t 
of  Florence  ?  and  for  what  is   it  famou^  ?     W  hat  Town  on 
the  G  ulf  of  Genoa,  and  for  what  is  it  cecb rated  ?  g.    How  is 
Turin  situated  ?     What  Town  near  the  Mediterranean,  SW 
of  Genoa?  n.     What  Island  does  the  Kingdom  of  Sard      a 
include  ?  s.     Wliat  2  Towns  on  Sardinia  ?  c.  s.     To  whom 
does  Corsica  belong  ?    p.     What  smaU  Island  between  Cor- 
sica  and  Italy?  e.     For  what  is  itremafkable  ?     What  s  t_he 
principal  Town   in  Corsica?   b.     In  what   part  of  Corsica 
is  Ajaccio,  the  birth  place  of  Napoleon  Bonapayto  ? 

*  Bo-16-na. 


What 


;3— .«:,: 


184 


EUROPE. 


S!lSSS3s----'" 


TURKISH  EMPIRE. 


kejiirlstatd?^?;^^'"''^^^^  '^-'^^^•^   Europe,  Tur. 

The  Turks  were   originally  from  Tartary  in  Asia      Thpv 

began^he.  conquests  about  {he  beginning'oV"  it "lev?nS 

inVssfookCnnT'^'^'' l^^  '''T'''  ^^  ^'^«  Saracens,  and 
Roman  empir^.^"'"'^"'^"''^^^'  '^"^  ?"*  ^"  -^^  to  the  eastern 

TURKEY  IN  EUROPE. 

How  is  Turkey  ^bounded  ?     Its  Capital  ? 

Turkey  in  Europe  embraces  ancient  Greece 
and^is  celebrated  for  its  numerous  remains  of  an- 

fJiTV?^^  ^^"^  '^^*  ^^  ^^^''^y'  learning,  and 
the  arts,  but  is  now  sunk  to  the  lowest  state  of  iff- 
noranceand  slavery.  ^ 

Ancient  Greece,  now  the  southern  part  of  Turkey,  was  the 
first  civilized  and  enlightened  country  in  Euron«      Ttl  k 
orators,  statesmen,  philosophers,  pafn"rf,rcf;urXed"alI 
T.T  f  ^"t^^'^ity,  and  to  them  mankind  are  indeed  for 
the  first  rudiments  in  many  of  the  arts  of  civilizeS  hfe 

.     1  he  northern  part  is  level,  consisting  chiefly  of 

Ihe  prmcipal   productions  are  wheat,   cotton, 
rice,  vines,  Ji^s  and  oil. 


EimOPE. 


185 


sinall  Islands 
How  will 


Europe,  Tur- 

Asia.     They 
he  eleventh 

iracens,  and 
)  the  eastern 


1? 

;  Greece, 
ins  of  an- 

ning,  and 
ate  of  ig- 

f ey,  was  the 
Its  heroes, 
irpassed  all 
idebted  for 
I  life. 

ihiefly  of 
inous  and 

d  the  soil 

L 

-,   cotton, 


Churjcler. — The  Turks  are  jjonest,  grave,  ami  lio.s|>itiible 
to  strangers  ;  but  haughty,  bigoted,  insolent,  and  icvengeful. 

The  Greeks  are  active,  ingenious,  brave,  and  courteous  ; 
but  insincere,  avaricious  and  treacherous. 

[The  Greeks  have,  fur  centuries,  been  held  in  a  moat  de- 
graded state  of  slavery.  But  in  1820,  they-  threw  off  the 
Turkish  yoke,  and  have  obtained  their  independence.] 

Town^. — Constantinople,  the  capital  of  the  Turkish  Cin- 
pue,  is  situated  on  the  strait  of  Constantinople,  between  the 
Bhick  Soa,  and  Sea  of  Marmora.  It  is  well  fortified,  and  has 
one  of  the  best  harbors  in  Europe, 

Adria-noplo  is  situated  on  the  Marissa,  and  in  regard  to 
population,  it  is  the  second  city  in  Turkey  in  Europe. 

Athens,  formerly  the  capital  of  Attica,  ^nd  birth  place  of 
the  most  distinguished  orators,  heroes  ayd  sages  of  antiquity, 
is  now  a  small  insignificant  town.  It  is  distinguished  for  its 
magnificent  ruins  ;  some  of  which  are  the  most  splendid  re- 
mains of  antiquity. 

Which  is  the  principal  River  in  Turkey  ?  d.  What  Moun- 
tain ?  H.  What  Cape  S.  of  Turkey  ?  m.  What  Town  on 
the  Pruth  ?  j.  What  5  Towns  on  and  near  the  Danube  ? 
I.  s.  B.  w.  B.  What  Port  on  the  Black  Sea?  Varna.  What 
City  W .  of  Varna  ?  s.  Wiiat  City  S.  E.  of  .Shamla,  situated 
on  the  Gulf  of  Burgas  ?  b.  What  City  N.  VV.  of  Constanti- 
nople, situated  on  the  Marissa  '.  a.  What  City  on  the  Eskir 
river,  N.  VV.  of  Adrianople  ?  s.  What  Town  S.  of  Sophia  ? 
s.  What  Town  on  the  Gulfof  Salonica,  S.  W.  of  Seres  ?  s. 
What  Town  on  the  strait  of  Otranto  ?  a.  Where  was  Ancient 
Greece?  s.  What  7  Towns  in  Greece?  m.  a.  n.  c.  a.  t.  l. 
11  ow  many  square  miles  has  Turkey  ?  What  is  the  popula- 
tion ?  What  Strait  connects  the  Sea  of  Marmora  with  the 
Black  Sea  .'  A.  The  Strait  of  Constantinople.  What  Strait 
connects  the  sea  of  Marmora  and  Archipelago  ?  A.  The 
Dar-dan-^lls.  Which  are  the  3  principal  islands  in  the  Ar- 
chipelago ?  N.  s.  s.  What  large  Island  S.  of  the  Archipelago  ? 
c.  What  2  Islands  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean 
sea?  R.  c.  In  what  direction  from  mjj  is  Constantinople  ? 
Who  is  the  present  Sultan  of  the  Turkish  Empire  ?  Sec 
page  1 54.  Which  has  the  greatest  latitude  Constantinople  or 
this  place  ? 

16* 


186 


EUROPE, 


IONIAN  REPUBLIC. 


The  Ionian  Republic,  or  Republic  of  Seven 
Islands,  consists  of  seven  small  islands  in  the  Ioni- 
an Sea,  W.  of  Greece,  viz.  Corfu,  Cephaionia, 
Zante,  St.  Maura,  Cerigo,  Ithaca  and  Paxo. 

Cephaionia  is  the  largest  of  these  islands,  and 
Corfu  is  the  seat  of  Government.  The  population 
of  these  islands  is  800,000,  composed  principally 
of  Greeks  and  Italians.  The  republic  is  under 
the  protection  of  Great  Britain. 

Which  is  the  most  northern  of  the  Ionian  Isles  ?  c.  How 
many  Islands  constitute  the  Ionian  Republic  ?  What  aro 
their  names  ?  In  What  Sea  are  they  ?  In  what  direction  from 
Zante  IS  Candia  ?  Malta?  Great  Britain  ?  Which  is  the 
largest  of  these  Islands  ?     Which  is  the  seat  of  government. 

GENERAL  QUESTIONS  ON  THE  MAP  OF  EUROPE. 

Which  Division  of  Europe  extends  farthest  south  ?  s. 
Which  Division  extends  farthest  north  ? 
What  Divisions  of  Europe  border  on  the  Atlantic? 
What  3  Divisions  border  on  the  Gulf  of  Venice  ? 
Which  are  the  2  most  mountainous  Divisions  ?  n  s 


Where  was  ancient  Greece  ? 
What  country  did  the  ancient  Romans  inhabit  ? 
Which  IS  the  first  commercial  nation  in  Europe  ?  e 
Which  IS  the  most  gay  and  polite  nation  in  Europe*  > 


F. 


™u^\*^°""*'*^  ^^  "^°^^  distinguished  for  canals  ?  n. 

*  w?-  u  ^^""^''■y  ^a«  the  most  dense  population  ? 

*  Which  country  has  the  feast  number  of  inhabitants  to  a 
square  mile  ? 

Brlt^n'?"^'  ^""^  ^^'^  """'^  '^^"'*'  population,  France  or   Great 


*  See  page  154. 


EUROPE. 


187 


of  Seven 
1  the  loni- 
3phalonia, 

iXO. 

mds,  and 

>opuIation 

rincipally 

is  under 


J?  c.  How 
What  are 
ection  from 
^liich  is  the 
overnment. 

UROPE. 

ith?  s. 

I  tic? 

B? 
N.  9. 


f    E. 

rope  ?  F. 

? 

itants  to  a 

or   Great 


Through  what  Division  will  you  pass  in  travelling  on  the 
coast  from  Cape  St.  Vincent  to  North  Capo? 

Through  what  Divisions  will  you  pass  in  travelling  on  the 
coast  from  Cape  St.  Vincent  to  Cape  Matapan? 

What  Rivers  will  you  cross  in  travelling  on  the  coast  from 
Gibraltar  to  Cape  Skagen,  the  northern  extremity  of  Den- 
mar  iv  ? 

Which  is  the  largi      city  in  Europe  ?  l. 

Mention  the  next  j  in  the  order  of  their  population,  p.  c. 
St.  p.  M.  and  N. 

Mention  the  next  4  in  the  same  order. 

Which  are  the  highest  Mountains  in  Europe? 

What  Strait,  22  miles  wide,  separates  two  of  the  most 
powerful  kingdoms  of  Europe? 

What  Lake  in  Europe  lies  north  of  the  island  of  Cyprus  ? 

What  Town  on  the  Elbe  due  north  of  Rome  ? 

What  constitutes  the  kingdom  of  Denmark? 

What 3  Gulfs  border  on  Italy? 

Which  extends  farthest  west,  Ireland  or  Portugal  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  north,  Scotland  or  Denmark  ? 

A  certain  kingdom  in  Europe  is  less  in  size  than  an  island 
which  belongs  to  it,  what  are  the  names  of  both  ?  d.  and  i. 

Through  what  must  the  waters  of  the  Tornea  river  pass  to 
reach  the  ocean  ? 

Which  is  the  longest  River  in  Europe? 
Which  is  the  next  longest  ? 
Which  is  the  next  ? 


There  are  two  large  Gulfs  in  Europe,  at  nearly  opposite 
points,  what  are  their  names  ? 

Through  what  Divisions  must  an  army  pass,  in  going  from 
Madrid  to  Moscow  ? 

Which  capital  in  Europe  is  situated  half  a  mile  above  the 
level  of  the  sea? 

The  initials  of  certain  cities  in  Europe  form  the  sentence, 
BONAPARTE  WAS  BANISHED  TO  ST.  HELENA  ;  what  are  their 
names,  and  how  are  they  situated  ? 


TRAVELS  Oi\  THE  MAP  OF  EUROPE. 

How  will  you  sail  from  London  to  St.  Petersburg  ? 
For  what  is  St.  Petersburg  distinguished  ? 


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HiolDgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


188 


EUROPE. 


For  what  is  Russia  distinguishnd  ? 

Who  is  Emperor  of  Russia  at  this  tiino  ?* 

How  will  you  sail  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Stockholm  > 

For  what  is  Sweden  celebrated  ? 

In  what  does  th'j  wealth  of  vSwedon  consist  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Swedes-  ? 

Who  is  King  of  Sweden  at  this  time  '* 

How  will  you  sail  from  Stockholm  to  Bergen? 

For  what  is  Norway  distinguished  ? 
To  what  government  does  Norway  belong  ? 
Describe  the  appearance  of  North  Cape  at  midnight. 
How  will  you  sail  from  Bergen  to  Copenhagen  ?  ^ 

Of  what  does  Denmark  consist? 

Who  is  king  of  Denmark  at  this  time?* 

How  will  you  sail  from  Copenhagen  to  Berlin  ? 

For  what  is  Berlin  distinguished  ? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  Prussians? 
Who  is  the  present  king  of  Prussia?* 
How  will  you  sail^rom  Berlin tc  Vienna? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Austrians  ? 
What  mines  in  Austria  ? 
Who  is  the  present  emperor  of  Austria  r* 
How  will  you  sail  from  Vienna  to  Rome  ? 

For  what  is  Italy  distinguished  ? 
Who  is  the  present  Pope  '* 
In  what  direction  from  Rome  is  Naples  ? 
For  what  is  Naples  distinguished? 

Who  is  the  present  king  oi  Naples  or  the  two  Sicilies  ?* 
Where  is  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia,  and  what  does  it  in- 
elude? 

Who  is  the  present  king  of  Sardinia?* 

tlow  will  you  sail  trom  Rome  to  Constantinople  ? 

What  are  the  chief  productions  of  Turkey  ? 

Who  is  the  present  Sultan  ?* 

How  will  you  sail  from  Co^^stantinople  to  Madrid  ? 


*  See  page  154. 


it 


EUROPE. 


189 


(Itolm  ? 


What  is  the  character  of  the  Spaniards  ? 
Who  is  the  present  king  of  Spain  ?* 
How  will  you  sail  from  Madrid  to  Paris  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  French  ? 
Who  is  the  present  king  of  France  ?* 
flow  will  you  sail  from  Paris  to  Lisbon  ? 

VV  hat  is  the  character  of  the  Portuguese  :* 

Who  is  the  present  king  of  Portugal  ?* 

How  will  you  sail  from  Lisbon  to  Amsterdam  ? 

For  what  is  Netherlands  distinguished  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Dutch  ? 

Who  is  the  present  king  of  Holland?* 

How  will  you  sail  from  Amsterdani  to  Dresden? 

What  does  Germany  embrace  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Germans  ? 

Who  is  the  present  king  of  Saxony  ?*     Of  WirtemV.urg  ?* 

How  will  you  sail  from  Dresden  to  London  ? 

For  what  is  the  British  Empire  distinguished  ? 
Of  what  does  the  British  Empire  consist? 
Who  is  the  present  king  of  Great  Britain  ?* 


cilies  ?* 
does  it  in- 


d? 


QUESTIONS    ON    THE    CHART. 

Which  is  the  largest  Division  of  Europe  ? 
How  many  square  miles  has  Russia  in  Europe  ? 
What  is  the  population  of  Russia  in  Europe  ? 
Which  is  the  largest,  Russia  in  Europe,  or  the  United 
States  ? 

How  many  square  miles  have  Sweden  and  Norway  ?— 
What  is  the  population  of  Sweden  and  Norway  ?  Hovy  do 
Sweden  and  Norway  compare  with  the  United  States. 
[See  the  figures  at  the  left  hand  of  the  Blocks.^  A.  One  sixtli 
as  large  as  the  United  States. 


*   See  page  154. 


I 
ii 

i 


190 


EUROPE. 


Flow  many  square  miles  has  Austria  ?  How  does  it  com. 
pare  with  the  United  States  .'  What  is  the  population  of 
Austria? 


How  many  square  miles  has  Franco  ?  How  does  France 
compare  with  the  United  States  ?     What  is  thfe  population  f 

How  many  square  miles  has  Spain  ?  How  does  Spain 
compare  with  the  United  States  ?     W  hat  is  the  population  ? 

How  many  square  miles  has  the  British  Empire  ?  How 
does  it  compare  with  the  United  States  ?  What  is  the  popu- 
lation ?  *^  * 

[The  teacher  can  ask  similar  questions  respecting  the  other 
Divisions  of  Europe.] 

Which  is  the  largest  Empire  on  the  globe  ?  How  many 
square  miles  has  the  Russian  Empire?  How  much  larger  is 
the  Russian  Empire  than  the  United  States  ?  How  many 
square  miles  does  Siberia,  or  Russia  in  Asia  embrace  ?  What 
is  the  population  of  Siberia?  What  Empire  is  next  in  size 
to  the  Russian  Empire  ?  How  many  square  miles  does  the 
Chinese  Kmpire  embrace  ?  China?  Corea?  Thibet?  Chi- 
nese Tartary?  How  much  larger  is  the  Chinese  Empire 
than  the  United  States  ?  What  is  the  population  of  China  ? 
How  many  square  miles  do  the  United  States  embrace  ?— 
What  is  the  population  ? 


I 


Q.  1 

ions  of 

.A: 

divisi 
from 
breac 
000  s 

*  Q- ; 

Asia  Ii 

A. 

twee 
Q. 
A. 

atre 
Scri] 
were 
prop 
ed  ai 


H:fe,^.f  j,i?i.*!-Sya»>^'^5^  j*t ,  j^ 


)es  it  coni- 
ulatton  of 


>es  France 
)puIation  ? 

Iocs  Spain 
)uIation  f 

e  ?     How 
tlie  popu- 

■  the  other 

>w  many 
h larger  is 
ow  many 
3  ?  What 
ct  in  size 
I  does  the 
Bt?  Chi- 
j  Empire 
f  China? 
brace  ? — 


ASIA. 


11)1 


A  Caravan. 


Q.  How  does  Asia  compare  with  the  other  Grand  Divis- 
ions  of  the  globe  ?  . 

A.  It  is  the  largest,  richest,  and  most  populous 
division  of  the  globe.  It  is  7,500  miles  m  length, 
from  east  to  west,  and  about  5,000  miles  jn 
breadth,  from  north  to  south ;  contammg*lb,7  J«,- 
000  square  miles.  ..  j    j 

«     Q.  Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude   docs 

""L'^Between  2°  and  77^  N.  latitude,  and  be- 
tween 26*^  and  190°  E.  longitude. 

Q.  For  what  is  Asia  remarkable  ? 

A.  Asia  is  remarkable  for  having  been  the  the- 
atre of  almost  every  event  recorded  in  the  Holy 
Scriptures.  It  was  in  Asia  that  our  first  parents 
were  created;  here  lived  the  patriarchs  and 
prophets ;  here  appeared  our  Saviour,  who  suffer- 
ed and  died  for  the  redemption  of  man  ;  and  here 


192 


ASIA. 


began  the  light  of  that  gospel  which  is  ultimately 
to  bless  all  nations. 

Q.  What  is  said  of  the  productions  of  Asia  ? 

A.  Asia  excels  all  other  parts  of  the  globe  in 
the  deliciousness  of  its  fruits  }  the  fragrancy  of 
its  plants,  spices  and  gums  ;  the  salubrity  of  its 
drugs ;  the  quantity,  variety  and  beauty  of  its 
gems  ;  the  richness  of  its  metals  ;  and  the  fine- 
ness of  its  silks  and  cottons. 

Q.  What  is  the  climate  of  Asia  f 

A.  Asia  has  almost  every  variety  of  climate, 
from  the  intense  heat  of  the  torrid  zone,  to  the 
extreme  cold  of  the  arctic  regions ;  but  it  is  gene- 
rally much  colder  than  Europe  or  Africa  in  the 
same  latitude. 

Q.  flow  is  the  commerce  of  Asia  carried  on  ? 

A.  The  foreign  commerce  of  Asia  is  carried  on  chiefly  by 
tJie  nations  of  Europe  and  America;  the  internal  trade  is 
conducted  principally  by  *Caravans,  which  traverse  not  only 
Arabia,  Persia,  Ilindoostan  and  Turkey,  but  likewise  the 
northern  and  central  parts  of  Africa. 


• 

MAI'    OF    ASIA. 

Uow  is  Asia  bounded  ? 

Arabia  ? 

Capital? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

Turkey  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

Persia  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns  ? 

Rivers? 

Beloochistan  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

Afghanistan  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

Hindoostan  P 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns  ? 

Rivers  ? 

Farther  India  ? 

Capital? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

Chinese  Empire 

5?  Capital? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

I.  Tartary  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

Siberia  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

Caucasus  ? 

Capital  ? 

Chief  Towns? 

Rivers  ? 

1 


*  A  Caravan  consists  of  a  number  of  merchants  or  pil- 
grims, who  travel  on  camels.     Their  number  often  amouiils 


ASIA. 


193 


Itiniately 

globe  in 
rancy  of 
itv  of  its 
y  of  its 
the  fine- 


climate, 
3,  to  the 
is  gene- 
El  in  the 


chiefly  by 
al  trade  is 
io  not  only 
Lowise  the 


vers  ? 
vers  ? 
I  vers? 
vers  ? 
vers  .•" 
vers  ? 
vers  ? 
ivers  ? 
vers  ? 
vers  ? 
vers  ? 

its  or  pil- 
ti  ainoutiis 


RIVERS. 

Wlicrc  does  the  river  Jordan  rise,  in  what  direction  does 
it  run,  and  where  does  it  empty?*  Euphrates  ?  Tigris  ?  In- 
dus? Nerbuddah  ?  Kristna?  Godavery  ?  Ganges? 
Sanpoo,  or  Burrampooter  ?  Irrawaddy  ?  Mecon,  or  Cam- 
bodia ?  Hoang  Kiang?  Kiang  Ku  ?  Hoan  Ho,  or  Yellow 
river?     Amoor,  or  Saghalien  ?     Anadir?     Lena?     Olensk? 


Anabara?     Piacina?     Toongooska?      Yenisei? 
tish  ?     Ural?     Sihon'     Jihon  ?     Tedzeu  lliver  ? 


Obi  ?     Ir. 


Wliere 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
W];orc 
W  here 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 
Where 


SEAS. 

is  the  Red  Sea  P 

is  the  Sea  of  Arabia  ? 

is  the  China  Sea  ? 

is  the  Blue  Sea  ? 

is  the  Yellow  Sea  ? 

is  the  Sea  of  Corea  ? 

is  the  Sea  of  Okhotsk  ? 

is  the  Seaof  Kamtehatka? 

is  the  Sea  of  Anadir? 

is  the  Sea  of  Obi  ? 

is  the  Sea  of  Kara  ? 

is  the  Sea  of  Celebes  ? 

is  the  Caspian  Sea  ? 

is  the  Aral  Sea  ? 

is  the  Dead  Sea  ? 


UAYS. 


Whore  is  the  Bay  of  Bengal  ? 
Where  is  Torniuee  Bay  ? 
Where  is  lllano  Bay  ? 


LAKKS. 


Where  is  Lake  Baikal  ? 
Whore  is  Lake  Tshany  ? 


to  several  thousands.  Tliey  are  provided  with  arms  to  de- 
fend themselves  from  the  attacks  of  the  wandering  Arabs, 
and  other  tribes  of  robbers. 

*  Tho  Jordan  rises  in  mount  Hermon  in  the  S.  W.  part  of 
Turkey,  and  runs  a  southerly  course,  passing  through  the 
sea  of  Tiberias,  or  sea  of  Galilee,  and  empties  into  the  Dead 


I    Sea. 


Its  length  is  160  miles. 


h 


17 


194 


ASIA. 


Whore  is  liukc  Altan  •* 
Where  is  Luke  Palcati  ? 
Wliere  is  Lake  Durra  ? 


(.•III.K.S. 


Where  is  the  Persian  Gulf? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Ormus  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Cutcii  ? 
Where  is  the   Gulf  of  Camhay  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Siam  ? 
Where  is  the  Gulf  of  Tonquin? 

PENlNSUJ^AS. 

Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Kamtchatka  ? 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Corea? 
Where  is  the  Peninsula  of  Malacca  ? 

STRAITS. 

Where  is  Bhering's  Strait  ? 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Sangar  ? 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Corea  ? 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Maccassar  ? 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Malacca? 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Fabelmandel  ? 
Where  is  the  Channel  of  Tartary  ? 

CAPES. 

Where  is  Cape  Taymour  ? 
Where  is  Cape  Skolatskoi? 
Where  is  Cape  Lopatka  ? 
Where  is  East  Cape  ? 
W^here  is  Capo  Romania? 
Where  is  Cape  Comorin  ? 
Where  is  Cape  Rosalgat  ? 
Where  is  Cape  Kanseli  ? 


MOUNTAINS. 

the  Altay  Mountains  ? 


Where  are 

Where  are  the  Great  Altay  Mountaiis.>^ 

Where  are 

Where  are 

Where  are 

Where  are 

Where  are 


the  Little  Altay  Mountains  ? 
the  Alak  Mountains  ? 
the  Belur  Tag  I^Iountains  ? 
the  Himmaleii  Mountains  ? 
the  Gaut  Mountains  ? 


ASIA. 


195 


VV  here  are  the  Ranileah  Mountains  ? 
Where  is  Mount  Sinai? 
Where  \h  Mount  Taurus  ? 
Where  is  Mount  Ararat  ? 
What  is'the  length  of  the  Altay  Mountains 
Ural  ? 


Himmaleh  ? 


DESERTS. 

Where  is  the  Great  Desert  of  Cobi  or  Shamo  ? 

Where  is  the  Great  Sandy  Desert  ? 

Where  is  the  Sandy  Dencrt  ? 

Where  is  the  Salt  Desert  ? 

W  here  is  the  Steppe  of  Issim  ? 

Where  is  the  Desert  of  Ahkaf  ? 


ISLANDS. 

Where  is  the  Island  of  Socotra?  Laccadives?  Maldives  ? 
Ceylon  ?  Andaman  ?  Nicobar  ?  Sunda  Isles;  viz.  Suma- 
tra; Java,  Banca,  and  Timor  ?  —Borneo  ?  Celebes  .'  Gilolo  ? 
Booroi*  Coram?  New  Guinea?  Salibro  Isles?  Pelew 
Isles  ?  Philippine  Islands ;  viz.  Luzon,  Mindanao,  Sarirrar, 
Lyte  and  Negros ? — Palawan?  Hainan?  Bashee  Isles? 
Formosa  ?  Loo  Choc,  or  Leo  Keo  ?  Sulphur  Isles  ?  Be- 
nin Isles?  Japan  Islands ;  viz.  Niphon,  Sikoke  and  Kiusiu? 
Jesso?  Saghalien  ?  Kurile  Islands  ?  Bhering's?  First 
Isle  ?     Second  Isle  ?    New  Siberia  ?     Nova  Zembla  ? 


ARABIA. 


The  Camel. 


196 


ASIA. 


1 


How  is  Arabia  bounded  ?     Wliat  is  its  Capital  ? 

Arabia  consists  cliiefly  of  immense  deserts,  in- 
terspersed with  fertile  spots  like  islands.  It  has 
no  large  rivers  or  lakes,  and  in  many  places  it  is 
destitute  of  water. 

It  is  divided  into  3  parts,  viz.  Arabia  Petraa, 
in  the  north-western  part ;  Arabia  Deserta,  em- 
bracing the  interior  and  north-eastern  part ;  and 
Arabia  Felix,  in  the  southern  part. 

The  climate  is  excessively  warm  on  the  plains, 
and  subject  to  a  destructive  wind  called  the  Sa- 
raiel  or  Simoom,  but  mild  and  healthy  on  the 
mountains. 

The  principal  productions  of  Arabia  are  coffee, 
gum-ar-abiCf  frankincense,  myrrh  and  aloes. 

The  most  useful  animal  of  Arabia,  is  the  *ca7a- 
el,  and  next  to  this,  the  liorse,  which  is  celebrated 
for  beauty,  swiftness,  hardiness,  and  docility. 

Character. — The  Arabs  are  an  ignorant,  savage  and  bar- 
barous people.  Those  on  the  coast  are  jpirrt^M;  those  in  tlie 
interior  are  robbers.  During  the  middle  ages  ihey  were  ciill- 
c  J  Saracens,  and  were  distinguished  for  learning  and  science, 
but  at  present  they  are  so  illiterate,  that  but  few  can  be  foiwid, 
who  are  able  either  to  read  or  write. 

Towns. — Mecca  is  situated  in  a  narrow  valley,  40  miles 
from  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  a  well  built  city,  and  is  celebrated 
as  the  birth  place  of  Mahomet.  It  is  supported  by  pilgrims 
who  resort  thither  from  all  parts  of  the  Mahometan  world. 

Medina,  180  miles  N.  of  Mecca,  is  celebrated  forcontuhi- 
ing  the  sepulchre  of  Mahomet. 

Mocha  is  the  principal  seaport  of  Arabia,  and  is  celebrated 
for  its  excellent  coffee. 

«  The  Camel  is  the  only  animal,  that  can  endure  the  toil  of  tra- 
versing the  vast  deserts.  It  can  travel  6  or  8  days  without  watiT, 
and  can  carry  7  or  800  pounds  upon  its  back.  It  kneels  d«)wft  U'. 
rccstve  its  load,  and  rises  whoti  it  is  put  on.  . 


pital  ' 

jserts,  in- 
,  It  has 
aces  it  is 

!  Petraa, 
irtaj  em- 
lart ;  and 

be  plains, 
i  the  Sa- 
ly  on  the 

ire  coffee^ 
does, 

the  *cam- 
elebrated 
ihty. 

je  and  bar- 
-hose  in  tlie 
y  were  ciill- 
and  science, 
an  be  foiwui, 

1^,  40   miles 
a  celebrated 
by  pilgrims 
Lun  world, 
for  contain - 

s  celebrated 


le  toil  of  tru- 
ithout  watiT, 
lels  d«)wft  U\ 


ASIA. 


197 


Wlmt  mountains  in  the  nortbern  part?  R.--\Vhat  moun- 
tain near  tbe  nortbern  extremity  of  the  Red  Ssa ?  8.— What 
Town  on  the  gulf  of  Suez?  s.- What  town  on  the  Euphra- 
tes' n  -What  place  on  tbe  Persian  gulf?  l.— On  the  guli  ol 
Ormus  ?  M.-What  3  Towns  on  the  sea  of  Arabia  ?  u.n,  k.-- 
Wbat  Hoaport  on  the  straits  of  Babolmandel  ?  m.— What  3 
Towns  on  the  Red  Sea?  L.  c.  v.-What  5  Towns  near  the 
Ked  Sea  ?  s.  s.  m.  m.  n.— What  2  Towns  lu  the  interior,  d. 
y. What  2  Capes  has  Arabia  ?  R.  k. 


TURKEY  IN  ASIA. 


Ruiw  of  Palmyra. 
How  -.8  Turkey  bounded j__What  is  it^  Capital  ? 

Turkey  is  the  most  interesting  PP^tjon  of  ^sm^ 
It  includes  within  its  hmits,  most  of  t^e  p^^^^^^^  {^^ 
corded  in  the  Holy  Scriptures.  It  ^^^^P^^J^^^^^^^ 
Holv  1  and  the  anc  ent  residence  ot  the  Jews , 
Ha  4^a  Zor,  Armenia,  and  Mesopotamia- 
^'  wa^^ce  the'  seat  of  nmny  flourishing  and 
celebrated  cities,  which  are  now  ^n  mns;  am^^^^ 
which  were  Babylon,  Nineveh,  Troy,  Balbec, 
Palmyra,  Antioch,  and  Tyre. 


198 


ASIA. 


Turkey  is  a  mild,  healthy  and  fertile  eountry  ; 
and  is  beautifully  diversified  with  mountains, 
plains,  hills  and  valleys.  It  is  famous  for  its  wines, 
fruits f  pomegranates y  and  olives. 

Agriculture  is  much  neglected.  The  chiof 
manufactures  are  carpets ,  silks  mn\  leather. 

Infiabilanls.—Tho  population  consists  of  Turks,  Greeks, 
Arnionians,  Jews,  Curds,  and  Arabians.  The  Turks  are  tliu 
ruling  people,  and  like  those  of  Turkey  in  Europe,  are  hon- 
est, grave,  and  hospitable  to  strangers  ;  but  haughty,  bigoted, 
indolent,  and  revengeful. 

Towns. — Constantinople. — (Sco  Turkey  in  Europe.) 

Aleppo,  the  capital  of  Syria,  is  situated  about  70  miles 
'  from  the  Mediterranean,  and  is  the  largest  city  in  Asiatic 
Turkey.  It  has  a  considerable  share  of  commerce,  and  is 
distinguished  for  its  manufactures  of  silk  and  cotton. 

Bagdad,  once  the  renowned  seat  of  the  Caliphs,  and  one  of 
the  most  splendid  cities  in  the  world,  is  situated  on  tLo  Ti- 
gris, 300  miles  N.  W.  of  Bassora.  It  is  the  resort  of  Cara- 
vans from  India,  Persia,  and  Arabia,  but  retains  little  of  its 
ancient  splendor. 

Damascus  is  delightfully  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile 
plain,  about  50  miles  from  the  sea.  It  is  celebrated  for  its 
m&nufacture  of  silk  and  cotton  goods.  It  has  an  exten- 
sive commerce  by  means  of  caravans,  and  is  one  of  the  best 
built  cities  in  the  Turkish  Empire. 

Jerusalem,  the  ancient  capital  of  Judea,  is  situated  about 
40  miles  from  the  Mediterranean.  It  was  once  the  metropo- 
lis of  the  powerful  kingdom  of  David  and  Solomon,  and 
had  its  temples  built  of  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  and  ornament- 
ed with  the  gold  of  Ophir.  It  retains  but  little  of  its  form- 
er splendor,  and  is  distinguished  for  being  the  resort  of  pil- 
grim's from  various  parts  of  the  Christian  world. 

Palmyra,  or  Tadmor  in  the  wilderness,  is  situated  in  the 
Syrian  desert,  about  150  miles  S.  E.  of  Aleppo.  It  is  now 
only  distinguished  for  its  magnificent  ruins,  which  surpass 
all  other  remains  of  antiquity. 

Which  are  the  2  principal  Rivers  in  Turkey?  e.  t. — 
What  4  Seas  border  on  Turkey  ?  m,  a.  m,  b.— What  3  Towns 


uiituiiis, 
:s  wines', 

he  chiof 
:r. 

8,  Greeks, 
ks  arc  tlu; 
s,  are  liou- 
^,  bigoted, 

iirope.) 
t  70  miles 
in  Asiatic 
;o,   and  is 
>n. 

md  one  of 
1  tLo  Ti- 
t  of  Cara- 
[iltleof  its 

of  a  fertile 
ed  for  its 
an  exten- 
if  the  best 

itcd  about 
3  metropo- 
omon,  and 
ornament- 
f  its  form- 
;ort  of  pil- 

ated  in  the 

It  is  now 

eh  surpass 


t:  e.  t. — 
Lt  3  Towns 


ASIA. 


109 


on  the  Tigris?  b.  m-  d.— What  city  on  and  near  the  Eu- 
phrates ?  H.  and  A.— What  3  places  on  the  Mediterranean?  a. 
fp  T—What  3  Cities  near  the  Mediterranean'  a.  d.  J- 
What  City  on  the  Archipelago  ?  s.— What  port  on  the  Black 
Sea?  T.— What  3  other  Towns  in  the  northern  part?  a.  a. 
R  What  small  Sea  in  the  southwestern  part?  n.— What 
River  empties  into  it?  A.  The  Jordan.  What  Mountam 
in  the  western  part  of  Turkey  ?  t.— How  many  square  miles 
has  Turkey '     What  is  its  population  ? 

PERSIA. 

How  is  it  bounded  ?    What  is  its  CapitaJ  ? 

Persia,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  and  power- 
iul  kingdoms  of  antiquity,  at  present  exhibits 
scarcel/a  vestige  of  its  former  greatness. 

It  consists  principally  of  immense  desert  plains 
and  barren  mountains,  interspersed  with  numer- 
ous salt  lakes  and  marshes.  It  is  generally  desti- 
tute of  trees  and  rivers. 

Some  of  the  valleys  and  plamsare  fertile,  and 
produce  ffrain,  wine,  silky  tobacco,  fruits,  and 
druffs  in  jmundance. 

The  Persians  are  distinguished  for  the  extent 
and  variety  of  their  manufactures,  which  consist 
of  the  most  beautiful  carpets,  brocade,  silk,  shawls, 
porcelain,  ^c.  ^     ,  .       ^ 

On  the  western  coast  of  the  Caspian  Sea,  aie  tountams  ot 
naptha  or  pure  rock  oil.  The  earth  around  them  when  dug  to 
the  depth  of  2  or  3  inches,  readily  takes  fire  on  apply  mg  to  it  a 
live  coal.     Here  still  reside  the  Persees  or  fire  worshippers. 

Character.— The  Persians  are  polite,  gay,  polished,  and 
hospitable,  but  indolent,  vain,  avaricious,  and  treacherous. 

Town.— Teheren  is  situated  60  miles  S.  of  the  Caspian 
sea,  and  300  N.  of  Ispahan.  Its  situation  is  low,  and  its  ap- 
pearance mean.  ^     _ 

Ispahan,  the  ancient  capital  of  Persia,  and  formerly  one  ot 
the  most  splendid  cities  of  the  east,  is  situated  an  the  Zen- 
deroud,  about  midway  between  the  Caspian   Sea  and  Per- 


^  1 


n 


200 


ASIA. 


f 


sian  {jalf.     It  is  at  present  niucli  reiluced,  and   a  considera- 
ble part  of  the  city  is  in  ruins. 
Bushirc  is  the  principal  seaport. 

Wi^at  River  forms  part  of  tlio  boundary  between  Persia 
and  Arabia?  k.— What  River  forms  part  of  the  boiuidar  7  be- 
tween Persia  and  I.  Tartary  ?  Ted'/en.  VVIiat  City  on  a 
branch  of  the  Ted/on?  m.— What  city  in  tlic  ;N.  W.  part?  k. 
—  What  sea-port  on  the  Persian  gulf^  b.— What  "2  Cities  in 
the  interior?  i.  :c.  -What  Tify  on  tlic  Stiaitsof  Ormus?  a. 
—What  Desert  in  the  interioV  P  What  mountain  in  the  N. 
W.  part  of  Persia?   a.— For  what  is  Mt.  Ararat  remarkable  ?* 

AFGflAMvSTAN. 

How  is  Afghanistan  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

A(i,'hanistar.  is  a  modorn  kingdom  of  Asia,  and 
like  Persia,  is  greatly  diversified  with  moinitains, 
valley^',  hills  and  deserts. 

It  has  almost  every  variety  of  eliniate,  and  soil. 
The  prineipai  pioductions  are  wheat,  barley,  and 
various  kinds  oi'  fruit. 

Chararter. — The"Afghans  are  a  bravo,  fierce  and  wa-rlike 
people,  and  arc  distinguished  for  hosjiilality,  not  only  to 
strangers,  but  to  their  mo-t  implacable  enemies. 

Chir/Towp.—CMiv  is  sitiiated  on  the  river  Cabul,  a 
branch  of  the  Tndus,  and  has  a  considerable  trade  with  India, 
Persia  and  Tartary.  

What  Lake  in  Afghanistan  ?  d.  What  River  empties  into 
it?  H. — What  Town  in  the  interior  ?  rv. — What  River  forms 
the  boundary  between  Afifininistan  and  ilindooKtan?  i. — 
How  is  Cabul  situated?     Herat?      Balk? 

BELOOCHISTAN. 
How  is  Beloochistan  bounded  ?     Its  Capital  ? 

Beloochistan  has  seldom  been  traversed  by 
Europeans, and  therefore  but  little  is  known  re- 
specting it.  As  far  as  it  has  been  exj>lored,  it  is 
generally  mountainous  and  barren. 

*  Sec  «eiies>i9,  chapjfr  viii.  4th  verse. 


ASIA. 


201 


onsidera^ 


n  Persia 
ruliir  7  bc- 
Jity  on  a 

part  r  E. 
I  Citifis  in 
rnuis  ?  c;. 

in  the  N. 
urUciliIc  ?* 


ital  ? 

isia,  and 
Miiitains, 

and  soil. 
•leij,  and 

d  wa-rlike 
it    only  to 

Cahul,    a 
,vilh  India, 

npties  into 
iver  forms 
i.tan  ?  I. — 


jrscd  by 
lown  re- 
)red,  it  is 


/n/.«/>*7an/..-Delooc]nstan  is  inhabited  by  wo  Inbes  ;  ho 
Boloochees,  who  subsist  by  plunder  and  robbery;  and  the 
Brah.>oes,  a  peaceable  and  industrious  people,  who  inhab  t 
the  mountainous  districts,  and  subsist   principally   on  their 

flocks  and  herds.  _,    ,  . ,    •         t*  • 

7b,.n.-KELAT  is  situated  on  the  Maskid  river  It  is  gen- 
erally well  built,  and  contains  about  24,000  inhabitants. 

What  Desert  in  the  southern  part  of  Beloochistan  ?  s.- 
What  River  forms  the  boundary  between  «^l^o/^isUn  and 
Hindoostan?  i.-What  city  near  the  mouth  of  the  Indus  . 
What  city  in  the  interior,  S.  of  Kelat .   b. 


T. 


HINDOOSTAN. 


The  Banian  Tree. 
How  is  Hindoostan  bounded  ?     Its  Capital  : 

Hindoostan  is  tlie  most  beautiful  country  in 
Asia  ;  and  has  been  famous  in  all  ages  lor  its  civ- 
ilization, valuable  productions,  and  lor  its  wealtli 
and  extensive  manuftictures.  . 

Hindoostan  is  mostly  a  level  country ;  and  is 
distinguished  for  its  numerous  rivers  and  the  gen- 


202 


ASIA. 


eral  fortilitv  of  its  soil,  which  prochioes  two  crops 


111  a  vear 


The  cHmate  in  the  northern  part  is  mild  and 


IS  warm,  an 


d  the  heat  is 


health}^ ;  in  the  south  it 
often  oppressive. 

Almost  every  variety  of  prodnction  is  found 
here  ;  the  most  important  are  rice,  cotton^  wheats 
sugar,  indigo,  opium;  iohacco,  millet,  and  various 

kinds  of  fru't. 

The  Hani  in  Trtc  is  the  most  singuhir  and  heautiful  pro- 
duction of  India.  The  branches  extend  to  the  earth,  and 
take  root,  and  tims  form  new  trunks,  so  that  each  tree  is  a 
grove.  One  of  these  trees,  on  an  ishmd  in  the  Nerbuddah 
river,  has  3<000  trunks,  and  7*000  persons  may  repose  under 
its  shade. 

Hindoostan  has  lonjr  been  celebrated  for  its  diamonds^ 
whickare  fonnd  principally  at  Golconda. 

The  British  possessions  in  India  consist  of  Bengal,  Bahar, 
and  Benares,  on  the  banks  of  the  Ganges,  of  which  Calcutta 
is  the  capital ;  of  other  places  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel, 
of  which  Madras  is  the  capital ;  of  the  island  of  Bombay, 
Purat,  and  several  districts  on  the  Malabar  coast,  of  which 
Bombay  is  the  capital. 

Ceylon  belongs  to  Great  Britain.  It  is  a  rich, 
healthy,  and  fertile  island,  and  is  distinguished  for 
the  variety  and  value  of  its  productions,  the  most 
important  of  which  are  cinnamon,  ginger. pepper, 
sugar,  cotton,  ^r'\  Ft  has  valuable  pearl  fishe- 
ries, and  is  rich  in  precious  stones  and  gems. 

CoLuMBO,  tlio  capital,  is  a  handsome  and  well  fortified 
place,  but  has  a  poor  harbor. 


ASIA. 


•203 


0  crops 

lild  and 
heat  is 

3  found 
,  wheats 
various 

itiful  pro- 
irth,  and 
tree  is  a 
erbuddah 
we  under 

difimonds^ 

al,  Bahar, 

1  Calcutta 
romandel, 

Bombay, 
of  which 

s  a  rich, 

shed  for 

he  most 

pepper, 

'l  Jishe- 

111  s. 

1  fortified 


The  Four  Castes, 
t  nimbi  tan  is.— The  Hindoos  are  indolent,  spiritless,  and  su- 
nerstitious.     They  are   mild  and   servile  to  superiors,  but 
raugl'tr-d  -uel  to  their  inferiors      They  are  the  most  m- 
crcnious  manuf  icturers  of  muslins,  silks,  shawls,  &c. 

The  Hindoos  are  divided  into  4  classes  or  castes ;  1.  J  he 
Rramins  or  priests ;  2.  the  soldiers ;  3.  the  merchants  and 
Stur^ts  4.  the  sudras  or  laborers.  These  castes  are 
kept  entirely  distinct,  and  are  never  allowed  to  mtermarry, 
or  even  to  eat  and  drink  with  each  other. 

Tou)n..-CALCUTTA,  is  situated  on  the  Hoogly,  an  outlet  of 
the  Ganges,  about  100  miles  from  its  mouth.  lth/«ancx. 
tensWe  commerce,  and  is  one  of  the  most  splendid  cities  m 

"^'Benares,  the  ancient  seat  of  Braminical  learning,  is  situ  a- 
ted  on  the  Ganges,  460  miles  N.  W.  of  Calcutta  It  has  an 
extensive  trade  in  diamonds,  gems,  &c.  and  is  a  place  of  great 

""  Delhi,  formerly  the  capital  of  Hindoostan,  and  seat  of  the 
Mogul  empire,  is  situated  on  the  Jumna,  a  branch  ot  the 
Ganges. 

What  are  the  rivers  of  Tlindoostan?  i.  n.  k.  g.  o.  What 
Mountains  between  Hindoostan  and  the  Chinese  Empire,  the 
highest  on  the  globe  ?  ii.  What  Mountams  'n  the  southern 
1%  .p  TT;n,1n««tan  ?  «.      Wl^t  Dcscrt  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 


204 


ASIA. 


Uindoostan?  a-B.— What  2  Gulls  on  the  western  coast  of 
Hindoostan?  c.  and  c— What  Gulf  between  Hindoostun  and 
Ceylon  ?  A.  The  Gulf  of  Ma-naar'.  What  3  cities  on  the 
Indus  and  its  branches?  c.  l.  m.— What  4  towns  on  the 
Ganges  and  its  branches  ?  b.  a.  a.  d.— What  Town  on  the 
gulf  of  Cambay  ?  c— What  city  on  Taptce  river,  which 
empties  into  the  gulf  of  Cambay  ?  s.— What  4  Towns  on  the 
Malabar  coast?  b.  g.  c  c— What  5  Towns  on  the  Coroman- 
del  coast?  c  o.  o.  m.  p.— What 5  Towns  in  the  interior?  n. 
B.  H.  N.  s.— What  2  clusters  of  Islands  S.  W.  of  Hindoostan  ? 
J,.  M.— What  large  if' -nd  S.  of  Hindoostan  ?  c— What  Town 
on  Ceylon?  c— What  Point  at  the  southern  extremity  of 
Ceylon  ?  Dondra  Head.  How  many  square  miles  has  Hin- 
doostan >  What  is  its  population  ?  What  small  kingdom  in 
the  northern  part  of  Hindoostan?     Napaul. 


FARTHER  INDIA. 


The  Tiger's  Visit. 
How  is  Farther  India  bounded  ?      Its  Capital  ? 


This  vast  portion  of  Asia,  extending  from  the 
Bay  ofBengal  to  the  China  Sea,  is  scarcely  known 
to  Europeans,  except  alonii;  its  shores. 

It  is  divided  into  tlic  Birman  empire,  khigdoms 


of 


ASIA. 


205 


I  coast  of 
ostun  and 
es  on  the 
ns  on  tho 
vn  on  the 
;r,  which 
ms  on  tho 
^oronian- 
terior?  n. 
idoostan  ? 
Iiat  Town 
remity  of 
i  has  Hin- 
ingdoni  in 


tal? 

rom  the 
y  known 

ingdonis 


ofTonquin,  Cochin  China,  Cambodia,  Laos,  Si- 
am,  and  the  peninsula  of  Malacca. 

As  far  as  Farther  India  has  been  explored,  it 
is  extremely  fertile,  and  produces  wheat,  rice,  cot- 
ton, sugar,  tobacco,  indigo,  spices,  gums,  and  va- 
rious tropical /n«75.  It  has  mines  oi gold,  silver, 
tin,  copper,  iron,  and  precious  stones. 

The  climate  in  most  parts  is  extremely  warm, 
but  it  is  said  to  be  generally  healthy. 

It  abounds  in  wild  animals  ;  the  most  numerous  and  dan- 
gerous.of  which,  is  the /tofer,  which  attacks  indiscriminately 
either  man  or  beast.     It"  is  famous   for  its  elephants,  which  ■ 
are  used  as  beasts  of  burden  both  in  peace  and  war. 

The  BiRMAN  Empire  embraces  the  four  ancient  kingdoms 
of  Ava,  Pegu,  Arracan  and  Cassay.  It  is  inhabited  by  a 
brave,  warlike  people,  who  are  noted  for  activity,  enterprise 
and  intelligence. 

Ummbrapogra,  the  capital  of  the  Birman  empire,  is  situa- 
ted on  the  Irrawaddy,  400  miles  from  its  mouth.  It  was 
founded  in  1783,  and  in  1800  the  population  was  175,000. 

Rangoon,  on  the  Irrawaddy,  30  miles  from  its  mouth,  is 
the  principal  seaport  of  the  Birman  empire. 

Which  are  the  two  principal  rivers  in  Farther  India?  i.  and 
c._In  what  part  of  F.  India  is  the  Birman  empire  ?  What 
City  in  the  western  part  of  the  Birman  Empire  on  the  bay  of 
Bengal  ?  Aracan.  What  3  Cities  on  the  Irrawaddy  ?  R.  u. 
p.— In  what  part  is  Tonquin  ?  Cochin  China  ?  What  is  the 
Capital  of  Cochin  China?  Hue,  or  Tai  Foo.  What  Town 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Cambodia  river  ?  Saigon.  What  Town 
en  the  Meinam  river,  at  the  head  of  the  gulf  of  Siam  ?  s. — 
Where  is  Malacca?  What  is  the  Capital  of  Malacca?  A. 
Malacca,  situated  on  the  straits  of  Malacca.  What  other 
Town  ?  Patani.  What  Cape  south  of  Malacca  ?  r.— What 
Straits  between  Malacca  and  Sumatra  ?  m. — What  2  Gulfs 
on  the  coast  of  Farther  India  ?  s.  and  t.— What  Island  in  the 
g  i^r  of  Tonquin  ?  h.— What  2  clusters  of  Islands  W.  of  F. 
Kui  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal  ?  a.  n.— What  largo  Island  S.  W. 
of  Malacca  ?  s.— What  Town  in  tho  northwestern  part  of 
Sumatra  ?     A-checii'.     What  is  the  length  of  the  China  sear 

lli 


062 


ASIA. 


chinesl:  empire. 

How  is  the  Cliirioso  Empire  bounded  ^     Its  Capital  ? 

The  ChinesG  Empire  embraces  China,  Thibet,  Corea,  and 
Chinese  Tartary  ;  and  is  one  oi'tho  most  extensive  and  popu- 
lous empires  on  the  globe. 

CHINA. 


The  Tea  Trade. 
How  is  China  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 


China -is  celebrated  for  the  great  antiquity  of 
its  government  ;  for  its  immense  population  ;  for 
the  variety  of  its  manufactures  and  pecuHar  pro- 
ductions ;  for  the  excellence  of  its  inland  naviga- 
tion, and  for  its  reserve  and  jealous  policy  to- 
wards all  other  nations. 

China  has  a  mild,  healthy  climate,  and  a  rich, 
fertile  soil,  which  is  under  the  highest  state  of  cul- 
tivation. 

The  productions  are  numerous  ;  the  most  cel- 
ebrated among  them  is  ft^a,  which  is  the  leaf  ul 
a  shrub,  that  grows  from  8  to  1*2  feet  high. 


ASIA. 


207 


apiiiil  ? 

t,  Corea,  and 
vc  ami  popu- 


l? 

ntiquity  of| 
lation ;  for 
sculiar  pro- 
md  navigu- 
policy   to- 

and  a  rich, 
itale  of  eul- 

^  most  eel- 
the  leafut 
iix»li. 


The  principal  exports  are  teas,  silks,  and  por- 
celain,  or  China-ware.  •     ,    ^.  • 

One  of  the  greatest  curiosities  of  China,  is  the  Cninese 
wall  It  is  1,500  miles  in  length,  from  '10  to  30  feet  m  height, 
and  sufficiently  wide  for  six  horsemen  to  ride  abreast.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  finished  214  years  before  the  Christian  era. 
It  was  built  as  a  defence  against  the  Tartars. ^^ 


Economy  of  time  and  labor. 

Character.— The  Chinese  are  mild,  intelligent,  courteous, 
and  extremely  industrious  ;  but  generally  vain,  timid,  artful, 
and  jealous  of  strangers. 

7>,?rnv.— Peking,  the  capital  of  the  Chinese  Empire,  is 
situated  in  a  fertile  plain,  about  50  miles  from  the  great  wall. 
It  is  Minilos  in  circumference,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  wall 
30  feet  high.     It  is  the  most  populous  city  on  the  globe. 

Nanking  was  formerly  one  of  the  most  splendid  cities  in 
China,  but  it  is  now  niudi  decayed.  It  is  distinguished  for 
the  extent  of  i!s  manufactures,  particularly  silks^  crap/s^  and 
nankeens.  It  is  famous  for  its  Porcelain  Tower,  which  is  200 
feet  high. 

Canton,  situated  on  Canton  river,  is  the  first  commercial 
city  in  Chinn,  and  the  only  one  to  which  Europeans  and 
Amorirans  iiro  p-rmitlcd  to  trade.  The  chief  article  of  ex- 
port ia  Ira. 

W  hi,  h  nrr  thr  3  nrini  ipal  llivcrs  in  China?  n.  k.  h.   Wha 


*-i08 


ASIA. 


City  ill  tlio  N.  K.  iiiii'i ;'     Hliin  Y 


WlmloHv  N.  i:  ? 


i»n«[.      Wiml  rilyr  oiitlio  ||o 

«'ify  N.  w.  or  rnmoii;'    v 


nnil  Nimr-im-loii.     Wlml  ;J  cil 


|^^-Wlml    .^  riti.H  H  M. ,,{   N.uiliinir? 


Kf  11. 


Kuniul  itn  lininrlioH .' 
nii-llo,  or  Yollow  riv»»r  :' 
11,1' 


ION  nro  Nitiiittiui   oil  llin  Kiiiii^ 

N.   M.  T.-- -Wlmt     *   (;itipN  lUMir  (ho   11(1 


V.  n.  r.  -  Wlint  Iiirifo  Inlnini  nonr  (I 


H.  V. — Wliiit.  :i  HniiH  lionlor  on  Chi 


Wlmt,  ohislor  of  intoN  K.  of  M 


10  roiiHl,  of  (!|iinn  ?  k. 


»o  Itliio  Hon  P   i..«t. -VVIiiil.  In. 


(annlP  UI.,UKt.i,uuulo,i«u-ork  ol*  ami,,„ity  iloyoi,  niid  in 
Tow's  '  '   '""  "'   ^^'"'"^  '"  «IiHiin.^uiJio.l  (o/itH  li  «|. 


TMinr/r. 


Grand  Lotni. 
How  is  Thibet  bouiulod  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

This  ^  one  of  the  most  elevated  divisions  of 
Asia.  The  Ilnnmaleh  mountains,  in  the  southern 
part,  are  the  highest  range  on  the  globe  ;  Dawal- 
ageri,  the  i)nnci])al  suuunit,  is  5  miles  high. 

it  IS  a  cold  and  barren  country,  but    abounds 


AHl/\, 


209 


on  dm  Mo. 
niiloii  :'     V, 
uikinKi*  It. 
tlin  Kiiiii^ 
or  Ihn  Ho- 
lor  on  (7)ii- 
Cliinii  f  K. 
-VVIiiil.  Ih. 
in  hn|M*riiil 
/on  thui  ill 
iNo  atiMin^ 
I.  yrdvv  r*- 


'  V.  fll 


111? 

ions  of 
)iithorn 
Davval- 

boumis 


ill  ti  vuricly  of  iiniriiiilM  ;  i\\('  tiiohl  iir>tr!<|  riinnri^ 
lln'iii  iH  11  KjM'ri('Nor<i;o;il,  iVoiii  (In-  hiiir  of  wiiicfi, 
iIm^  i  'ii^^litncn^  sIimwIh  un)  niiiiiiifMcliircd. 

'I'lin  riiliinnti  of'rinlM'l  vn\\n\»\H  in  worHlii|i|>int;  fhn  nrnml 
liiiiiiti,  wlm  ill  M'|^;ihI(mI  l»y  liiti  wmmIiipihtm  hm  iIm!  vinug'tront 
ol'  ( itxl. 

liAMHA,  llM'('ii|»iliil,  in  «liHtitiiriiiHli<M|  .iM  llu'  rffHiiimcn  j»r  IIm> 
(iniii'l  1 ,1111111,  iumI  ill  ;'(Mn;r.illy  lliroiunMl  vvilli  |M'(»|»|«- IVomi 
viiiiuiin  piiilM  <»l"  AmIsi,  who  <;»nnt)   to  worH!iij»  Imh  micivxl   niu- 

WInil  4  lai'tijo  HivftrM  r'lHO  in  'riiihi'l.?  n.  i.  n.  k, —  WIml, 
IMfmiiliiiiiM  holwodii  Tliilutt  iiri<l  IlimlnoHltin  ?  n. — What. 
Hiiiiill  l<inii(lorn  in  \\ui  Houihorn  pnrt,  oC'l  hilnit,  Huhjnr.l.  to  Iho 
(iiiind  Idimiii'  ii.-  Ilovv  in  LafM-i  xif  imtcH  r  Whirl  «»nall 
kMijii;(hMu  ainorijj  iho  MonotairiM  W.  of  Ttiihof  ^  i.  v. 

"cmm-:Hi<i  TAfi'TAiiY7 " 

How  IH  ('hinfJBu  Tarlary  hounded?  ' 

(/liinosc  Tnrtary  is  a  thinly  populated  country, 
coiiHiKtin^  niiiK'ipijIly  of'a  vast  (ihwatod  plain,  ho- 
twccntho  ninuniilcli  and  Altay  mountains. 

Little  is  known  r(!S|)(;<*iinj^  tln^  country  or  tlio 
inhabitJinls.  Most  of  tlio  ti'ihoH  aro  said  to  lead  a 
WJindcrini^  pastoral  life,  and  to  he  worshipporH  of 
the  (rrand  liarna. 

Fn  what.  part.  ofChinoHo  Tartnry  is  Soongaria?  Little  Bu- 
r-haria?  Lil.tU)  'Phihi;!.  ?  KahiiuckH.^  Mori;.oIia?  Mant- 
cliooria?  What  rxliTiHivf!  (Ic.scrl.  in  C;.  Tarlary.''  Which  is 
tli(>  priii(i|»al  IJivcr?  a. —  What  MoiUitainH  hntwocn  C  Tar- 
lary and  I.  Tarlary  ?  u  t. — What  Mountains  in  iho  wcHtfjrn 
part  ol'C,  Tarlary  ?  (j-a.  and  a. — What  MonrilainH  form  part 
ofllio  hoiHidary  hctwoon  ( !. 'I'artary  and  P-UHsIa?  What 
Town  in  litllo  liii'haria  on  the  river  ^ash^^•lr?  ('. — What  2 
Town.s  in  iMoniroha?  k.  k. — What  2  Towns  near  the  Chinese 
Wall  ?  o.  /,.-- What4Towns  on  the  Amour  and  its  hranches? 
M.  o.  N.  s.  -^Vllrit  •  haniinl  oast  of  C  Tarlary  ^  What  2 
largre  hiland.n  .''   .4.  J,  —  \V  hat    I<akt'  in  II1''  u'oslrrn  part    of  ('. 


210 


ASIA. 


Tartary?     Palcafi  ?     What  town  near  L.  Palcati?  Haroasli 
in  what  ompiro  is  Cliincse  Tartary  included  ? 

COREA. 
Corea  is  little  known.     It  is  said  to  be  a  heal- 
thy, fertile,  and  populous  country. 
The  capital  is  King-ki-td-o. 

What  2  Beas  border  on   Coroa  ?  y.  c—What  Straits  be- 
tweon  Corea  and  the  Japan  islands  ?  c. 


EMPIRE  OF  JAPAN. 


Sedan  Chair, 

The  Empire  of  Japan  consists  of  the  islands  of 
Niphon,  Jesso,  Kiusiu,  and  several  smaller  ones 
adjacent. 

it  is  a  rich,  populous,  and  remarkable  Empire, 
holding  no  intercourse  with  any  nation  except  the 
Dutch  and  Chinese. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy,  and  the  soil 
productive.  Agriculture  is  held  in  high  estima- 
tion, and  no  portion  of  the  soil,  except  the  most 
barren  wastes,  is  left  uncultivated. 


ASIA. 


211 


i?  Haroasli. 

)c  a  Iieal- 

StraitH  be- 


lands  of 
ler  ones 

Empire, 
tept  the 

the  soil 
estiina- 
le  most 


The  chief  productions  arc  ricc,^  millet^  lohent^ 
barley,  SfC.  It  has  valuable  mines  o{  gold,  silver^ 
iron  ami  cpjiper:  and  most  of  the  islands  abound 
in  coal. 

Inhabilants. — Tho  Japanese  are  the  most  civilized  people 
of  Eastern  Asia,  and  are  remarkable  f()r  their  industry  and 
ingenuity.  They  excel  most  nations  in  the  manufacture  of 
silk  and  cotton  goods,  and  in  Japan  and  porcelain  ware. — 
Great  attention  is  paid  to  education ;  and  they  have  several 
schools  for  tho  higher  branches,  as  llhetoric.  Astronomy, 
Mathematics,  &c. 

Towns.— 3e.do  is  a  large,  populous,  and  commercial  city  in 
the  eastern  part  of  tho  island  of  iNrphon.  It  is  the  seat  of 
flourishing  manufactures,  and  contains  many  splendid  edi- 

Miaco,  the  ecclesiastical  and  literary  capital  of  the  empire, 
in  situated  in  the  interior,  160  miles  S.  W.  of  Jedo.  It  has 
an  extensive  commerce,  and  is  distinguished  for  the  extent 
and  value  of  its  manufactures. 

Nangasaki,  on  the  islaad  of  Kiusiu  is  a  large  and  commer- 
cial seaport,  and  the  only  place  where  the  Dutch  are  permit- 
ted to  trade. 


What  Strait  between  Niphon  and  Jeeso  ?  San-ga''.  What 
Town  in  the  northern  part  of  Niphon  ?  r.  — How  is  JedY> 
situated  ?  Whore  is  Mi-a-co'  What  seaport  on  the  island  of 
Kiusiu '  Nan-ga  sa-ki.  Which  is  the  largest  of  the  Japan 
Islands  ?  What  Strait  between  the  Japan  Islands  and  Co- 
rea?  How  do  the  Ladies  go  to  make  their  morning  visits  in 
Japan  ?  [See  the  cut.]  Which  has  the  greatest  latitude,  Jedo 
or  this  place  ?  In  what  direction  from  this  state  i»  the  island 
«>f  Niphon  .'' 


2152 


ASIA. 
IiXDRPENDFNT  TARTARY. 


Tartars  exercising  with  the  how  and  lance. 
How  is  Iiidepeiidcnt  Tartaiy  bounded  ?     Its  Capital  ? 

liulepenclcnt  Tartaryis  inhabited  by  several 
tribes  of  Tartars;  the  two  principal  of  wliich  are 
the  Usbecks,  in  the  south,  and  the  Kirgees  in  the 
north. 

The  climate  in  most  parts  is  mild,  and  the  soil 
generally  fertile.  Agriculture  and  manufactures 
receive  but  little  attention. 

This  country  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  most 
powerful  empire  in  Asia,  under  Ghengis-Khan, 
'Jiimerlanv.,  ,d  others,  and  still  presents  many 
monumenls  ofits  ancieni,  civilization. 

(JIutracler. —  The  T.irtars  are  a  wandering  people,  and  rovn 
from  place  to  place,  with  their  flocks  nnd  herds.  Their  em- 
ployment consists  in  tending  their  flocks,  hunting  and  exer- 
cising with  the  bow  and  lance.  They  arc  ignoraat  and  sii- 
perstiiious  ;  but  bravo,  and  remarkable  fortheir  hospitality 
to  s'j-angers  and  travellers. 

CUiff  Towny.~^iKn\TK\,\\\(^  capital  of  Great    Bukhara, 


I 


J^i^ 


e. 
ipital  ? 

1  several 
vliich  are 
es  in  the 

I  the  soil 
iifactures 

the  most 
;is-Khan, 
its  many 

c,  and  rovo 
'I'lieir  em- 
f  and  exer- 
vt  and  sii- 
hospitalily 


ASIA. 


213 


is  100  miles  W.  of  Samarcand,  on   the  Sopjd.     It  contains 
many  colleges  for  instruction  in  the  Mahometan  law. 

Samarcand  is  situated  on  the  Sogd,  a  branch  of  tlic  Jihon 
or  Amoo  river.  It  was  once  the  capital  of  the  empire  of 
Tamerlane,  and  was  a  colehrated  seat  of  science,  but  retains 
little  of  its  former  magnificence. 

What  Sea  W.  of  Independent  Tartary  ?  What  in  I.  Tar- 
tary?  What  2  Rivers  empty  into  the  Aral  Soa?  a.  j. — 
What  5  Towns  on  the  Jihon  and  its  branches  ?  k.  s.  b.  s.  f. 
What  2  Towns  on  the  Sihon  ?  t.  o. — What  mountains  be- 
tween I.  Tartary  and  the  Chinese  empire.?  What  moun- 
tains unite  with  the  Belur  Tag  Mountains  on  the  north  ?  u. 
On  the  south?  ii. — On  the  east  ?  a. — What  outlets  have  tlie 
Caspian  and  Aral  Seas?  How  many  square  miles  has  I.  'I'ar 
tary  ?  What  is  its  population  ?  What  is  the  favorite  amuse- 
ment of  the  Tartars  ?     (See  the  cut.) 

SIBERIA. 


Travelling  in  Kamtchalka. 
How  is  Siberia  bounded  ?     Its  Capital  ? 


Siberia  is  a  cold,  desolate,  forlorn  and  extensive 
region,  and  is  inhal)ited  by  a  number  of  barbarous 
tribes,  who  are  subject  to  Russia. 


Bukhara. 


214 


ASIA. 


It  is  mostly  a  level  country,  consisting  of  vast 
plairjs,  or  steppes,  many  of  which  are  entirely  des- 
titute of  vegetation. 

Siberia  has  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
had  and  iron;  and  abounds  in  \vild  animals, 
many  of  which  are  highly  valuable  on  account  of 
their  furs  ;  particulaly  the  inctrdn,  sable,  heacer, 
and  engine.  Besides  these,  there  are  elks,  wolves, 
hears,  reindeer,  foxes, hares,  6fC,  In  Kamtchat- 
ka,  dogs  are  used  for  drawing  carnages. 

Character. — The  inhabitants  are  generally  ignorant,  filthy, 
anil  barbarous. 

Towns. — Tobolsk,  tho  capital  of  Siberia,  is  noted  as  a 
place  of  banishment  for  criminals  sent  from  Russia,  and  is 
the  centre  of  the  Russian  fur  trade. 

Irkoutsk,  tlie  chief  town  of  Eastern  Siberia,  is  the  princi- 
pal mart  of  commerce  between  Russia  and  China.  It  is  the 
most  sp'endid  and  prosperous  city  of  Siberia. 


What  2  Seas  border  on  Kamlchatka?  o.  k. — What  small 
sea  in  tho  eastern  part  ot  Siberia  ?  a. — What  River  empties 
into  *.he  sea  of  Anadir  ?  a. — What  2  seas  in  the  N.  W.  part 
of  Siberia?  k.  o, — Wnat  6  Rivers  empty  into  the  Arctic 
ocean?  i.,  o.  a.  p.  y.  o.^— Which  is  the  most  northern  cape  of 
Russia?  T. — Which  is  the  most  eastern  ?  e. — The  most 
southern  ?  l. — What  2  Towns  in  Kamtchalka  r  N-K.and  Pe- 
tro-pau'lowsk.  What  town  on  the  sea  of  Okhotsk?  o.  What 
town  N.  of  it?  s. — What  4  Towns  on  the  Lena  and  its 
branches  ?  s.  y.  v.  k.-— What  town  on  lake  Baikal  ?  i. — What 
town  on  the  Olensk  '  o. — What  towns  on  the  Yenisei  and 
its  blanches?  t.  j.  i..  t.  y.  a.— VN'hat  1 1  Towns  on  the  Obi 
n.m\  its  branches  ?  o.  b.  s.  t.  t.  t.  o.  k.  n.  k.  t. — What  Moun- 
tains separate  Siberia  from  Russia  m  Europe?  u. — What  is 
their  lengt!.  and  hefgl)t?  Where  is  the  Stoppe  of  Issini  ? 
Where  is  Lake  liaikal?  Lake  Tshany?  Lake  Altan? 
How  many  square  miles  has  Siberia?  What  is  its  popula- 
tion ?  How  do  they  travel  in  Kamtchalka?  Which  has  the 
oreatpst  !at!ttidt>,  Tubolhk  or  ikis  p.'are  ?  Have  ihcy  Hcluinls 
in  Siberia  ? 


ASIA. 


215 


^  of  vast 
tirely  des- 

r,  copper, 
[  animals, 
ccount  of 
'e,  heaver, 
ks,  wolves, 
Camtchat- 

orant,  filthy, 

I  noted  as  a 
ssia,   and  is 

s  the  prinei- 
a.     It  Ih  the 


What  small 
iver  empties 
N.  W.  part 

0  the  Arctic 

1  em  cape  of 
— The  most 
N-K.and  Pe- 
i?  o.  What 
icna  and  its 

?  I.— What 
Yenisei  and 
1  on  the  01)i 
i^hat  Monn- 
r. — What  is 
3  of  Issini  ? 
ike  Allan? 
I  its  popula- 
hich  has  the 


I 


CAUCASUS. 

Caucasus  eiubraces  the  country  between  the 
Caspian  and  Black  Seas,  and  is  inhabited  by  a 
number  of  nations  who  are  subject  to  Russia. 

It  is  a  rou"li,  broken,  and  mountainous  coua- 
trv,  entirely  "destitute  of  plains;  the  climate  »u 
the  valleys  is  mild  and  healthy,  and  the  sou  tor- 
tile. 

The  Circassians  and  Georgians  are  ^he  two  priACl^s^  ra. 
tions  in  this  division.  The  Circassians  inhabit  the  northeni 
decliviJy  of  the  Caucasian   mountains,  and  are  a  ferocious 

'^"The^Sgiarilo-.ss  the  country  south  of  theCauca.- 
ian  mount^f^s.  anS  are  friendly  and  hospitable,  and  said  to 
be  the  handsomest  people  u,  tl>f  ^or  a.  iheir  fe- 

ThPSB  nations  are  celebrated  for  the  beauty   ot   tneir  re 
niaTes     numbers  of  whom  are  sold  by   their  parents  to  the 
Turks'anS  Persians,   and  arc  considered  tne  brightest  orna- 

"7^^!^t;^^'or  Georgia,  is  situated  on  the  river 
Knr  It  is  stron.'ly  fortified,  and  contains  a  number  of 
duuches,  and  is  the're-s.dcnoe^f  the  Russian  governor. 

S  '  W  at  2  1^^^^^^^^^^  tl-  Caspian  Sea.^  A  B4-kou  and 
nTr'bu.r  la  wluit  part  is  Teflis?  J  n  what  part  is  Circassia  ? 
!u  whaf  part  is  Gco4ia?     For  what  is  Georgia  celebrated  ? 

GENER:Vl.  aUKSTlONS  ON'  THE  MAP  OF  ASIA. 

Which  division  of  Asia  extends  farthest  south  ?  M. 


Which  is  the  most  Western  division 


T. 


h. 


vy  HCiifir! 


Is 


iMrc;;u;l,^  .e<  I.  1  eand  l.Tarlar,  .ro  in  ll.e 
..,'o!S"o"u'"cort.i.,  cily  in  tholh.Uod  Sl.l«»  ;  wl,.t 
arc  the  names  ol  all  three  ? 

How  will  vou  sail  from  Bagdad  to  Calcutta? 
^;^^lI^a.ioL^...^  Svhatimpoitaul  character  do 


216 


ASIATIC    ISLANDS. 


you  find  here?  How  will  you  sail  from  Laeaa  to  Nanking  ? 
What  celebrated  building  do  you  find  here  ? 

The  initials  of  certain  cities  in  Asia  form  the  phrase,  Cyrus 
TOOK  Babylon;  what  aie  their  names  and  how  situated  f 

Which  is  the  largest  city  in  Asia  ? 

Which  are  the  6  next  in  size  ? 

What  is  the  length  of  the  Altay  Mountains  ?  Ilimmaleh 
Mountains?  Ural  Mountains?  Mow  high  is  the  highest 
peak  of  the  Uimmaleh  Mountains?  Second  peak?  How 
high  is  Mt.  Ararat?     Gauts? 


ASIATIC  OR  EAST  INDIA  ISLANDS. 

The  Asiatic  or  East  India  Islands,  are  those 
which  He  between  Asia  and  New  Holland,  and 
consist  principally  of  five  groups;  viz.  1.  The 
Siinda  isles.  2.  The  Molucca  or  Spice  Islands. 
3.  Celebes.  4.  Borneo,  and  a  number  of  small 
islands  adjacent.  5.  The  Manillas,  or  Phillippine 
islands- 

The  soil  in  most  of  these  islands  is  remarkably 
fertile,  and  produces  in  abundance  the  richest 
fruits  of  the  torrid  zone,  and  the  finest  spices  and 
gums. 

These  islands  are  rich  in  minerals,  and  abound 
ill  wild  animals,  among  which  are  the  rhinoceros, 
tiger,  orang-outang,  and  crocodile. 

The  climate  is  extremely  warm,  and  generally 
unhealthy,  especially  to  foreigners. 

A  Tabulai-  view  of  the  principal  East  India  Islands. 
SUNDA  ISLES. 


JVumes. 


Sumatra, 
Java, 
Banco, 
Timor, 


Possessed  by    |     Sq.  m. 


Natives, 
Dutch, 
Dutch, 
DutchtScToi. 


180,000 
52,000 

5,600 
6,000 


jPo/?m(<^ I  Ch.T'wiis. 


4,500000 

4,230000 

."]0,000 

100,000 


liencoolen. 
Batavia. 


LiU 


iiO. 


AUSTRALASIA. 


217 


o  Nanking  ? 

irase,  Cyrus 
situated  f 


Ilimmaleh 

tiiu  higlicfeit 

cuk  ?     How 


NDS. 

are  tiiose 
land,  and 
1.  The 
e  Islands. 
•  of  small 
ippine 


Hiilli 


smarkably 
le  richest 
pices  and 

d  abound 
hinoceros, 

generally 

[slands. 


wtis. 


Ch.T' 

liencoolen. 

Batavia. 


LiU 


Names. 
Amboyna, 
Coram, 
Gilolo, 
Banda  riii. 


MOLUCCAS,  or  SPICE  ISLANDS. 


Possessed  '>y 

Dutch, 

Dutch, 

Dutch, 

Dutch, 


Sq.  m. 
450 
4,00  > 
12,000 


Popufa. 
45,0;  >0 
120,000 


BORNKO. 
Borneo,       |  Natives,        |  3  )0,000  | 

CELEBES. 
Celebes,       |  Dutch,  |     9  ),00:» 


O'l.  Towns. 
Amboyna. 


Santanag. 


3,000,00 )  I  Boraso. 
3,000,000  I  Macaaaar. 


MANILLA  or  PlIILLlPPlNE  ISLANDS. 


Luzon, 
Mindinap, 
Sainar, 
Negros, 


Spaniards, 
Spaniards, 
Spaniards, 
Spaniards. 


70,000 

30,000 

8)0 

500 


1,200,000 

9O0,O0f) 

r4,000 

75,000 


Manilla. 
Mindinao. 


Which  is  the  mosteastein  of  the  Sunda  Isles?  t. — Whore 
is  Banca?  A.  South  of  Capo  Rorpania.  For  what  is  it  dis- 
tinguished? A.  For  its  extensive  mines  of  tin.  Where  are 
the  Moluccas  or  Spice  Islands?  For  what  are  they  celebra- 
ted ?  A.  For  the  richest  spices.  What  sea  north  of  Cele- 
bes? c. — What  strait  between  Celebes  and  Borneo  ?  m. — 
What  island  N.  of  Borneo  ?  p. — Which  is  the  largest  of  the 
Phillippine  Isles?  i.. —  What  Capo  N.  of  Luzon?  e. — What 
large  island  N.  of  Luzon  ?  f— What  small  islands  between 
Luzon  and  Formosa  ?  b.  -  Which  is  the  largest  of  the  East 
India  Islands?  b. — What  is  its  Chief  Town?  b. 

^ustralai5fe-T. 

Australasia  embraces  New  Holland,  Van  Die* 
men's  Land,  New  Guinea,  New  Britain,  New 
Ireland,  Solomon's  Island,  New  Hebrides,  New 
Zealand,  and  numerous  smaller  islands  surround- 
ing them. 


iiO. 


NEW  HOLLAND. 

Now  Holland  is  the  largest  island  on  the  globe 
being  2,600   miles  in  length,  from  east  to  west, 

19 


m 


218 


AUSTRALASIA. 


and  1,060  in  breadth  from  north  to  south,  con^ 
taining  3,000,000  square  miles. 

New  Holland  was  discovered  in  1606  by  the 
Dutch.  Little  is  known  respecting  the  island, 
except  the  coasts. 

The  climate  is  mild  and  healthy,  and  the  soil 
fertile,  producing  wheat,  maizey  haiiey,  oranges, 
lemons^imd  other  ixo\Ac^\  fruits. 

The  country  along  the  eastern  coast  for  an  in- 
definite extent,  is  claimed  by  Great  Britain,  and 
is  called  New  South  Wales. 

An  English  colony  has  been  established  at  Port 
Jackson,  or  Botany  bay,  consisting  principally  of 
convicts  banished  from  Great  Britain. 

The  natives  are  small,  ill  shaped,  and  among  the  most  de- 
graded of  the  human  species.  They  have  no  regular  reli- 
gion, and  but  a  faint  idea  of  a  future  state. 

Sidney  is  the  chief  town  and  capital  of  the  English  colo- 
ny.    Pop,  7,000. 

VAN  DIEMEn's  land. 

Tan  Diemen's  Land,  is  a  healthy,  fertile  island, 
170  miles  in  length,  and  about  158  in  breadth. — 
An  English  colony  was  established  here  in  1803, 
and  in  1818,  it  contained  about  6000  inhabitants, 
about  one  half  of  whom  were  convicts  from  G. 
Britain  and  New  South  Wales. 

The  natives  resemble  those  of  New  Holland.  Hobart 
Town  is  the  capital  of  the  colony.  It  was  laid  out  in  1U04, 
aaid  now  contains  a  number  of  elegant  buildings. 

PAPUA,  OR  NEW  GUINEA. 

Little  is  known  respecting  New  Guinea  or  the 
adjacent  islands.  They  are  said  to  be  populous 
and  fiBrtiie,  producing   most  of  the  fruits  of  the 


►uth,  cori- 

S  by  the 
le   iaknd, 

(1  the  soil 
oranges, 

for  an  in- 
itain,  and 

cd  at  Port 
cipally  of 

he  most  de- 
egular  rcli- 

nglifih  colo- 


Lile  island, 
ireadth. — 
J  in  1803, 
[habitants, 
from  G. 

id.     Hobart 
out  in  li{04, 


lea  or  the 
!  populous 
lits  of  the 


AUSTRALASIA. 


219 


torrid  zone.     The  inhabitants  are  negroes,  and 
generally  resemble  the  people  of  New  Holland. 

NEW  ZEALAND. 

New  Zealand  consists  of  2  large  islands,  sepa- 
rated  by  Cook's  strait.  These  islands  are  moun- 
tainous, and  have  a  mild,  healthy  climate. 

The  natives  are  tall,  well  formed,  and  possess  uncommon 
sairacity  and  strength  of  mind.  They  are  cannibals,  and 
when  provoked,  are  extremely  ferocious. 

An  English  settlement  has  been  established  here  for  intro- 
ducing the  blessings  of  civilization  and  Christianity.  The 
natives  manifest  a  strong  desire  for  improvement,  and  have 
made  considerable  progress  in  the  arts  of  civilized  life. 

Qaedions  on  the  Map  of  the  World.— In  what  part  of  New- 
Holland  is  New  South  Wales  ?  To  whom  does  it  belong  ? 
What  is  the  capital  of  the  English  colony  ?  s.  What  name 
has  been  given  to  the  southern  part  of  Uie  island  ?  n.— What 
names  to  the  W.  coast?  d.  e.— What  Gulf  in  the  N.  part.? 
c— What  strait  separates  New  Holland  from  New  Guinea  ? 
T— What  strait  between  New  Holland  and  Van  Diemen's 
Land?  b.— Which  is  the  largest,  New  Holland  or  the  United 
States  and  Territory  ?  What  is  the  chief  town  on  Van  Dio- 
Knen's  Land  ?  Whst  cape  S.  of  Van  Diemen's  Land  ?  South 
Cape.  How  wide  is  the  strait  between  N.  Holland  and  Van 
Diemen's  Land  ?  A.  100  miles.  In  what  direction  from  us 
is  New  Holland  ? '  In  what  direction  from  N.  Holland  is  New 
Guinea  ?  In  what  direction  from  N.  Guinea  is  N.  Britain  ? 
New  Ireland?  Solomon's  Isle  ?  What  strait  between  the 
islands  of  New  Zealand  ?     What  3  Capes  around  them  ?  n. 


£•  o* 


What  bay  in  the  northern  part  ?  v.     What  season 


IS 


it  in  N.  Holland  now  ?  Is  the  climate  colder,  or  warmer  in 
New  Guinea  than  in  this  place  ?  If  you  were  at  C.  South  m 
New  Zealand  to-day  at  12  o'clock,  in  what  direction  would 
your  shadow  fall? 


2Q0 


POLYNESIA. 


IJoluursia.* 


^'J  View  of  Otaheite. 

Polynesia  embraces  the  numerous  islands  of 
the  Tacific  lying  east  of  the  Asiatic  islands  and 
Australasia. 

The  principal  groups  are  the  Pelew  islands, 
and  the  Ladrones,  Carolina?,  Sandwich  islands, 
and  Mulgrave's  isles,  lying  north  of  the  equator ; 
and  the  Marquesas,  Society  isles,  Friendly  isles, 
and  Navigator's  isles,  south  of  the  equatf)r. 

These  islands  have  generally  a  fertile  soil,  and 
a  mild,  healthy  climate.  The  most  important 
productions  are  the  hrcad-fi  mt,  cccoa  nuts^hanan- 
(IS,  oranges,  ^'C 

The  inhabitants  are  tall,  well  formed,  and  gcneraUy  of 
amiable  dispositions.  They  wero  formerly  Pagans,  and  wero 
accustomed  to  sacrifice  human  victims  to  their  gods.  But  in 
the  Sandwich  and  Society  Islands,  they  have  destroyed  iheir 
idols,  and  have  received  Christian  Missionaries.  Many  have 
been  taught  to  read  and  write  ;  and  numbers  have  been  con- 
verted to  Christianity. 

Qnesfio7is  071  fhf.  Map  of  the  JVorld, — Tn  what  direction 
from   Mindinao,  are  the  Pclew  isles  ?     Where  are  the  La- 

*  Derived  from  2  Greek  words,  signifying  many  inlands. 


F. 


islands  of 
ilands  and 

iv  islands, 

h  islands, 

I  equator ; 

idly  isles, 

Lor. 

e  soil,  and 

important 

jiSfbanari' 

ycnerally  of 
MS,  and  were 
ods.  But  in 
stroyfid  l^ieir 
Many  have 
ve  been  con- 


at   direction 
are  the  La- 

iy  itlnnds. 


APniCA. 


MUl 


I 


drones  ?     Which  are  the  3  principal  islands  among  the  La- 
drones?  *•   a.G.     Where  are  the  Carolinas ?     What  cluster 
•of  islands  in  the  Pacific  about  midway  between  Asia  and 
Amerrca  ?  s.    When,  and  by  whom,  were  the  Sandwich  Isl- 
ands first  discovered  ?    A.  Inl778,  byCapt.Cook,  andCapt. 
King.     Which  is  the  most  noted  of  the  Sandwich  Islands?  o. 
Which  are  the  next  ?  a.  m.    In  what  direction  from  the  Sand- 
wich Islands  are  Mulgrave's  Isles  ?     What  8  Islands  N.  of 
Mulgrave's  Isles?    s-b.  o-r.  b.  p.  d.  St-p.  c.  c.     What  con- 
siderable Island  S.    F..  of  Mulgrave's  Isles  ?  c.~Where  are 
the  Marquesas  or  Washington  Isles  ?     Where  are  the  Socie- 
ty Isles  ?     Which  is  the  principal  Island  among  the  Society 
Isles  ?  o.     W  hat  cluster  of  Isles  S .  W.  of  the  Society  Isles  ? 
F.     Which  is  the  principal  Island  among  the  Friendly  Isles  ? 
T.     What  group   of  Isles  N.  E.  of  the  Friendly  Isles?    n. 
What  4  Islands  N.   W.  of  Navigator's  Isles  ?     s.  n.  b.  d.— 
What  group  of  Islands  on  both  sides  of  the  Equator,  near  the 
coast  of  South  America?  o. 

Q.  How  does  Africa  compare  with  the  bther  Grand  divi- 
sions of  the  globe  ?  ,.    .  . 

A.  It  is  the  second  of  the  five  grand  divisions 
of  the  globe,  being  4,430  miles  in  length ;  and 
4,140  in  breadth,  containing  11,500,000  square 

miles. 

Q.  Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  and  longitude  does 

Africa  lie  ?  ^-r     i     . 

A.  Between  35"  S.  latitude  and  37^°  N.  lati- 
tude ;  and  between  18^  W.  longitude  and  5P  E. 
longitude. 

Q.  Is  Africa  as  enlightened  and  civilized  now  as  it  was  in 
ancient  times.  ? 

A.  It  is  not.  The  inhabitants  in  the  northern 
part  of  Africa,  were  anciently  among  the  most 
enlightened  on  the  globe.  Ethiopia  was  much 
celebrated  ;  Egypt  brought  to  Europe  the  first 
germs  of  civilization,  and  Carthage  extended  her 
commerce  over  every  part  of  the  known  world. 

19* 


2'2'::t 


AFRICA, 


But  now,  Africa  is  the  least  known,  least  civilized, 
and  the  least  important  of  the  five  grand  divisions 
of  the  globe. 

Q.  To  what  is  our  knowledge  of  Africa  principally  con- 
fined ? 

A.  Principally  to  the  countries  lying  on  the 
coast ;  the  interior  being  almost  entirely  unex- 
plored. 

Q.  For  what  is  Africa  remarkable  ? 

A.  For  its  immense  sandy  deserts^  which  com- 
pose nearly  one  third  of  its  surface.  The  prin- 
cipal of  which  is  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert,  which 
stretches  from  the  Atlantic  nearly  to  the  Nile  ; 
and  is  about  3,000  miles  in  length,  and  1,000  in 
breadth. 

[The  deserts  are  like  seas,  the  sands  being  moved  by  the 
winds  like  waters ;  and  storms  on  them  are  more  terrible  and 
destructive  than  on  the  ocean.  They  have  Oases^  or  fertile 
^(its,  like  islands,  which  serve  as  resting  and  watering  pla- 
ces fb?  Cjtravans.] 

Q.  By  whom  is  Africa  peopled? 

A.  The  northern  part,  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  De- 
sert, is  peopled  by  Moors  and  Arabs  ;  Egfypt  by  Copts  and 
foreigners  ;  Abyssinia  by  degenerate  Arabs ;  the  southern, 
western,  and  central  parts,  by  the  Negro  race. 

Q.   VVhat  wild  animals  are  found  in  Africa? 

A.  Almost  every  species.  Lions,  tigers,  elephants,  pan- 
thers, and  hyenas  reign  undisturbed  in  its  vast  deserts. 

Its  rivers  abound  with  crocodiles  and  hippopotami, 
largest  and  most  venomous  serpents  are  found  here, 
most  useful  of  the  tame  animals  is  the  camel. 

Q.  What  can  you  say  of  the  climate  of  Africa? 

A.  It  is  warmer  tkanthatof  any  other  division  of  the  globe, 
as  all  its  productions,  both  animal  and  vegetable,  bear  testi- 
mony. 

Q.  What  is  the  probable  population  of  Africa  ? 

A.  It  is  s-.ipposed  to  bo  00,000,000, 


The 
The 


I 


I 


ATUK'A. 


223 


civilized, 
divisions 

pally  con- 

g  on  the 
;ly  unex- 

lich  com- 
rhe  prin- 
rt,  which 
he  Nile  ; 
1,000  in 

)ved  by  the 
terrible  and 
«,  or  fertile 
itering  pla- 


to  tho  De- 
Copts  and 
3    southern, 


>hants,  paii- 
serts. 

tami.     The 
here.     The 


of  the  globe, 
,  bear  testi- 


I 


i 


Morocco? 
Algiers  ? 
Tunis  ? 
Tripoli  ? 
Barca  ? 
Egypt? 
Nubia? 
Abyssinia 


MAP    OP  AFRICA. 

How  is  Africa  bounded  ? 

Capital?  Principal  Towns? 
Capital?  Principal  Towns? 
Capital?  Principal  Towns? 
Capital  ?  Principal  Towns  ? 
Capital  ?  Principal  Tovms  ? 
Capital  ?  Principal  Towns  ? 
C^apital?  Principal  Towns? 
Capital?     Principal  Towns? 


Where  is  Fezzan  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

W  here  is  Senoganibia  ?     Its  chief  Towns  ? 

Where  is  Sierra  Leone  ?      What  is  its  rhief  Town  ? 

W  here  is  Liberia  ?      VV  hat  is  it>«  chief  Town  ? 

Where  is  Ciuinca  ?     \V  hat  are  its  4  principal  kingdoms  ? 

Where  is  Loango  ?     What  are  its  chief  Towns  ? 

Where  is  Congo  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Where  is  Bcnguela?     Its  principal  Towns? 

Where  is  Cimbcbas  ?      VV  hat  2  Capes  has  it  i* 

Where  is  South  Africa?     How  is  it  divided  ? 

VVhere  is  Monomotapa  ?     Its  chief  Towns  ? 

Where  is  Mozambique  ?     Its  chief  Town  ? 

Where  is  Zanguebar  ?     Its  chief  Towns  ? 

VVhere  are  Ajan  and  Adol? 

Where  is  Ethiopia.?     What  Town  in  it  ? 

Where  is  Nigritia  ?     Its  principal  Towns  ? 

Where  is  Darfur?     Wliat  is  its  Capital  ? 


RIVERS. 

Where  does  the  Nile  rise,  in  what  direction  does  it  run, 
and  whore  does  it  empty  ?  Niger  ?  Senegal  ?  Gambia  ? 
Grfi.nde?  Mesurado?  Lagos?  Formosa?  Congo?  Co- 
anza?     Orange?     Zak  ?     Keiskamma?     Zimbezl? 


ISLANDS. 

Vv  here  arc  the  Azores? 
Where  are  the  Madeira  Isles  ? 
Where  are  the  Ca-na-ry  Isles  '' 
VVhere  are  tho  Cape  Verd  Isles  ? 

Whore  are  Fernando  Po,  Prince's,  St.  Thomas,  and  Ana- 
bon  Isles  ' 


224 


AFRICA. 


Whore 

Whore 

Where 

Where 

Whore 

Where 

Where 

Whore 

Where 


18  St.  Matthew's  Isle  ?     Aflcension  Isle  ? 
is  St.  Helena  ?     For  what  is  it  remarkable  ? 
is  Madagascar  ?     What  Towns  on  it  ? 
are  the  Islo  of  France,  and  Bourbon  Isle  ? 
are  the  Comoro  Isles  ? 
are  the  Cosraoledo  Isles  ? 
are  Providence  and  Assumption  Isles  ? 
are  Almiraiito  Isles,  and  Mahe  Isles  ? 
is  the  Island  of  Socotra  ? 


CAPES. 


Whore  is  Cape  Bon  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Guardafui  ? 

W  here  is  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Verd? 

Where  is  Cape  Spartel  ? 

Where  are  Cape  Bedouin  and  Cape  Basaa  ? 

Where  is  Capo  Delgado  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Lagullas  ? 

Where  are  Cape  Serra  and  Cape  Frio  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Ledo  ? 

Where  is  Cape 3  Points? 

Where  are  Capo  Palmas,  and  Cape  Mesurado  ? 

Where  is  Cape  Roxo  ?  ^  >^,        r.  •  j     > 

Where  are  Cape  Blanco,  Cape  Barbas,and  Cape  Bojadar? 

W  here  is  Cape  Ambro  ? 
Where  is  Cape  St.  Mary  ? 

DESERTS. 

Where  is  Sahara,  or  Great  Desert  ? 
Where  is  the  Lybian  Desert  ? 

MOUNTAINS. 

Whore  are  the  Atlas  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Mountains  of  th«  Moon  7 
Where  are  the  Mountains  of  Kong  ? 
Where  are  the  Crystal  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Brenas  Mountains  ? 
Where  are  the  Lupata  Mountains  ? 


LAKES. 


Where  is  Lake  Tchad  ? 
Where  is  Lake  Uemboa  r 
Where  is  Lake  Maravi  ? 


AFinr'A. 


2-25 


le? 


pe  Bojadari 


%Vhpro  iallic  Gulf  ofCahefi  i* 
Whore  is  Iho  Culf  of  Sidra  =" 
Wliore  istlu!  (Julf  of  IViafra  ? 
When)  is  the  Chilf  of  Giiiiica  ? 
Where  is  Ujo  Gulf  of  Hciiin  ' 

EAY8. 

Whore  is  Delagoa  Bay  ? 
Whore  is  Altioa  Bay  ? 
Wlipn;  is  '('able  Biiy  ? 
Whore  is  Wahvich  Bay? 

STRAITS. 

Where  is  the  Strait  of  Buholinandel  ? 
Where  is  the  Strait  of  Gibralter  ? 
Where  is  the  Clianncl  of  Mozambic^ 


\  I 


EGYPT. 


"?  ■gji^.-j^Lr^  -^4-:^-^-^a^;^:^'  ™- — ' "'^'^■^^^^^^^^M^^ 


Pyramids  and  Sphynx. 
How  is  Egypt  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Egypt  is  celebrated  for  its   great   antiquity ; 
for  the  early  civilizatioii  of  it?  inhabitants,  ami 


ri! 


22(5 


ArniCA. 


for  being  the  parent  of  the  arts  and  Hciences. 
But  like'' most  seats  of  early  renown,  it  has  lost 
its  former  greatness,  and  is  now  distinguished  for 
the  magnificence  of  its  ruins. 

Ecrypt  is  divided  into  two  parts.  Upper  and 
Low"er.  U[)per  Egypt  extends  from  Nubia  to 
Cairo;  and  Lower  Egypt  from  Cairo  to  the  Med- 
iterranean. .  .     . 

The  cultivated  part  of  Egypt,  consists  pnnci- 
pally  of  a  fertile  vale,  15  or  20  miles  in  breadth, 
on  both  sides  of  the  river  Nile.  The  remainder 
of  the  country  is  mountainous  and  barren. 

The  climate  in  summer  is  extremely  warm ;  in 
winter  it  is  mild  and  agreeable. 

The  chief  productions  are  maize,  rice,  wheat, 
barley,  i^c,  and  most  of  the  fruits  of  the  torrid 
and  temperate  zones.  .     .  .u  i 

Rain  is  very  uncommon  in  Egypt,butowmg  to  the  annual 
flood  of  the  Nile,  and  the  hea\y  dews,  the  soil  seldom  sutlers 
for  want  of  moisture.  The  Nile  annually  overflows  its  banks, 
and  spreads  over  the  country  like  a  sea.  The  rise  of  the 
Nile  commences  about  the  middle  of  June,  and  begins  to  sub- 
side about  the  first  of  September.  The  lands  thus  overflow- 
ed  are  extremely    fruitful  and  easily  cultivated.     Manulac 

tures  are  in  a  low  state.  ..     r-n     *       A..oi»n 

Inhabitants.— The  inhabitants  consist  of  Copts,  Arabs, 
Turks  and  Jews.  The  Copts  are  the  most  numerous  class, 
and  are  the  descRndants  of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  They  are 
active,  ingenious,  and  well  skilled  in  business. 

Towns.— Ckiko  is  the  most  populous,  splendid,  and  com- 
mercial city  in  Africa.  ,  „„.  d 
Alexandria  was  built  by  Alexander  the  Great,  331  years  B. 
C  ,  and  for  a  long  time  was  the  seat  of  learning,  commerce, 
and  magnificence.  It  is  now  greatly  decayed,  and  abounds 
in  the  ruins  of  its  ancient  grandeur  ;  among  which  are  Fom- 
ppv's  Pillar.  75  feel  high,  two  obelisks,  and  the  catacombs. 
Tn'^the  heigiit  of  its  splendor,  it  is  said  to  have  contamea 
600,000  inhabitnnts. 


sciences. 

has  lost 

ished  for 

pper  and 
Mubia  to 
the  Med- 

ts  princi- 

breadth, 

emainder 

en. 
warm;  in 

cc,  wheats 
the  torrid 

o  the  annual 
Idom  suff'ers 
ws  its  banks, 
e  rise  of  the 
Bgins  to  sub- 
US  overflovv- 
.     Manufac 

opts,  Arabs, 
nerous  class, 
».     They  are 

id,  and  com- 

331  years  B. 
r,  commerce, 
and  abounds 
ich  are  Pom- 
le  catacombs. 
/e    contained 


AFlllCA. 


22T 


[The  Library  uf  Alexandria  Rurpassud  all  uthurH  in  the  an- 
cient world.  It  was  founded  by  Ptolemy  Philadolphus,  284 
years  B.  C,  and  contained  700,000  manuscript  volumes.  It 
was  burnt  by  the  Saracens,  A.  D.  640.] 

Antiquities. — Egypt  abounds  in  the  most  stupendous  mon- 
uments of  antiquity,  as  pyramids,  temples,  obelisks,  cata- 
combs, &c.  The  pyramids  have  been  the  wonder  of  all  ageg 
of  the  world.  The  largest  of  them  is  that  of  Cheops,  near 
Cairo.  It  is  500  feet  high,  and  covers  more  than  11  acres. 
When,  by  whom,  and  for  what  purpose,  ihcy  were  erected,  is 
entirely  unknown.  Near  one  of  the  Pyramids,  is  the  cele- 
brated Sphynx,  a  statue  of  a  huge  monster,  cut  out  of  a  solid 
rock.  It  has  the  face  of  a  virgin,  and  body  of  a  lion,  and  is 
125  feet  in  length. 

What  2  Cities  on  the  Mediterranean  ?  b.  a.  What  City 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Nile  ?  ii.  What  4  Cities  on  the  Nile  ? 
c.  8.  T.  8.  What  Town  in  the  S.  W.  part  ?  s.  What  Town 
on  the  gulf  of  Suez  ?  s.     What  Town  on  the  Red  Sea?  c. 

BARBARY  STATES. 


Boa  Constrictor, 
Which  are  the  Barbary  States  ?     m.  a.  t.  t.  b. 


The  northern  part  of  Africa,  now  included  in 


2^8  AFKiCA. 

the  Barbary  States,  once  contained  several  king 
doms  and  states,  eminent  for  power,  wealth,  and 
commerce.      But   these  have   been    repeatedly 
conquered,  and  scarcely  exhibit  a  vestige  ot  their 
former  greatness. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Barbary  States  are  divi- 
ded into  four  classes ;  viz.  Moors,  Jews,  Araus, 
and  Brebers.  They  are  ignorant,  rapacious,  and 
cruel,  and  have  long  been  noted  for  their  pira- 
cies and  political  debasement.  _ 

Between  the  Atlas  mountains  and  the  Medi- 
terranean, the  climate  is  mild  and  pleasant,  and 
the  soil  is  ,ortile,  but  miserably  cultivated. 

The  chief  productions  are  oil,  wine,  fruit,  su- 
frar,  cotton,  and  most  kinds  o^ grain. 

Between  the  Atlas  mountains  and  the  Desert,  the  country 
produces  little  except  dates,  but  these  grow  m  such  abun- 
dance,  that  it  is  called  Bilcdulgerid  or  the  land  of  dates. 

These  States  are  distinguished  for  the  number  of  noxious 
animals  which  infest  the  mountains  and  desert  tracts ;  the 
most  noted  ^nd  ferocious  among  them  are  lions,  panthers, 

'^Venomous  serpents  of  an  enormous  size  are  also  common. 
The  boa  or  serpent  of  the  desert,  is  often  80  feet  long,  and 
moves  with  such  Incredible  swiftness  that  no  animal  can  cs- 

^'Tmonff  the  great  variety  of  insects  in  these  States,  the  most 
formidable  is  the  locust,  which  often  comes  Irom  the  aesert  i:i 
suchimmcnso  swarmsas  to  devour  every  species  of  vegetation. 

BARCA. 

How  is  Barca  bounded?     What  is  its  Capital? 

Barca,  the  ancient  Lybia,  is  nominally  depen- 
dent on  Tripoli,  though  it  seems  to  l>e  the  proper- 
ty of  no  government  or  people.     Tiie  nuenor  is 


era!  king 
ealth,  and 
epeatedly 
re  of  their 

js  are  divi- 
vs,  Arabs, 
cious,  and 
their  pira- 

the  Medi- 
asant,  and 
ted. 
fruit, 


AFKICA. 


2-29 


i 


su- 


t,  tho  country 
I  such  abun- 
)f  dates. 
ler  of  noxious 
',rt  tracts ;  tho 
>us,  panthers, 

also  common, 
set  long,  and 
mimal  can  es- 
tates, the  most 
in  the  desert  i:i 
i  of  vegetation. 


•ital  ? 

iially  depeu- 

th(i  proper- 

le  interior  is 


mostly  a  desert,  and  once  contained  the  temple  of 

Jupiter  Ammon. 

The  coast  of  Barca,  once  flimed  for  its  three- 
fold crops,  is  stili  fertile,  but  badly  cuhivated. 

The  sovereignty  is  divided  between  two  Ceys,  one  of 
whom  resides  at  Dcrno  ;  the  other  at  Bengu/i. 

Dehne,  is  situated  about  half  a  milo  from  the  Mediterra- 
nean.  It  was  taken  in  1805,  by  Gen.  Eaton,  a  native  ol 
Brimfield,  Mass. 

What  Gulf  west  of  Barca?  s.  What  Town  on  the  gulf 
of  Sklra  ?  B.  In  what  part  is  Derne  .=  What  2  Towns  near 
the  southern  boundary  of  Barca?  a.  s.  What  division  of 
Europe  opposite  to  Barca.'  o.-What  large  Island  north  oi 
Barca?  c.-.-Wliat  Desert  south  of  Barca?  x. 


TRIPOLI. 

How  is  Tripoli  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 

Tripoli,  the  ancient  Tripolis,  is  the  most  civili- 
zed, but  the  weakest  of  the  Barbary  States,  and 
abounds  in  the  remains  of  antiquity.  ,  ,    .^   , 

Tripoij,  the  Capital,  is  a  regular,  well  built  and  fortifaed 
city,  and  has  an  excellent  harbor. 

What  2  gulfs  N.  of  Tripoli  ?  c.  s.— What  tov^n  north-west 
of  Tripoli?  s.~What  Kingdom  south  of  Tripoli?   f. 

TUNIS. 
How  is  Tunis  bounded?     Its  Capital  ? 

Tunis,  the  ancient  Africa  Propria,  and  the 
Bcat  of  the  Carthaginian  power,  is  one  of  the 
most  powerful  states  of  Barbary. 

Tunis,  the  Capital,  is  situated  about  6  miles  from  the  gulf 
of  Tunis',  and  is  one  of  the  first  cities  in  Africa.  It  has  con- 
Biderablo  trade,  and  valuable  n>anufacturcs. 

\bout  12  miles  N.  E.  of  Tunis  i^ie  the  rums  of  ancient 

20 


*i30 


AFRICA. 


Carthage,  which  was  founded  by  Didu,  869  years  before 
Christ/  For  a  long  time,  Carthago  was  the  emporium  of 
northern  Africa,  the  empress  of  the  sea,  and  the  formidable 
rival  of  Rome.  It  was  destroyed  by  ihe  Romans  under 
Scipio  African  us,  at  the  close  of  the  third  Punic  war,  14G 
years  B.  C  

What  Gulf  in  the  eastern  part  of  Tunis?  c.  What  Cape 
north  of  Tunis  ?  u.  What  largo  Island  between  Tunis  and 
the  southern  part  of  Italy?  s.— What  small  Island  east  oi 
Tunis?  M.-VVhat  separates  Tunis  from  Fezzan?  What 
ancient  city  once  stood  near  the  northern  part?  c. — When 
and  by  whom  was  Carthage  founded  ?  By  whom  was  it  de- 
stroyed ? 

ALGIKRS. 

How  is  Algiers  bounded?     What  is  its  Capital? 

Algiers,  the  ancient  Numidia,  is  the  most  fer- 
tile and  healthy  of  the  Barbary  states,  and  is  no- 
ted for  the  valuable  coral  fishery  on  its  coast. 

Algiers,*  the  capital,  is  a  strongly  fortified  town,  and  one 
of  the  most  noted  seats  of  piracy.  It  has  a  good  harbor,  and 
considerable  commerce. 

Constantina  is  a  large  city  of  the  interior,  and  occupies  the 
site  of  ancient  Cirta.  It  is  160  miles  east  of  Algiers,  and  is 
said  to  contain  many  elegant  buildings. 

What  Mountains  in  Algiers?  a.  What  2  Towns  on  the 
Mediterranean?  a.  o.  What  Town  in  the  interior?  c. — 
What  Gulf  on  the  coast  of  Guinea  directly  south  of  Algiers? 
B.  In  what  direction  from  Algiers  is  Liberia?  Darf ur  ? 
The  Colony  of  Sierra  Leone  ?  Fezzan  ?  Where  was  Cirta 
situated,  the  ancient  capital  of  Numidia? 


MOROCCO. 

How  is  Morocco  bounded  ?     What  is  its  Capital  ? 


i 


The  empire  of  Morocco,  the  ancient  Maurita- 


*   During  the  year   1830,  the  Frencii   took  Algiers  and 
uliii  hold  it  in  tiieir  pobaobsion. 


years  before 

emporium  of 

Lhe  formidable 

.omans   under 

unic  war,  146 

What  Cape 
een  Tunis  and 
[sland  east  of 
;zzan?  What 
,rt?  c. — When 
lom  was  it  do- 


lapital? 

le  most  fer- 
,  and  is  ne- 
ts coast. 

town,  and  one 
>od  harbor,  and 

id  occupies  the 
Algiers,  and  is 


Towns  on  the 
interior?  c. — 

futh  of  Algiers? 

)ria  ?     Darf  ur  ? 

'here  was  Cirta 


I  Capital  ? 

ent  Maiirita- 

jk  Algiers  and 


f 


AFRICA. 


231 


nia  embraces  the  kingdom  of  Fez,  Morocco,  Tafi- 
let  and  Tariidant,  and  is  noted  for  the  fertihty  of 
its  soil,  and  its  abundance  o£ fruits,  grain,  olives, 

^  Morocco,  the  capital,  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  fertile 
plain,  about  120  miles  from  the  Atlantic.  It  is  surrounded 
by  a  high  wall,  and  contains  many  splendid  temples  and 
mosques,  but  is  much  decayed.  ^.r.       •    *«  „♦ 

Fez,  the  capital  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Fe^  is  tne  most 
splendid  city  in  the  Barbary  States.  It  is  situated  in  a  beau- 
tiful valley,  and  was  once  famous  for  its  institutions  of  learn- 


ing. 


What  3  cities  in  the  southern  part?  t.  t.  n.     What  4  Cities 


on  the  Atlantic  ?  n.  s-c.  m. 


s. What  Town  on  the  Straits  of 


part,  in  the  in- 
—  What  Straits 


Gibraltar  ?  t.— What  Town  in  the  northern 

terior?  f, —What  Mountains  in  Morocco?  a 

between  Morocco  and  Spain  ?     What  English  Fortress  on  the 

Straits  of  Gibraltar?  a.     V/hat  Islands  W.  of  Morocco  ? 


M. 


p.s.—What    cluster  of  Islands  S.    W.    of  Morocco?  c— 
Which  is  the  most  celebrated  among  them  ? 

"senegambiaT 


TenerifFe. 


The  Elephant. 

CI  i_!_    I ^^^  ^  v^..rvil\£>r  r^r  wmall  r>On- 

;5enegarnuui  emu  raises  a  uUiiiiJ^s  1^   '  i 

iilous  states,  and  in  general,  is  a  well  watered  and 


AI  IMCA. 


i 


fevUla  roiinlry.  Tho  clinmtf^  is  iiiton-Tly  warm, 
:ui(l  III,  niosl  soiisoHs  of  I  Ik;  yv/dv,  exl.remely  un- 
Ijcjililiv  to  foi-eioMcrs. 

Kc.s|)0(;liu}^r  ilio  various  trilios  of  7irn;ro('s,  llial  inhabit  this 
coast,  liltlo  is  known  witli  corlainty.  'I  Jioinost  nuinorous 
tribes  arc  tho  Foulah,<i,Jal/noj,s,  Fc.dops,  utid  J\Iandi7i}ioes. 
Tlioy  aro  ionorant,  suporslilious  and  iiiflolcnt;  and  ar^  ac- 
<luaintod  with  but  tow  ol"  tho  arts  of  civili/"d  life  ;  but  their 
natural  dispositions  aro  mild  and  boncvolent. 

'I'ho  princii);il  articles  of  export  nm  gum.,  gold,  ivori/,  and 
Sr.AVKs  ! 

Seneirambia  abounds  in  alsnostovery  spocics  of  wiUl  animals. 
Elophants  arc  oxtrcnu'ly  iinmorons,  and  iVirnish  almost  all  the 
ivory  of  commerco.  Tiiia  rcyiijn  is  ni!u;li  infested  by  veno- 
mous t/i^cr/s,  disgustinj;^  r.-y^/Z/rv,  and  olouds  of  locwils. 

Teombo  i^  the  capital  of  Foola  Jallo,  and  is  represented  as 
one  of  the  largest  cities  in  this  part  of  Africa,  'i'he  popula- 
tion is  said  to  be  70,000. 

[The  Fonlahs,  or  inliabitants  of  Foola  Jallo,  are  scattered 
over  a  great  part  of  Africa.  The  great  body  of  the  nation 
lives  about  tho  sources  of  the  Gambia,  and  Rio  Grande. 
Besides  these,  there  arc  tribes  of  them  south  of  Fezzan,  and 
on  the  confmes  of  Bornou  ;  likewise  on  the  Niger  and  Sene- 
gal. Thoy  are  said  to  be  jnild,  human,",,  polite^  industrious^ 
and  hospifaljlr.] 

What  3  rivers  in  Senegambia?  s.  g.  g.— What  2  Capes  on 
the  coast?  v.  r.  What  smalllsland  between  ('.  Verde  and 
C.  Roxo,  once  the  greatest  military  station  of  the  p^'rench  in 
Africa?  Goree  Isle.  What  cluster  of  Islands  W.  of  Sene- 
gambia  ?  c-v.  What  Town  situated  on  an  Island  at  the 
niouih  of  the  Senegal,  the  capital  of  all  the  French  posses- 
sions in  Africa?  St.  L.  What  Town  near  tho  Senegal?  k. 
What  British  settlement  at  the  mouth  of  the  Gambia?  u. 
Wliat  large  Town  in  the  southern  part,  tho  capital  of  Foota 
Jallo?  T. 

SIERRA  LEONE. 
Tho  Eirglisli  sotllenient  of  Sierra  Leone  was 
foriBcd   in    1787,   for  the  purpose   of  civilizing 


!y  warm, 
inely  un- 

iilinbit  this 
.  Humorous 
iindiv^j;oe». 
»(1  ar^!  ac- 
but  their 


■ii'ori/, 


and 


Id  auimals. 
)()st  all  the 
i  by  vono- 

'csented  as 
he  popula- 

?  scattered 
Lho  nation 
a  Grande. 
3zzan,  and 
[ind  Sene- 
idustriou^, 

'.  Capes  on 
Verde  and 
French  in 
of  Sene- 
nd  at  the 
ich  posscs- 
legal  ?  K. 
ambia?  u. 
1  <!>f  Foota 


)ne  was 
:ivilizing 


AFRICA. 


233 


the  Africans,  and  of  facilitating  the  abolition 
of  the  slave  trade.  The  colony  contains  about 
17,000  inhabitants,  composed  chiefly  of  liberated 
negroes,  taken  from  captured  slave-ships. 

Here  are  about  20  missionaries,  actively  engaged  in  the 
benevolentcmployment  of  instructing  the  Africans  in  the  el- 
ements of  learning  and  religion,  and  in  the  arts  of  civilized  life; 
and  their  labors  thus  far  have  been  attended  with  encoura- 
ging success. 

Freetown,  the  capital  of  Sierra  Leone,  is  situated  near 
the  mouth  of  Sierra  Leone  river,  and  has  an  excellent  harbor 
and  about  5,000  inhabitants. 

Where  is  Sierra  Leono  ?     W  hat  Island  on  the  coast  ?  a. 

VVhat  is  the  principal  Town  in  Sierra  Leone  ?  f. 

LIBERIA. 

In  1820  a  settlement  was  commenced  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Mesurado  by  the  "  American 
Colonization  Society,"  by  the  name  of  Liberia. 

The  object  of  this  settlement  is  to  furnish  a 
place  for  the  colonization  of  the  free  Africans  and 
emancipated  slaves  of  the  United  States.  Num- 
bers have  been  transported  thither,  and  the  colo- 
ny is  *now  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

Where  is  Liberia  ?  What  names  have  been  given  to  the 
coast?  G.  and  i.  What  2  C^pes  on  the  coast?  p.  m.  What 
is  the  principal  River?  m.  What  is  the  chief  Town?  m. 
In  what  direction  from  liiberia  is  Sierra  Leone  ?  St.  Mat- 
thew's Isle?     Ascension?     St.  Helena? 

guineX 

Guinea  embraces  a  number  of  small  kingdoms, 
the  principal  of  which,  are  Ashantee,  Dahomey, 
Benin  and  Biafra. 

Ashantee  is  the  most  powerful,  civilized  and  commercial 
kingdom  in  the  western  part  of   Africa.     The  capital  of 

20* 


!234 


At'IilCA. 


I 


Ashanlce^  is  Ccomassie,  wliich  is  said  to  contain  40,000  hi- 
habitants. 

Daiio'.iey  is  a  poworful  and  fertile  kinirdoin,  and  is  inhab- 
ited l>y  a  savage,  ferocious  and  warlike  poo|)le.  The  capital 
of  Dahomey,  is  Aboiney,  which  is  uierely  a  largo  collection 
of  huts. 

Bknin  is  scarcely  known  to  Europeans  ;  but  it  is  represent- 
ed as  a  fertile  and  well  watered  country,  and  said  to  be  in- 
habited by  an  industrious  and  humane  people.  'J'ho  capital 
is  Benin. 

BiAFRA  borders  on  the  G:ulfof  Biafra,  and  is  almost  wholly 
unknown.     Its  capital  is  Biafra. 

The  coast  of  Guinea  is  divided  into  the  Grain,  the  Ivory 
and  Gold  Coast;  each  portion  bcins;  named  from  its  princi- 
pal article  of  commerce.  The  coast  of  Guinea  is  extremely 
fertile  and  thickly  inhabited.  The  climate  is  hot,  and  in  most 
parts  unhealthy  to  foreigners. 

What  mountains  between  Guinea  and  Nigritia?  k. — What 
4  Rivers  in  Guinea  ?  m.  i>.  f.  g.  What  Cape  on  the  coast  ? 
a  p.  \Vhat2  Gulfs  on  the  coast'  b.  b. — What  largo  Gulf  S. 
of  Guinea?  g. — What  2  Towns  on  the  coast?  c-c.  p.  In 
^vhat  part  is  Ashantee  :  What  is  its  Capital  ?  Benin  ?  Bi- 
afra ?  Dahomey  ?  What  3  Islands  on  the  coast  of  Guinea  ? 
F-i'.  B.  St.  r. 

~~  CONGO. 


Methoi  of  Carrt/ing  the  Nuhililij. 


40,000  m- 

I  is  inhab- 
he  oi|>itaI 
collection 

rcproscnt- 
[1  to  be  in- 
10  capital 

3st  wholly 

the  Ivory 
its  princi- 
extrcmely 
tid  in  most 


K.— What 
he  coast  ? 
re  Gulfs, 
-c.  P.  In 
inin?  Bi- 
r  Guinea? 


APinCA. 


235 


Tlie  Coast  of  Congo  onil^races  l.oaiigo,  Congo, 
Angola  and  Benguela. 

It  is  an  exttuisive,  fertile  and  i)0|)n]ous  country. 
The  natives  are  rude  and  barbarous,  and  ex- 
tremely stupid. 

It  abounds  in  wild  animals,  venomous  serpents, 

St.  Sat.vauor,  the  capital  of  the  kiiiirdom  of  Congo,  is 
situated  in  the  interior  on  the  top  of  a  high  niountuiri.  Us 
position  Ik  extolled  as  one  of  the  most  healthy  in  the  world. 
'JMic  Portuguese  have  several  settlements  in  Conges  for  the 
jiurpose  of  carrying  on  the  slave  trade,  the  capital  of  v/hich, 
and  of  all  their  settlements  in  this  part  of  Africa,  is  Loando 
St.  Paulo.  This  city  contains  about  18,000  inhabttftHts,  and 
lias  an  extensive  commerce,  principally  in  slav«». 

Where  is  Loango?  Angola?  Benguela?  What  Bay  on 
the  coast  of  Loango?  St.  c— What  3  Towns  in  I^o^Jgo ' 
s.  B-L.  and  iM.— What  2  Rivers  has  Congo?  z.  c.--VVhat 
Cape  on  the  coast  of  Congo?  l.— What  Mountains  sepa- 
rate  Congo  from  Ethiopia  ?  c— What  is  the  Capital  of  Con- 
go?  St.  s.~What  Portuguese  Settlement  in  the  W.  part. 
L.  St.  p.— What  River  separates  Benguela  from  Ethiopia . 
c— What  Settlement  on  the  Coanza  ?  p-n.— What  2  Towns 
in  Benguela  ?  n-b.  and  St.  p.  ro       u    r^  ♦  n 

llow  do  they  carry  the  nobility  in  Congo  ?     [bee  the  i^ui.j 

CIMBEBAS. 

The  country  between  Congo  and  South  Africa  has  been 
called  Cimbebas,from  the  name  of  a  powerful  tribe,  which 
is  said  to  inhabit  the  interior.  The  inhabitants  are  said  to 
be  extremely  ignorant,  and  filthy,  and  have  no  other  clothing 
than  the  skins  of  animals. 

What  t  Capos  on  the  coast?  f.  s.— What  point  in  the 
N  W  part?  What  Bay  on  the  coast?  \v.— How  do  you 
like  tiie  water  in  Cimbebas  ?  Why?  What  Tribe  of  Hot- 
tentots in  the  S.  part?  d.  What  Season  is  it  in  Cimbebas 
710W  ?  In  what  direction  from  us  is  Cimbebas  ?  ^  Should  you 
like  to  dress  as  the  inhabitants  of  Cin.bebas  do  ' 


4asi?eiugm>!ft^»imifmiimt 


t23G 


AFRICA. 


South  ^frfcflf. 


I 


Hotle.:  t  t  miige. 

South  Africa  embraces  the  country  south  of 
the  tropic  of  Capricorn,  and  is  divided  into  the 
Cape  Colony,  Caffraria  and  the  country  of  the 
Hottentots. 

The  FIottentots  are  divided  into  various  tribes  ;  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are  the  Damaras  and  jYamaquas  tribes  in  the 
N.  W.  part,  the  Koranas  in  the  southern  part,  and  the  Boo- 
rolongs  in  the  northern  part.  The  Hottentots,  generally 
speaking,  are  an  ignorant,  stupid,  and  filthy  people.  They 
build  their  houses  in  a  circular  form,  with  the  doors  opening 
towards  the  centre,  and  thus  form  a  kind  of  court  into  which 
their  cattle  are  collected  at  night  to  preserve  them  from  the 
beasts  of  prey. 

Caffraria  is  little  known.  The  inhabitants  generally  re- 
semble the  other  tribes  of  Hottentots  in  their  manners,  but 
are  more  hardy  and  enterprising. 

What  are  the  Rivers  of  South  Africa  ?  k.  o.  z.  y. — What 
large  Hottentot  Town  in  the  interior,  usually  considered 
the  capital  of  S.  Africa  ?  l.     What  tribe  of  Hottentots  in 


south  of 

into  the 

of  the 

;  theprin- 
bes  in  the 
I  Ihe  Boo- 
generally 
e.  They 
s  opening 
ito  which 
from  the 

lerally  re- 
ners,  but 

^— What 
snsidered 
entots  in 


Al'fm'A. 


!237 


the  N.  W.  part?  n.  — What  tribn  in  the  VV.  jmrt?  n.— What 
Tribe  in  the  Boulhern  part?  k. — What  tribn  in  the  northern 
l)art?  B. — What  is  the  principal  Town  among  the  IJooro- 
longs  ?  K. —  What  towji  between  Kur-rceclu'i-neo  and  Lat- 

takoo?      What   Town  on    the    Yellow    rivei  ?    v. What 

Mountains  in  South  Africa?  d. — What  Tort  or  Harbor  on 
the  coast  of  Caftraria?  What  River  between  ("anVaria  and 
the  Capo  Colony  ?    k. 


THE  CAl'i:  COLONY. 

The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  waH  discovered  in  1497  by  the 
Portuguese.  It  was  afterwards  colonized  by  the  Dutch; 
but  in  1806  it  was  taken  by  the  English,  in  whose  power  it 
still  remains.  U  is  the  most  important  possession  ol"  the 
English  in  Africa,  being  the  place  where  the  East.lndia  Qecls 
stop  for  refreshment. 

The  climate  is  temperate  and  salubrious,  and  the  noil  is 
generally  fertile. 

The    chief   articles  of  export  are  wine  and 

Irandy. 

Cape  Town  is  regularly  and  handsomely  built,  and  is  an 
important  and  commercial  town.  Pop.  18,000.  [Cape 
Town  was  founded  in  1652,  and  was  peopled  by  exiles  from 
Holland. — M.  Malic  Brun.\ 

What  1  Rivers  in  the  Cape  Colony?  z.  k.— What  3  Bays 
in  the  Cape  Colony?  h.  a.  t.— V\  hat  2  Capes?  What 
Mountains  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Cape  Colony  and 
Caftraria  ?  A.  The  Snow  Mountains.  What  Town  in  the 
S.  W.  part?  What  Town  among  the  Snow  rnountains  in 
the  N.  part?  g-u. — What  Missionary  station  in  the  S.  E. 
part?  B— What  Gulf  in  Africa  N.  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  ?  s. 


The  eastern  coast  of  Africa  extending;  from 
Caffraria  to  Abyssinia  contains  a  number  of  sep- 
arate kingdoms,  of  which  we  have  but  httie 
knowledge. 

MoNOMOTAPA  is  said  to  he  a  pnnnlnns  nnd  fertile  country 


I 


' 


238 


AFKICA. 


and  to  contain  mines  oftrolcl  of  considerable  value.  At  So- 
fala,  the  Portuguese  have  a  settlement. 

Mozambique  embraces  a  large  extent  of  country,  and  is 
nominally  subject  to  the  Portuguese. 

The  city  of  Mozambique  is  the  capital  of  all  tlio  Portu- 
guese possessions  in  this  part  of  Africa.     Pop.  3,000. 

Zanquebar  is  said  to  be  an  unhealthy  country,  and  to 
abound  in  wild  animals,  serpents,  crocodiles,  &c. 

Melinda  is  the  capital  of  a  kingdom  of  the  same  name, 
which  is  partially  dependent  on  the  Portuguese. 

Ajan  is  a  Mahometan  state,  and  has  a  considerable  trade 
in  gold,  ivory,  and  Ambergris.  Many  parts  of  it  are  barren 
and  desolate. 

AoEL  is  a  fertile  and  populous  kingdom,  and  is  noted  for 
its  frankincense  and  myrrh. 

How  is  the  eastern  coastof  Africa  divided?  m.  m.  z.  a.  a. 
What  River  between  Monomolapa  and  Mozambique?  z. 
What  Town  on  a  branch  of  the  Zimbezi?  z. —  What  Portu- 
guese Settlement  on  the  Channel  of  Mozambique  ?  s. — What 
are  the  2  chief  divisions  of  Monomotapa?     s.  and  s.— What 

A.  Mount  Fura.    What  Moun- 
What  Lake   between  Mozam- 


Mountain  in  Monomotapa 
tains  in  Mozambique?     l 


bique  and  Ethiopia  ?  m — What  tribe  in  the  Western  part  ? 
B. — What  Capo  on  the  coast?  d.— What  Portuguese  Settle- 
ment on  the  Channel  of  Mozambique  ?  m.  V\  hat  3  Towns 
on  the  coast  of  Zanguebar?  m.  m.  a. — What  3  Islands  near 
the  coast?  d.  p.  z. — What  3  Capes  on  the  coastof  Ajan?  g. 
B.  B.— What  Mountains  extend  into  Adel  and  Ajan?  m. 
What  Island  roar  C.  Guardafui  ?  s.— What  Town  in  the 
northern  part  of  Adel,  distinguished  for  its  frankiricense, 
gum  ar-a-bic  and  myrrh  ?  b. 

ABYSSINIA. 

Abyssinia,  the  Ancient  Ethiopia,  is  a  mountain- 
ous country,  and  has  a  fine  healthy  cHmate,  and 
a  rich  fertile  soil. 

The  principal  productions  are  wheat,  and  a 
small  grain  called  teff,  balsam,  myrrh,  <^c. 

Among  the  othar  vegetable  productions  is  the 
papyrus,  so  celebrated  among  the  ancients,  as 
the  original  material  of  paper. 


I.     At  So. 

try,  and  ii 

ho  Portu- 

30. 

y^    and  to 

me  name, 

•able  trade 
are  barren 

noted  for 


M*  Z«  A*  A • 

)ique  ?  z. 
hat  Portu- 
s.— What 
s.— What 
lat  Moun- 
1  Mozam- 
lern  part  ? 
ise  Sottle- 
t  3  Towns 
lands  near 
PAjan?  G. 
Ajan?  M. 
wn  in  the 
ikincense, 


ountain- 
ate,  and 

',  and  a 

IS  is  the 
ents,  us 


Al'MlICA. 


239 


InUabttattls. — 'V\w.  AliysHinianH  are  m  Uin  I(»\V(!nI  slate  of 
Rivilizatioa  ;  and  in  many  of  their  etistonis,  they  arc  extreme- 
ly barbarouH  and  brutal.  They  scarcely  rcfrard  human  life; 
and  are  fond  of  eating  raw  flesh,  cut  from  the  living  animal, 
in  its  warm,  palpitating  state.  'J'hey  profess  Christianity, 
but  it  in  more  in  name,  tiian  in  reality. 

GoNDAR  is  situatecTou  a  hill,  surrounded  by  adocj)  valley. 
It  has  a  mean  appearance,  its  houses  being  built  of  clay,  and 
only  of  one  story.     Pop.  50,000. 

Axum,  the  former  capital,  is  distingui.shod  for  its  extensive 
ruins. 

What  Lake  in  Abyssinia^  d.— What  Mountains  S.  of  A- 
byssinia?  m. — What'celebrated  River  rises  in  the  mountains 
of  the  Moon?  n. — What  Straits  lead  into  the  Red  Sea?  b. 
What  Town  near  the  Straits  of  Babelmandel  ?  z.— What 
Town  in  the  N.  part,  on  a  branch  of  the  Nile?  A.-HowisGon- 
dar  situated  ?     In  what  direction  from  Abyssinia  is  Liberia  ? 

NUBIA. 

Nubia  contains  several  kingdoms  ;  the  two 
principal  of  which,  are  Sennaarand  Dongola. 

Nubia  is  mostly  an  extensive  tract  of  sandy 
and  rocky  deserts,  and  but  thinly  inhabited. 

The  wind  here  moves  the  sand  like  the  waves  of  the  sea  ; 
and  so  rapidly  that  nothing  can  escape  it.  The  Simoon^  or 
poisonous  blast  from  the  desert  blows  here,  which  if  received 
into  the  lungs,  causes  instant  death. 

The  climate  is  extremely  warm,  but  generally 
dry  and  healthy.  The  soil  on  the  banks  of  the 
Nile  is  rich  and  fertile. 

The  principal  articles  of  commerce  are  gold- 
dust,  ivory  and  slaves. 

Nubia  is  celebrated  for  its  magnificent  remains 
of  antiquivy. 

The  most  noted  among  them  is  the  temple  of  Ipstambul, 
tvhich  is  cut  out  of  a  solid  rock,  and  is  86  feet  high,  and  117 


•210 


A  l' Kit' A. 


wide.     It  is  ill  !i  coiuplolo  statu  of  prcdorvatioii,  although  it 
is  Hupposed  to  huvo  been  built  nioro  than  2,000  years. 

Inhafnlanl^.—Tho  inhabitants  consist  of  numerous  tribc« 
of  Araba,  most  of  whom  arc  noted  for  their  troauhery^  in- 
tomperance  and  ferocity. 

7Wns.— DoNGOLA,  the  capital  of  tl^^  kin<rdom  of  Donfro- 
la,  is  situated  on  liie  Nile  '2\',0  miles  south  of  Syono.  It  is  a 
meanly  built  town,  and  is  in  a  state  of  decay,  [ft  is  now 
in  tlie  possession  of  tlie  Mamelukes,  who  have  been  expelled 
from  Kjrypt.] 

Senna  All,  the  capital  of  the  kini^dom  of  Sennaar,  is  situa- 
ted on  a  branch  of  the  Nile.  It  is  a  larsro,  populous,  and 
meanly  built  town,  and  has  considerable  commerce. 

What  celebrated  lliver  passes  through  Nubia  ?  What  6 
Towns  on  the  xNile  ?  s.  o.  s.  d.  m.  i.  What  2  Ports  on  the 
Red  Sea.?  m.  s.  What  Town  between  the  Red  Sea  and 
iNilc  i  c.  What  Town  W.  of  the  Nile  ?  s.  What  Town  W. 
ol'  Donjjola  near  the  boundary  of  Nubia?  T.  Which  are 
the  2  principal  Kingdoms  in  Nubia  ?  In  what  part  is  Don- 
gola?  What  is  its  capital.'  d. — In  what  part  is  Sennaar? 
What  is  its  capital  ?  s.  What  Division  in  Asia  lies  opposite 
to  Nubia  ?     What  Kingdom  lies  S.  W.  of  Nubia  ? 

c?Trntr«il  ^fnca. 


The  Lion. 


Ithoiigh  it 
lars. 

roubj  triboH 
•lulicry,  iu- 

of  Donjjo- 
no.     It  is  a 

[ft  is  now 
en  expelled 

ar,  is  situa- 
)ulous,  and 
:e. 

I?  What  6 
*orls  on  the 
3d  Sea  and 
it  Town  W. 
Which  UKJ 
art  is  Don- 
s  Sennaar  ? 
lies  opposite 


AFRICA. 


241 


The  interior  of  Africa  is  very  little  known. — 
It  is  divided  by  the  Jibbel  Kumra,  or  Mountains 
of  the  Moon,  into  Soudan,  or  Nigritia,  on  the 
north ;  and  Ethiopia  on  the  south. 

Ethiopia  has  never  been  visited  by  white  men,  and  conse- 
quently its  geography  ia  entirely  unknown. 

Soudan,  or  Niaaixu,  is  divided  into  a  great  number  of 
small  kingdoms,  most  of  which  have  never  been  explored 
by  Europeans.  Those  parts  which  have  been  explored  aro 
well  watered,  and  extremely  fertile,  producing  all  the  luxu- 
ries of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and  abound  in  almost  every 
species  of  wild  animals. 

The  inhabitants  consist  of  Negroes,  who  aro  said  to  bo 
more  mild  and  humane  than  those  living  on  the  coasts. 

The  JViger  is  the  principal  river  in  Soudan,  or  Nigritia  ; 
and  has  excited  an  extraordinary  degree  of  interest,  by  rea- 
son of  the  various  and  contradictory  accounts,  relative  to 
its  source  and  termination.  It  rises  in  the  mountains  of 
Kong,  and  flows  N.  E.,  passing  by  Sego,  and  near  Tombuc- 
too  ;  beyond  which  the  river  has  never  been  traced  by  any 
European.  [By  some,  the  Niger  is  supposed  to  be  a  branch 
of  the  Nile  ;  by  others,  to  lose  itself  in  the  marshes  and  sands 
in  the  interior  ;  some  suppose  it  empties  into  lake  Tchad, 
in  Bornou  ;— others  think  it  is  the  same  river  as  the  Congo 
or  Zaire  —and  others  assert  that  it  empties  into  the  Gulf  of 
Guinea.] 

The  principal  kingdoms  of  Nigritia,  known  to  Europeans, 
are  Darfur,  Bergoo,  Begharmi,  Bornou,  Houssa,  Yaoor,  Tom- 
bucioo^  Bam'  arra,  Tauricks^Asbcn^  Kuar,  and  Fezzan. 

Darfuii  is  a  considerable  kingdom,  and  is  inhabited  by  an 
industrious  people,  who  are  principally  engaged  in  agricul- 
ture. Cobbe  is  the  capital,  and  contains  about  6,000  inhab- 
itants. 

Bergoo  is  an  extensive  kingdom,  but  little  known.     Wara 

is  its  capital. 

Bkgharmi  is  a  small  kingdom  dependent  on  Bornou.  1  ho 
capital  is  Babalia.  . 

Bornou  embraces  an  extensive  fertile  tract,  and  is  the 
most  powerful  and  flourishing  kingdom  in  Nigritia.  Kouka 
is  the  capital,  and  is  said  to  be  a  large  city. 

HoussA  is  a  large  kingdom,  and  is  inhabited  by  an  intelli- 
gent people  who  have  considerable  skill  in  agriculture  and 

21 


*242 


AFRICA. 


i 


manufactures.  The  cliief  town  and  great  emporium  of  the 
kingdom  of  Houssa  is  Kano,  whicli  is  said  to  contain  40,000 
inhabitants. 

*The  Felatah  Empire  is  of  modern  date.  It  is  represent- 
ed as  a  powerful  empire  and  is  said  to  hold  several  kmg- 
doms  in  subjection.  The  capital  is  Sackatoo.  It  was  built 
in  1805,  and"  is  said  to  be  a  large,  populous  town. 

Yaoor  is  subject  to  the  Felatah  empire. 

ToMBUCTOO  is  a  large,  fertile,  and  powerful  kingdom,  and 
one  of  the  most  civilized  in  Nigritia.  Tombuotoo,  the  capital 
of  the  kingdom,  is  situated  about  iO  miles  from  the  Niger. 
It  is  the  centre  of  commerce  for  Nigritia,  and  is  the  resort  of 
caravans  from  Egypt,  Nubia,  Barbary  and  Abyssinia.  Pop- 
ulation supposed  to  be  200,000. 

Bambarra  is  a  large,  fertile  and  powerful  kingdom.  Sego, 
the  capital,  is  situated  on  both  sides  of  the  Niger,  and  con- 
tains about  39,000  inhabitants. 

The  Tauricks  are  a  barbarous  and  powerful  race,  who 
wander  over  all  the  adjoining  countries,  and  subsist  mostly 

by  plunder. 

AsBEN  is  a  powerful  kingdom,  lying  north  of  Bornou. 
The  capital  is  Aghadem,  and  is  a  place  of  extensive  trade. 

KuAR  is  an  extensive  tract,  lying  west  of  Dongola,  consist- 
ing mostly  of  deserts,  interspersed  with  a  few  fertile  spots 
like  islands.  It  is  inhabited  by  the  Tibboos,  who  are  a  wan- 
dering tribe,  and  possess  all  the  regions  S.  and  S.  E.  of  Fez- 

zan. 

Fezzan  is  a  large  kingdom  tributary  to  Tripoli.  It  con- 
sists of  an  extensive  oasis,  or  fertile  spot,  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  Desert,  surrounded  on  all  sides  except  the  west,  by 
mountains.  It  is  chiefly  important  as  the  centre  of  trade,  for 
the  caravans  which  traverse  the  interior.  The  chief  produc- 
tions are  dales.  The  capital  is  Mourzouk,  and  is  the  grand 
depot  for  the  commerce  carried  on  between  the  Barbary 
States  and  central  Africa. 

What  Lake  in  Nigritia  ?  t.  What  City  situated  on  L. 
Tchad?  What  is  tbe  principal  River?  n.  What  2  ranges 
of  Mountains  S.  of  Nigritia  ?  k.  m.  What  bounds  Nigritia 
on  the  north  ?     What  Kingdoms   in  Nigritia  ?     What   are 


*  Clapperton's  Travels  in  Africa. 


AFRICA. 


243 


xm  of  the 
lin  40,000 

represent- 
eral  king- 
,  was  built 


frdom,  and 
the  capital 
the  Niger. 
e  resort  of 
lia.     Pop- 

om.  Sego, 
and   con- 


race,   w 


ho 
sist  mostly 

if  Bornou. 

ve  trade. 

)la,  consist- 

ertile  spots 
are  a  vvan- 
E.  of  Fez- 

li.  It  con- 
)rthern  part 
le  west,  by 
oftrade,  for 
lief  produc- 
s  the  grand 
he  Barbary 


ated  on   L. 

lat  2  ranges 

nds  Nigritia 

What   are 


their  Capitals  ?  What  other  Towns  ?  What  Kingdom  in 
the  eastern  part  of  Nigritia?  d.  What  branch  of  the  Psile 
rises  in  Darfur?  Where  is  Fezzan  ?  What  is  its  Cap'tal  ? 
M.  What  2  other  Towns  ?  G.  *t.  In  what  direction  from 
Fezzan  iriKuar?  The  Tibboos  ?  TheTauricksr  What  4 
Towns  south  of  Tegherhy  ?  b.  a.  s.  h.  What  3  restmg  pla- 
ces  in  the  Desert  S.  W.  of  Fezzan  ?  t.  t.  e-w. 


African  Kslantris. 


Crocodile  carrying  off  an  Ox. 


The  Azores  or  Western  Islands  are  9  in  number,  and 
belong  to  Portugal.  They  have  a  fine  climate  and  fertile 
soil,  producing  wheal,  maize,  barley,  vines,  oranges,  Szc.  They 
are  subject  to  earthquakes,  by  which  they  have  often  been 
laid  waste.  Angra,  on  the  island  of  Terceira,  is  the  capital. 
Pop.  160,000. 

The  Madeira  Islands  consist  of  Madeira,  Porto  Santo, 
and  the  Desert  Isles.  Madeira,  the  principal  island,  is  dis- 
tinguished for  its  wiiies,  which  are  exported  to  various  parts 
of  the  world.  The  capital  is  Funchal.  These  islands  belong 
to  Portugal.     Pop.  90,000. 

The  Canary  Islands  are  13  in  number,  and  belong  to 
Spain.     They  are  distinguished  for  their  wines,  fruits,  and 

*  Te-<re=rp. 


244 


AFRICA. 


Canary  birds.  Teneriffe  is  celebrated  for  its  lofty  peak, 
which  rises  about  two  and  a  half  miles  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.     Pop.  160,000. 

The  Cape  Verd  Islands  are  14  in  number,  and  belong  to 
Portugal.  They  have  an  unhealthy  climate,  and  generally  a 
barren  rocky  soil.  The  principal  exports  of  these  islands, 
are  salt  a.nd  gonl  skins.     Pop.  40,000. 

St.  Helena  is  a  lofty  and  rocky  island,  and  belongs  to  tlie 
English.  There  is  only  one  harbor,  which  is  of  difficult  access 
and  easy  defence.  This  island  is  remarkable  for  the  impris- 
onment and  death  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte.     Pop.  3,00i». 

Madagascar  is  one  of  the  largest  islands  on  the  globe.  It 
has  a  healthy  climate  and  a  fertile  soil,  and  is  said  to  be  rich 
in  minerals.  The  crocodile  grows  to  a  great  size  in  this  isl- 
and, and  infests  all  the  principal  rivers,  and  has  frequently 
been  known  to  carry  away  an  ox. 

It  is  inhabited  by  a  number  of  petty  tribes  of  different  ra- 
ces— Arabians,  Malays  and  Africans ;  most  of  whom  are  in 
a  savage  state,  and  but  little  acquainted  with  the  arts  of  civil- 
ized life. 

The  chief  productions  are  rice^  sugar-cane^  cocoa  nut^  banU' 
na,  and  the  common  productions  of  tropical  climates.  Pop. 
4,000,000. 

Mauritius,  or  Isle  of  France  belongs  to  the  English.  It 
is  a  rugged  and  mountainous  island,  producing  tropical 
fruits;  likewise  ebont/.,  and  other  valuable  kinds  of  wood. 
Pop.  70,000. 

Bourbon  belongs  to  France.  It  is  composed  of  two  moun- 
tains ;  one  of  which  is  a  volcano,  and  is  in  constant  action, 
and  serves  as  a  light  house  to  mariners.     Pop.  80,000. 

Which  are  the  two  principal  islands  among  the  Azores  ?  f. 
and  St.  M.  Which  a«-e  the  4  principal  islands  among  the 
Canaries  ?  t.  p.  f.  c.  Which  are  the  6  principal  islands 
among  the  Cape  Verd  Isles  ?  St.  a.  St.  n.  St.  j.  b.  b.  s.  Which 
is  the  most  northern  group  of  the  African  Islands?  Which  is 
the  most  eastern  Island  ?  Which  is  the  most  western  group  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  ?  What  4  Capes  has  Madagascar  ? 
What  5  Towns  has  it  ?  p.  b.  t.  t.  and  p-d.  What  2  Islands 
E.  of  Madagascar  ?     To  whom  do  thsy  belong  ?    What  small 

Tsla'^d  nf a**  Ca'^G  V^rr!     fjislinrrniialirtrl   Trir  hfiinnr  flip-    nrinoinnl 

French  military  station  on  the  western  coast  of  Africa  ?  c. 


AFRICA. 


245 


)fty  peak, 
Bvel  of  the 

I  belong  to 
generally  a 
36  islands, 

)ngs  to  tlie 
cult  access 
;he  impris- 
3,001 ». 
globe.  It 
to  be  rich 
in  this  isl- 
frequently 

ifferent  ra- 
lom  are  in 
rts  of  civil- 

nw/,  bantt' 
.tes.     Pop. 

Inglish.  It 
ig  tropical 
s  of  ivood. 

two  moHn- 
ant  action, 
,000. 

Azores  ?  f. 
imong  the 
pal  islands 
.  s.  Which 
*  Which  is 
3rn  group  ? 
idagascar  ? 
t  2  Islands 
iVhat  small 

fv  nrinoinnl 
_    J 1 — J — 

iica?  G. 


GENERAL   QUESTIONS   ON   THE    MAP    OP   AFRICA. 

What  part  of  Africa  lies  S.  of  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ? 
What  divisions  N.  of  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  ? 
Between  what  2  Capes  is  Africa  the  longest  ? 
Between  what  2  Capes  the  widest  i 


Where  does  the  Niger  rise,  and  in  what  direction  docs  it 
run,  so  far  as  explored  P 


Through  what  zone  does  Africa  extend  ? 
Does  Africa  embrace  more  of  the  northern  or  southern  tem- 
perate zone  ? 

What  2  Seas  and  their  Straits  border  on  Africa  ? 

What  prevents  Africa  from  being  a  continent  by  itself? 

At  what  place  does  Africa  approach  nearest  to  Europe  ? 

What  is  the  northern  extremity  of  the  Red  Sea  called? 

A.     Gulf  of  Suez. 

Which  is  the  most  noted  River  of  Africa? 

What  is  the  length  of  the  Nile  ? 


What  name  has  been  given  to  that  part  of  the  Indian  ocean 
which  lies  between  Madagascar  and  Mozambique  ? 

How  wide  is  the  Channel  of  Mozambique  ?  A.  270  miles. 
How  long  is  it  ?     [See  the  Map.] 

When  it  is  summer  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  what  sea- 
son is  it  at  Cape  Bon  ? 

What  Gulf  due  north  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Rosctta  to  Suez? 

On  what  Gulf  is  Suez  situated  ?     A.   Gulf  of  Suez. 

What  celebrated  Mountain  is  near  the  Gulf  of  Suez,  in  the 
N.  W.  part  of  Arabia  ?  s. 

Through  what  Divisions  will  you  pass  in  travelling  in  a 
strait  line  from  Suez  to  Morocco  ? 

What  was  Morocco  anciently  called  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Tangiers  to  Tunis? 

What  celebrated  Ruins  are  near  Tunis  ? 

W^hat  can  you  say  respecting  ancient  Carthage? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Tunis  to  Cairo  ? 

What  renowned  monuments  of  antiquity  near  Cairo  ? 

What  can  vnn  sav  resnonlimr  the  Pyramids  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Cairo  to  Sennaar  ? 

What  remarkable  ruins  of  antiquity  do  you  find  in  Nubia  ? 

21* 


246 


QUESTIONS. 


Doscribo  thetemplo  of  Tpstambul. 

What  destructive  wind  often  blows  in  Nubia  } 

How  will  you  sail  from  Sennaar  to  Gondar  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Abyssinians  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Gondar  to  Monrovia  ? 

When  was  this  settlement  commenced  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Monrovia  to  Cape  Town  ? 

To  whom  does  the  Cape  Colony  belong  ? 

When  and  by  whom  was  it  settled  ? 

Ifyou  wereat  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to-day  at  12  o'clock^ 
in  what  direction  would  your  shadow  fall? 

Through  what  divisions  will  you  pass  in  travelling  on 
the  coast  from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Cape  Spartel  ? 

What  celebrated  English  Fortress  is  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  strait  of  Gibraltar  ?  g. 

In  what  direction  from  Gibraltar  is  this  place? 

Map  of  tfie  mom.* 

Where  are  the  Galapagos?  Marquesas?  Druramond's  ? 
Byron's  ?  Duke  of  York's  ?  Queen  Charlotte's  ?  Lord 
Howe's  Isle  ? 

Where  is  Hood's  Isle  ?  Dog  ?  Society  Isle  ?  Otaheite  ? 
Navigator's  Isles  ?  Vavao  ?  Friendly  Isles  ?  Feejee  Isles  ? 
Solitary  Isle  ?     Santa  Cruz  ?     New  Hebrides  ? 

Where  is  St.  Felix  ?  St.  Ambrose?  Easter  Isle?  Du- 
cies  ?  Pitcairn's  ?  Tongataboo  ?  Sunday  Isle?  New 
Caledonia  ?     Norfolk  Isle  ? 

Where  is  Juan  Fernandes?  Chiloe?  Chatham?  Boun- 
ty?    New  Zealand  ? 

Where  is  Sandwich  Land  ?  South  Orkney  Isles  ?  South 
Shetland  ? 

Where  is  Calvert's  Isle  ?  Chatham's  ?  Mulgraves  ?  Christ- 
mas? 

Where  is  St.  Bartholomew's  ?  Brown's  Isles  ?  Pesca- 
dores ?  Caspar  Rico  ?  Dawson's  Isle  ?  St.  Pierre  ?  Owy- 
hee?    Ro-vil-la-gi-ge-do  Isles  ? 

Where  arc  the  Sandwich  Islands  ? 

*  In  learningthese  Islands,  Ihave  thought  it  more  easy  forthe 

pu|>iif  lu  asK  ificm  m  j'ciiciai  vjucaiiuiin  ^    a~^    tt  iiat  i.aiait\is  iiu 

betweca  the  Equator  and  10°  S.  latitude  ?  Between  10^  and 
20*^  S.  latitude,  &c.,  and  have  arranged  them  accordingly. 


(iUiiJSTlONS. 


!247 


rnf 


12  o'clock^ 

veiling  on 
lartel ? 
posite  side 


Where  are  the  Aleutian,  or  Fox  Islands?     Bhering's  Isle  ' 


Where  is  Tristan  d'Acunha  ?     Amsterdam  ?     St.  Paul's  ? 
Where  is  Gough's  Isle  ?     M^rseveen  ?     Doma  ?     Prince 
Edward's  ?     M.lrion  and  Croict's  Isles  ?     Kerguelen's  Isle  ? 
Where  is  Nova  Zembla  ?     Where  is  Spilzbergen  ? 


Which  is  the  most  southern  Land  yet  discovered  ? 
Which  is  most  northern  Island  yet  discovered  ? 
Which  is  the  largest  Island  on  the  globe  '  n.  h. 
Which  is  the  next  largest  Island  ?   b. 
Which  is  the  next  largest  Island  ?  m. 
What  2  Islands  duo  south  of  Nova  Zembla  ? 
What  2  Islands  S.  of  Ireland  f  St.  m.  and  St.  h. 


mrnond's  ? 
s's  ?     Lord 

Otaheite  ? 
ejee  Isles  ? 

sle  ?     Du- 
le  ?      New 

fi  ?   Boun- 

s  ?     South 

s?  Christ- 

i  ?    Pesca- 
re  ?   Owy- 


iasy  forthe 

i.aiait\is  lie 

m  10^  and 
rdingly. 


PART  THIRD. 

LATITUDES  AND  LONGITUDES. 

N.  B. — In  answering  the  following  questions,  if  the  divi- 
sion does  not  lie  wholly  between  the  degrees  mentioned  in 
the  question,  the  scholar  will  speciify  what  part  is  included, 
whether  the  northern^  middle^  or  southern  part. 


What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 


divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 
divisions 


DIVISIONS. 

lie  between  the  Equator  and  10**  N.  lat.  ? 
between  10°  and  20°  N.  lat.  ? 
between  20°  and  30°  N.  lat.  ? 
between  30°  and  40°  N.  lat.  > 
between  40°  and  50°  N.  lat.  ? 
between  50°  and  60°  N.  lat.  ? 
between  the  Equator  and  10°  S.  lat*  ? 
between  10°  and  20°  S.  lat.  ?      • 
between  20°  and  30°  S.  lat.  ? 


CAPITALS. 

What  capitals  between  the  Equator  and  10°  N.  lat.  ? 
What  capitals  between  10°  and  20°  N.  lat.  ? 
What  capitals  between  20°  and  30°  N.  lat.  ? 
What  capitals  between  30"  and  40°  N.  lat.  ? 


348 


QUESTIONS. 


) 


What  capitals  between  40°  and  50°  N.  lat.  ? 
What  capitals  between  50°  and  60°  N  lat.  ? 
What  capitals  between  the  Equator  and  10°  S,  lat.  ? 
What  capitals  between  10°  and  20°  S.  lat.  ? 
What  capitals  between  20°  and  30°  S.  lat.  ? 


What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 
What  islands 


between 
between 
between 
between 
between 
between 
between 
between 
between 
bet  wer  II 
between 


ISLANDS. 

the  Equator  and  10°  N. lat..? 

10°  and  20°  N.  lat.  ? 

20°  and  30°  N.  lat.  ? 

30°  and  40°  N.lat.? 

40°  and  50°  N.  lat.  ? 

50°  and  60°  N.  lat.  ? 

60°  and  70°  N.  lat.  ? 

the  Equator  and  10°  S.  lat.  ? 

10°  and  20°  S.  lat.  > 

20°  and  30°  S.  lat.  ? 

30°  and  40°  S.  lat.  ? 


What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 
What 


divisions  are 
divisions  are 
divisions  are 
divisions  are 
divisions  are 
divisions  are 
divisions  are 
divisions  are 
divisions  are 
divisions  are 
divisions  are 
divisio)is  are 


DIVISIONS. 

intersected  by  the  Equator? 
intersected  by  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  ? 
intersected  by  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  ^ 
intersected  by  the  10°  N.  lat.  ? 

intersected  by  the  20°  N.  lat.  ? 
intersected  by  the  30°  N.  lat.  ? 

intersected  by  the  40°  N.  lat.  ? 
intersected  by  the  50°  N.  lat.  ? 
intersected  by  the  60°  N.  lat. .? 
intersected  by  the  lO''  S.lat.  ? 
intersected  by  the  "20°  S.  lat.  ? 
intersected  by  the  30°  S.lat.? 


ISLANDS. 

Through  what  islands  does  the  Equator  pass? 
Through  what  islands  does  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  pass  ? 
Through  what  islands  docs  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  pass  ? 

DIVISIONS. 

What  divisions  are  intersected  by  10°  E.  longitude? 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  20°  ?    30°    40°  ?    50°  ? 
S.  loBcrihide  ? 


QUESTIONS. 


249 


.  lat.  ? 


lat.  ? 


at.? 


Cancer  ? 

Capricorn  ? 

t.?      - 

at.  ? 

it.  ? 

at..? 

t.  ? 

it..? 

? 

•  ■ 

It.  ? 
it.? 


er  pass  ? 
icorn  oass  ? 


tude  ? 
10°?   50*=? 


What  divisions  are  intersected  by  60"  ?  70°  ?  80°  ?  E.  long.  ? 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  40°  W.  longitude  ? 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  50°  ?  60°    W.  longitude  ? 
What  divisions  are  intersected  by  70°  ?  80"  W.  longitude? 


CITIES. 


What  city  in  41**  N.  latitude  and  29''  E.  longitude  ? 
What  city  in  55°  N.  lat.  and  12°  E.  Ion.  ? 
What  city  in  49"  N.  lat  and  2"  E.  Ion.? 
What  city  in  40"  N.  lat.  and  75°  W.  Ion.  ? 
What  city  in  4U°  N.  lat.  and  1 16"  E.  Ion.  ? 
What  city  in  30"  N.  lat.  and  90"  W.  Ion.  ? 
What  city  in  Ht^^  N.  lat.  and  74"  W  Ion.? 
What  city  in  42i°  M.  lat.  and  70i"  W.  Ion.  ? 
What  city  in  39°  N.  lat.  and  78''  W.  Ion  ? 
What  city  in  34^"  S.  lat.  and  5Bi«  W.  Ion.  ? 
What  city  in  12°  S.  lat.  and  76"  W.  Ion.? 
What  city  in  60"  N.  lat.  and  30"  E.  Ion.  ? 
What  city  in  22i°  N.  lat.  and  88i°  E.  Ion.  ? 
What  city  in  23°  S.  lat.  and  43"  W.  Ion.  ? 
What  city  in  47<>  N.  lat.  and  70°  W.  Ion.  ? 
What  city  in  19^°  N.  lat.  and  100"  W.  Ion.? 
What  cape  in  340  S.  lat.  and  18°  E.  Ion.  ? 
What  cape  in  56"  S.  lat.  and  67"  W.lon.  ? 
What  cape  in  8"  N.  lat.  and  78°  E.  Ion.  ? 
What  cape  in36i°  N.  lat.  and  22°  F  \on.? 
What  cape  in  59^°  N.  lat.  and  43°  Vv  .  Ion.  ? 
What  island  in  16°  S.  lat.  and  6°  W.  Ion.  ? 


QUESTIONS  ON  THE  CHART. 

Which  is  the  largest  Political  Division  on  the  Globe?  How 
many  square  miles  does  the  Russian  Empire  embrace  ?  How 
many  square  miles  in  Russia  in  Europe  ?  What  is  the  popu- 
lation of  Russia  in  Europe  ?  Population  of  Siberia  ?  How 
much  larger  is  the  Russian  Empire  than  the  United  States  ? 
Which  is  the  second  largest  Political  Division  ?  How  many 
square  miles  does  the  Chinese  Empire  embrace  ?  How  much 
larger  is  the  Chinese  Empire  than  the  United  States?  How 
many  square  miles  do  the  United  States  embrace?  What  is 
the  population  of  the  United  States  ?     What  other  Division 


250 


QUESTIONS. 


of  th«  same  extent  as  the  United  States  ?    What  is  the  popu- 
lation of  Brazil? 

JVo/c. — The  Teacher  can  ask  similar  questions  respecting 
the  other  political  divisions. 

QUESTIONS  ON  THP:  DIFFERENT  MAPS. 

•JITIES. 

Which  is  the  most  populous  City  on  the  globe  ^  p.  What 
is  the  population  of  Peking?  What  city  is  next  in  popula- 
tion ?  N.  Which  is  the  third  ?  l.  Which  are  the  two  next  ? 
c.  and  J.  Which  are  the  two  next  ?  p.  t.  Which  is  tho 
eighth  ?  c.  Which  is  next  to  Calcutta  ?  b.  Mention  the 
three  next,  c.  s.  and  m.  What  is  the  population  of  Miaco  ? 
Mention  the  next.  k.  Which  arc  the  seven  next  ?  St.  p.  m. 
N.  c.  H.  M.  and  F. 

JS'ote. — The  Teaclier  can  extend  this  lesson  so  as  to  em- 
brace all  the  principal  cities. 

RIVERS. 

Which  is  the  longest  River  on  the  globe?  a.  Which  is 
the  next  longest  ?  m.  Which  is  the  third  ?  m.  Which  are 
the  fourteen  next?  chalk  manvy  prop.  Which  are  the  two 
next?  D.  and  o.  Which  are  the  nine  next  longest  Rivers? 
SOME  CRUbT,  Which  are  tho  two  next?  i.  and  s.  Whitll 
are  tho  seven  next  longest  Rivers  ?    wain  kif. 


TRAVELS  ON  THE  DIFFERENT  MAPS. 

How  will  ycu  sail  from  Washington  to  London  ? 
P'or  what  is  England  distinguished  ? 
What  magnificent  edifice  do  you  find  in  London  r* 
How  will  you  sail  from  London  to  St.  Petersburg  ? 

When  and  by  whom  was  St.  Petersburg  founded  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  Russian  Empire? 
What  is  the  character  of  the  Russians? 
How  will  you  sail  from  St.  Petersburg  to  Paris  ? 

Describe  Paris.     For  A'hat  is  France  noted  > 
What  is  the  character  of  the  French  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Paris  to  Madrid  ? 

Lescnbo  j.Tladnd.     What  is  tho  most  favorite  amusement 


is  the  popu- 
3  respecting 

/TAPS. 

>  p.  What 
L  in  popula- 
B  two  next? 
liich  is  tho 
lention  the 
of  Miaco  ? 
L?  St.  p.  M. 

as  to  em- 


Which  is 

Which  are 

are  the  two 

Jst  Rivers  ? 

s.     Whit], 


i? 


QUESTIONS. 


251 


niusenieni 


of  the  Spaniards.*     What    is  the  most  nated   curiosity  of 

Spain  ? 

What  is  tho  character  of  the  Spaniards  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Madrid  to  Rome  ? 

Describe  Rome.     Which  is  the  largest,  Rome  oi  Naples  ? 

What  was  Italy /ormer/y,  and  what  is  ita present  state  ? 

What  does  Italy  abound  in  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Italians? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Rome  to  Constantinople  ? 

Describe  Constantinople.  What  does  the  Turkish  J<!mpire 
embrace?     When  did  the  Turks  take  Constantinople? 

For  what  is  Turkey  celebrated  ?  Who  formerly  inhabited 
Turkey  ?     What  are  the  principal  productions  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Turks  ?     Of  the  Greeks  ? 
Which  do  you  like  best  ?     Why  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Constantinople  to  Acre  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  Turkey  in  Asia?  What  did  it  once 
contain  ?     For  what  is  Turkey  in  Asia  famous  ? 

Of  what  does  the  Population  consist?  Describe  Jerusa- 
lem.    What   magnificent  ruins  do  you  find  in  Turkey  in 

•Asia?  ^  ^        ^    r^   ■      3 

How  will  you  sail  from  Acre  to  Cairo  f 

Describe  Cairo.     What'can'you  say  of  Egypt  ? 

What  wonderful  monuments  ot  antiquity  do  you  find  here  ? 
For  what  pupose  were  the  pyramids  built  ?  Describe  the  in- 
habitants of  Egypt.  ^   .      .     rr      •    P 

How  will  you  sail  trom  Cairo  to.  1  unis . 

What  celebrated  ruins  do  you  find  near  Tunis  ? 
When  was  Carthage  founded?     When  destroyed  ? 
What  animals,   serpents  and  insects  do   you  find   in  the 
Barbary  states  ?     For  what  are  the  inhabitants  noted  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Tunis  to  Calcutta? 

Describe  Calcutta.     To  what  nation  does  it  belong  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  Hindooslan  ? 

What  is  the  character  of  the  Hmdoos? 

In  how  many  cades  are  they  divided  ? 

What  remarkable  tree  do  you  find  in  Hindooslan  . 


252 


CIVIL  GEOGRAPHY. 


"What  mines  in  Hindoostan  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Calcutta  to  Nanking  ? 

Describe  Nanking.     "What  can  you  say  respecting  China  ? 
What  stupendous  work  of  antiquity   do  you  find  in  the 
northern  part  of  China  ?     For  what  purpose  was  it  built  ? 
What  is  the  most  common  drink  in  China  ?     Tea. 
On  what  does  it  grow  ? 
What  throe  Seas  border  on  China  ? 
What  does  the  Chinese  Empire  embrace? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Nanking  to  Acapulco  ? 

For  what  is  Mexico  celebrated  ? 

What  celebrated  work  of  the  ancient  inhabitants  do  you 
find  in  Mexico  ?     What  can  you  say  of  it  ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  Acapulco  to  Buenos  Ayres  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  United  Provinces  ? 

What  singular  vegetable  do  you  find  here? 

How  will  yousailfrom  Buenos  Ayros  to  New  York  ? 

Describe  New  York.  For  what  are  the  Middle  States  dis- 
tinguished ? 

How  will  you  sail  from  New  York  to  New  Orleans, through 
the  United  States  ?     Describe  New  Orleans. 


For  what  are  the  Western  States  distinguished? 
How  will  you  sail  from  New  Orleans  to  Baltimore? 

For  what  are  the  southern  states  distinguished  ? 
How  will  you  sail  from  Baltimore  to  Boston  ? 

What  can  you  say  of  the  New  England  States  ? 
Describe  Boston.    Which  is  the  oldest  settled  town  in  New 
England  ?     Describe  Plymouth. 

How  will  you  sail  from  Boston  to  Hartford  ? 
Describe  Hartford. 


(EMI  ^rofivaphg* 

Q.  How  many  grand  varieties  of  the  human  species  are 
there  ? 

A.  There  are  five  viz.  :  T 
— the  Asiatic  or  Mongohan 


European  race. 


2. 


CIVIL    GEOGRAPHY. 


253 


ng  China  ? 
ind  in  the 
t  built  ? 
3a. 


its  do  you 


;es 


["ork  ? 
States  dis- 

[is,  through 


)re; 


wn  in  Now 


ipecies  are 

an  race, 
3  Malay 


race, — the  African  race, — and  the  American 
race  ;  but  they  imperceptibly  approach  and  arc 
lost  in  each  other. 

1.  The  European  race  has  regular  leatures  and  fair  com- 
plexions, and  includes  the  Europeans  and  their  descendants 
in  America,  Turks,  Tartars,  Arabians,  Persians,  Hindoos, 
Abyssinians,  Egyptians,  and  Moors. 

2.  The  Asiatic  or  Mongolian  race  has  a  brown,  or  olive 
complexion,  having  flat  foreheads,  small  eyes,  coarse,  straight 
black  hair,  and  wide  mouths.  This  race  includes  tie  Chinese, 
Japanese,  Mongolians,  Siberian  tribes.  Nova  Zemblans,  Lap- 
landers, Greenlanders,  and  Esquimaux  Indians. 

3.  The  Malay  race  has  a  dark  brown  complexion,  with 
large  features,  strong  hair,  broad  nostrils,  and  great  mouths. 
This  race  includes  the  inhabitants  of  Malacca,  of  the  Asiatic 
islands,  of  Australasia,  and,  of  Polynesia. 

4.  The  African  Hce  has  a  jot  black  complexion,  woolly 
hair,  flat  noses,  prominent  chins,  and  thick  lips.  This  race 
includes  the  Negroes  of  Africa. 

5.  The  American  race  has  a  copper  color,  coarse,  straight 
black  hair,  high  cheek  bones,  sunken  eyes,  and  stout  mascu- 
line limbs.  This  race  includes  all  the  Indians  dispersed  over 
the  American  continent,  except  the  Esquimaux. 

Notwithstandin!?  the  numerous  varieties  in  the  human 
species,  the  Scriptures  inform  us,  that  they  are  the  otfspring 
of  on*?  common  parent;  that  the  delicate  European  and  the 
swarthy  Ethiopian  are  brothers,  descended  from  tho  same 
ancestor. 

Climate,  or  the  temperature  of  the  air,  is  the  principal 
cause  of  the  diftereiit  complexion,  and  the  external  form  of 
the  varieties  of  the  human  race,  which  when  extremely  warm 
or  cold,  produces  in  process  of  time,  a  dark,--and  when  tem- 
perate, a  fair  complexion.  Difference  of  education,  food, 
clothing,  modes  of  life,  and  particular  customs  may  be  as- 
signed as  other  causes. 

To  which  race  do  you  belong  ?     Why  ? 

STATE  OF  SOCIETY. 

The  different  nations  of  the  earth  are  divided 
according  to  their  habits  of  life,  and  state  of  ini- 

22 


*■■»■ 


254 


CIVIL   GEOGRAPHY. 


provement,   into    four  classes  ;     viz.    SavagCj 
Half  ■civilized,  Civilizedy  and  Enlightened. 

In  the  savage  slate^  men  subsist  principally  by  hunting, 
fishing,  and  the  spontaneous  productions  of  the  earth.  They 
possess  but  little  knowledge  of  agriculture,  or  the  mechanic 
arts.  They  live  in  huts  formed  of  poles  or  stakes  covered 
with  bark  or  leaves,  or  plastered  with  clay.  The  most  noted 
in  this  state  of  society  are  the  North  American  Indians. 

In  the  half. civilized  state^  men  subsist  by  agriculture  and 
pasturage,  and  understand  many  of  the  arts ;  but  science, 
literature  and  foreign  commerce  are  almost  unknown.  They 
have  established  laws  and  religion,  and  some  of  the  finer 
manufactures  they  have  carried  to  a  high  degree  of  perfec- 
tion.     Tiie  most  noted  in  this  state  of  society,  are  the  Chi- 


nese. 


In  the  civilised  state,  men  are  acquainted  with  the  arts  and 
sciences,  and  derive  their  subsistence  fr^  agriculture,  man- 
ufactures and  commerce. 

In  the  enlightened  state,  men  have  carried  the  arts  and 
sciences  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection,  and  are  distinguished 
for  their  industry,  intelligence,  ingenuity  and  enterprise. 
Among  enlightened  nations  the  most  noted  are  the  people  of 
the  United  States,  the  English,  French,  and  Germans. 

To  which  state  of  society  do  you  belong  ?     Why  ? 


GOVERNMENTS. 


Q.  What  is  Government? 

A.  It  is  the  system,  or  power  by  which  the 
laws  of  a  country  are  made  and  executed. 

Q.  How  many  simple  forms  of  Government  are  there  ? 

A.  There  are  three  :   viz.  Monarchy,  Aristoc- 
racy, and  Republican. 

Q.  How  many  kinds  of  Monarchies  aro  there  ? 

A.  Two  ;  absolute,  and  limited. 

Q.  What  is  an  Absolute  Monarchy  .=* 

A.  It  is  a  government  in  which  the  will  of  the 

■g^^Y^n-^^'U  l,~i  fl^n   7^«>.  .    OCT  i»>   T'lTrlrpxr  nnn    KPrHin. 

C^uestions  on  the  C/i«r^— What  is  the  Government  of  the 


men, 


CIVIL    GBOaUArilY. 


255 


n 
111 


Savage  J 
3d. 

y  hunting, 
Tth.  They 
mechanic 
es  covered 
most  noted 
dians. 
julture  and 
ut  science, 
jwn.  They 
jf  the  finer 
B  of  perfee- 
re  the  Chi- 

he  arts  and 
iture,  man- 
he  arts  and 
stinguislied 
enterprise, 
e  people  of 
lans. 

Why  ? 


which  the 
3d. 

ire  there  ? 

,  Aristoc- 


Russian  Empire  ?     Of  the  ChinesB  Empire  ?    Of  the  Turk- 
ish Empire  I     Of  Persia?      Afghanistan? 
Q.  What  is  a  Limited  Monarchy? 

A.  It  is  a  government  in  vsrhich  the  power  of 
the  sovereign  is  Hmited  by  law  ;  as  in  Enghmd. 

Questions  on  the  Chart. — Under  what  form  of  Government 
is  France  ?  Spain?  Austria?  IIovv  many  countries  of  Eu- 
rope have  Limited  Monarchies  ? 

Q.  What  is  an  Aristocracy  ? 

A.  It  is  a  government  administered  by  a  few 
men,  usually  styled  the  nobility. 

Q.  What  is  a  Republic  ? 

A.  It  is  a  government  in  which  the  people 
choose  their  own  rulers  ;  as  in  the  United  States. 

Questions  on  the  Chart. — ^Underwhat  form  of  government 
is  Mexico?  Switzerland?  What  other  countries  have  a 
Republican  government? 

Q.  What  is  the  government  among  savage  nations? 

A.  It  is  usually  that  of  patriarchs  or  chiefs, 
who  are  elected  to  office  on  account  of  their  bra- 
very, wisdom,  and  experience.  They  are  gene- 
rally called  Independent  Chiefs ;  as  among  the 
N.  American  Indians,  Arabians,  &c. 

Q.  What  is  a  Viceroy  ? 

A.  The  Governor  of  a  kingdom,  or  country, 
who  is  appointed  by  a  monarch,  and  who  rules 
with  regal  authority. 

(Questions  on  the  Chart. — Under  what  government  is   Bri- 
tish America?     Egypt? 


vill  of  the 

ment  of  the 


RELIGIONS. 
The  four  prevailing  religions  of  the  world,  are 
Christian,  Mahometan,  Jewish,  and    Pagan,  or 
Heathen. 


25G 


CIVIL    OKOGllArilV. 


Queaiiotison  lh(  Chart  e.vliihilina^theprogresit  ofChrutian- 
it)f. — How  niftiiy  OlirisliunH  iiro  tlioro  on  tlio  |ijlobo  ?  Mow 
many  Jews  ?  How  iiiuny  MulioinotiuiH?  How  many  Pa- 
gans ? 

Christians  arc  those  who  believe  in  Jesus  Christ 
as  the  Saviour  of  mankind. 

Thoronro  lliroo  great  divisiouH  of  Christians:  viz.  Koman 
Catholics,  CropkC  hurrh,  and  i'rotestants. 

The  Roman  CathoHcs  are  those  who  acknow- 
ledge the  supremacy  of  the  Pope. 

The  Greek  Church,  in  its  forms  and  cerenio- 
nies  resembles  the  Uoman  Catholic,  but  denies 
the  supremacy  of  the  Po[)e, 

Protestants  are  those  who  disclaim  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  Pope,  and  take  the  Bible  as  the  only 

foundation  of  Christian  faith  and  worship. 

Protostants  are  divided  into  various  socts ;  the  principal 
of  which  aro  Episcopalians,  Presbyterians,  Congrogationalisty, 
Baptists,  Methodists  and  Friends. 

Mahometans  are  those  who  believe  in  Mahom- 
et, an  impostor  of  Arabia,  who  flourished  600 
years  after  Chris 

The  Jews  are  those  who  believe  in  the  Old 
Testament  and  reject  the  New,  and  expect  a  Sa- 
viour yet  to  come. 

Pagans,  or  Heathen,  are  those  who  believe  in 
false  gods,  and  worship  idols,  beasts,  reptiles,  &c. 

GOVERNMENT,  RELIGION,  CIVILIZATION,  &c. 

In  the  followincr  Table,  i\\Qjirst  column  gives  the  names  of 
the  principal  countries  ;  the  second  shows  the  form  of  gov- 
ernment,— A.  M.  signifies  Absolute  Monarchy,  L.  M.  Lim- 
ited Monarchy,  R.  Republican,  V.  Viceroys  or  Governors, 
and  I.  C.  liidependent  Chiefs ;  the //u>rf,  the  prevailing 
Religion, — P.  signifies  Protestant,  C.  Catholic,  G.  Greek 
Churah,  M.  Mahometan,  and  li.  Pagan  or  Kcathen  ;  the 


Chrittian- 
(0  ?  Mow 
imiriy  Pa- 
is Christ 
iz.  lloinan 

iicknow- 

ceremo- 
it  denies 

jurisdic- 
Lhe  only 

• 

I  principal 
atioiialistfai, 

Mahom- 
shed  600 

the  Old 
3ct  a  Sa- 

elieve  in 
tiles,  &c. 

ION,  &c. 

names  of 
'm  of  gov- 
a.  M.  Lim- 
Grovernors, 

nrovailing 
,  G.  Greek 


CIVIL  CaiEOURAPIIY. 


251 


fuurlhy  Iho  hUUo  of  Hooioty. — E.  nignifioH  Enli|y;liten(!(l,  (5 
"(Jivilizod,  H.  C.  llalf-Civili/od,   and  S.  Savago,  or  Harba- 
roua  ;  iUu  Jiflk  column,  Iho  Raco,  to  which  each  Nation  be- 
longs. 

AMP.RKJA. 

Country.  C»««.  Jieligion.  Civ.  Hare 


( 


tndianH 

iiritiHli  America 

United  States 

Mexico 

Guatrmala 

Colombia 

Peru 

Bolivia 

Chili 

United  Provinces 

Brazil 

Guiana 

Amazonia 

Patagonia 

Groat  Britain 

France 

Spain 

Portugal 

Netherlands 

Wirtemberg 

Hanover 

Saxony 

Bavaria 

Norway  &  Sweden 

Naples 

States  of  th.  Church 

RuBsia 

Prussia 

Denmark 

Austria 

Turkey 

Sardinia 

Switzerland 


L.  M.  C. 
V.       C. 

I.  c.  In. 
I.  c.  \n. 


F.UHOPE. 


T..  M. 
I..  M. 
L.  M. 
L.  M. 
L.  M. 
L.  M. 
L.  M. 
L.  M. 
L.  M. 
li.  M. 
L.  M. 
H.* 
A.M. 
A.M. 
L.M, 
L.  M. 
A.M. 
L.M 
R. 


P. 
C. 
C. 

C. 
P. 


P.  and  C. 
P. and  C. 
P. and  C. 
P.  and  C. 
P. 
C. 
C. 
G. 
P. 
P. 
C. 
M. 
C. 
fP.and  C. 


S. 
K. 
E. 
C. 
G. 
C. 
C. 
C. 
C. 

c. 

C. 

c. 

s. 
s. 

E. 
K. 

v.. 
c. 

K. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
E. 
C. 
E. 
E. 


23 


# 


American 
Europ«!an 
Europonn 
European 
European 
European 
F^uropean 
European 
European 
European 
fOuropean 
European 
American 
American 

European 
European 
European 
European 
European 
European 
European 
European 
European 
European 
European 
European 
Europenn 
European 
European 
European 
European 
European 
European 


258 


t'lVlL    0E06RAPI1Y. 


ASIA. 

Oov. 

I.e. 

Religion 

Civ. 

S. 

Race. 

i\1. 

European 

A.M. 

M. 

H.  e. 

European 

A.M. 

M. 

H.  C. 

European 

A.M. 

M. 

H.  C. 

European 

I.  C. 

M. 

H.  C. 

European 

+ 

H. 

H.  C. 

European 

H* 

II. 

H.  C. 

Mongolian 

A.  M.  H. 

H.  e. 

Mongolian 

A.  M.H. 

H.  C. 

Mongolian 

A.  M.H. 

H.  C. 

Mongolian 

I.e.    M. 

H.  e. 

European 

V.        H. 

s. 

Mongolian 

A.M. 

H.           I 

H.e. 

Mongolian 

Counlry* 

Arabia 

Turkey 

Persia 

Afghanistan 

Beloochifctan 

Hindoostan 

Thibet 

Birnian  Empire 

Empire  of  Tonkm 

Chinese  Empire 

Indep.  Tartary 

Siberia 

Empire  of  Japan 


Little  is  known  respecting  the  governments  of  Africa,  ex- 
cept in  the  northern  part.  Egypt^  Tripoli,  Tunis  and  Algiers 
are  m  some  degree  dependent  on  Turkey,  and  may  be  classed 
among  the  most  absolute  monarchies.  Morocco  is  an  abso- 
lute despotism.  The  religion  in  all  the  Barbary  States  is 
Mahometan. 


*  Hierarchy,  nnecclesiasticl  goveinraent. 

t  Hifldoostan  has  varioas  forms  of  gov«riMn«nt» 


A. 
ancll 
Q. 
A. 

com< 


1»ART  FOURTH* 


■• 


XutrotructCon  to  ^jstroiiomij. 


Summerin 

ilteNortfiern 

^Hemisphere 


V 


V 


^'^fit^-^j[ 


•"^ 


\_« 


Summerk, 
ihtSouthtrn 
Renmphen 


# 
/<*• 


■^9UalJiayStNi^'^ 


li 


The  Seasons. 

Q,.  What  is  Astronomy  ? 

A.  It  is  the  science  which  teaches  the  motions 
and  the  magnitudes  of  the  heavenly  bodies. 

Q.  Of  What  does  the  Solar  System  consist  ? 

A.  It  consists  of  the  sun,  planets,  asturuids  and 
comets. 


260 


/ 


i\i\ 


INTROntJCJTION  TO    ASTRONOMY. 


It  is  called  tho  Solar  System^  because  the  sun  is  supposed 
to  be  placed  in  the  centre,   having  all  the  planets  revolving 
round  it,  at   difTerent  distances  and   in  different  periods  of 
time. 

Q.  What  is  the  Sun  ? 

A.  It  is  an  immense  spherical  body,  placed  in 
the  centre  of  the  system,  and  gives  light  and  heat 
to  the  planetG,  moons,  asteroids  and  comets.  It 
revolves  on  its  axis  once  in  25  days  and  10  hours. 

This  revolution  is  det  <rmined  from  the  motion  of  the  spots 
on  ito  surface. 

Q.  What  is  a  planet  ? 

A.  It  is  an  opake  body  which  appears  to  us 
like  a  star,  and  shines  only  by  reflecting  the  light 
of  the  sun. 

Q.  How  many  kinds  of  Planets  are  there  ? 

A.  There  are  two  kinds,  primary  and  seconda- 
ry, to  which  may  be  added  the  asteroids.  The 
primary  planets  are  those  which  revolve  round 
the  sun  and  regard  him  only  as  their  centre.  The 
secondary  planets,  called  also  moons ^  or  satellites^ 
are  smaller  planets,  which  revolve  round  the  pri- 
maries, and  serve  to  give  them  light. 

Q.  How  many  primary  planets  are  there  ? 

A.  There  are  seven  :  I.  Mercury  ;  2.  Venus  ; 
3.  Earth  ;  4.  Mars  ;  5.  Jupiter  ;  6.  Saturn  ;  7  : 
Herschel. 

Q.  How  many  secondary  planets  are  there  ? 

A.  There  are  eighteen.  The  earth  has  I  : 
Jupiter  4  ;  Saturn  7 :  Herschel  6. 

Q.  What  are  the  asteroids  ? 

A.  They  are  four  very  small  planets,  situated 
between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter :  called 
Ceres,  Pallas,  Juno,  and  Vesta. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  ASTRONOMY. 


261 


s  supposed 
,s  revolving 
t  periods  of 


placed  in 

and  heat 

nets.     It 

10  hours. 

of  the  spots 

iars  to  us 
;  the  hght 

seconda- 
ds.  The 
ive  round 
tre.  The 
satellites^ 
d  the  pri- 

i.  Venus ; 
turn  ;   7 : 

L  has  1  : 


,  situated 
[• :  called 


SUN    AND    PLANETS. 


Diame 

ler 

miles 


m 


Dny^  or 
revolution 
on  theaxis 
D.  H.  M, 


Sun 

Mercury 

Venus 

Earth 

Mars 

Jupiter 

Saturn 

Herschel 


883246 

3224 

7687 

7928 

4189 

89170 

79042 

35112 


25    10   0 

unknown 

0  23  22 

0  23  56 

1  00  39 
0  9  56 
0  10   16 


0 

0 

1 

1 

11 

29 

unknown!83 


Year    or  revo- 
lution round 

the  sun. 
Y.  D.  H.  M. 


87  23 
224  16 

00  0 
321  18 
315  14 
164  7 
294     8 


Distance 

from  the 

Sun  in 

miles. 


Bulk, 

the 

Earth 

being  1 


14 
41 
00 
23 
39 
19 
39 


36000000 

68000000 

96000000 

144000000 

491000000 

901000000 

1800000000 


1380000 

f 

floo 

1000 
90 


COMETS. 


Q.'  What  aro  comets  ?  ^ 

A.  They  are  large,  solid  opake  bodies,  which 
revolve  round  the  sun  in  very  elliptical  orbits. 

The  number  of  Comets  belonging  to  our  system,  is  supposed 
to  bo  540.  Tho  Jigures  of  comets,  are  very  different.  Some 
of  them  emit  luminous-matter  on  all  sides  resembling  hair*  ; 
others  have  a  long,  luminous,  transparent,  tail,  projecting  from 
that  part  which  is  opposite  to  the  sun. 

Their  apparent  magnitudes  are  also  very  different.  Some 
appear  no  larger  than  the  fixed  stars:  others  as  large  as  Ve- 
nus ;  and  others  much  larger. 

The  velocity  of  a  comet  is  greater  than  that  of  a  planet, 
and  increases  as  it  approaches  Ihe  eun.  That  of  1680,  when 
neareet  the  sun,  moved  with  the  amazing  velocity  of  880,000 
miles  an  hour. 


FIXED    STARS. 

Q.  W^hat  are  fixed  stars  ? 

A.  They  are  those  luminous  bodies  which  ap- 
pear in  the  heavens,  far  beyond  the  planets,  from 
which  they  are  distinguished  by  their  twinhling, 

*  The  word  comet,  is  derived  from  com^a,  or   coraet»,  a 
Greek  word,  signifying  hairy. 


. 


i 


262 


INTRODUCTION   TO  ASTRONOMY. 


Thoy  are  called^arcd  stars<t  because  they  always  keep  the 
same  situation,  in  relation  to  each  other ;  and  appear  to  have 
no  proper  motion  of  their  own.  The  distances  of  the  fixed 
stars  from  the  earth,  is  almost  inconceivable  ;  light,  which 
flies  164,000  miles  in  a  second,  would  be  more  than  three 
years  in  passing  from  one  of  them  to  the  earth. 

These  stars  being  at  such  an  immense  distance,  connot  re- 
ceive their  light  from  the  sun  as  the  planets,  but  must  shine 
by  their  own  light ;  and  hence  they  are  supposed  to  be  suns 
to  other  systems,  and  to  have  worlds  revolving  round  them, 
inhabited,  perhaps,  by  intelligent  and  immorttfl  beings. 

The  number  of  the  fixed  stars  is  unknown.  With  the  na- 
ked eye  we  can  see  about  2,000,  but  by  the  help  of  telescopes 
many  millions  can  bo  discovered. 

THE    EARTH. 

Q.  How  many  motions  has  the  Earth  ? 

A.  Two ;  one  round  its  axis ;  the  other  round 
the  sun.  It  revolves  on  its  axis  once  in  24  hours, 
and  causes  a  continual  succession  of  day  and 
night,  and  an  apparent  motion  of  the  heavenly 
bodies  from  east  to  west. 

It  completes  its  revolution  round  the  sun  once 
in  a  year,  and  occasions  the  difference  in  the 
length  of  the  days  and  nights,  and  the  agreeable 
variety  in  the  seasons. 

The  earth  is  not  a  perfect  sphere,  but  an  oblate  spheroid, 
elevated  at  the  equator,  and  depressed  at  the  poles ;  the  equa. 
torial  diameter  being  34  miles  longer  than  the  polar. 

The  earth  is  surrounded  by  a  thin,  invisible,  elastic  fluid, 
called  air^  which  extends  to  a  considerable  height  above  it. 
The  air,  together  with  the  clouds  and  vapors  that  float  in  it, 
is  called  the  atmosphere.  The  height  to  which  the  atmos. 
phere  extends,  has  never  been  fully  ascertained,  but  it  is  sup. 
posed  to  be  about  45  miles. 

THE    MOON. 

Q.  What  is  ih<i  Moon  ? 

A.  it  \i  an  opake   body  like   the  earth,  and 


r. 


INTUODUCTION  TO    ASTRONOMY. 


26.3 


keep  the 

3arto  have 

>f  the  fixed 

yht,  which 

than  three 

connot  re- 
must  shino 
to  be  suns 
3und  them, 
ings. 

'ith  the  na- 
'  telescopes 


er  round 
2i  hours, 
day  and 
heavenly 

sun  once 
ce  in  the 
Lgreeable 

e  spheroid, 
;  the  equa. 
ir. 

astic  fluid, 
t  above  it. 
;  float  in  it, 
the  atmos. 
ut  it  is  sup. 


shines  entirely  by  light  received  from  the  sun. 
Its  diameter  is  2,180  miles,  and  its  distance  from 
the  centre  of  the  earth  240,000  miles.     Its  bulk 

to  that  of  the  earth  is  as  1  to  49. 

The  moon  revolves  round  the  earth,  from  change  to  change, 
in  29  days  12  hours  44  minutes. 

The  surface  of  the  moon  is  greatly  diversified  with  ine- 
qualities, which  through  a  telescope  have  the  appearance  of 
hills  and  valleys. 

When  the  moon  is  in  conjunction,  or  in  the  same  part  of 
the  heavens  with  the  sun,  it  is  called  the  new  moon ;  when 
it  is  in  opposition,  or  180  degrees  distant,  it  is  called  the  full 


moon. 


irth,  and 


The  moon  revolves  on  its  axis  but  once  in  its  revolution 
round  the  earth,  and  consequently  its  day  is  a  little  longer 
than  29i  of  our  days. 

ECLIPr»ES. 

Q.  What  is  an  Eclipse  ? 

A.  It  is  a  partial,  or  total  privation  of  the  light 
of  the  sun  or  moon. 

Q.  What  is  the  cause  of  an  eclipse  of  the  sun  ? 

A.  It  is  caused  by  the  interposition  of  the  moon 
between  the  earth  and  the  sun,  and  consequently 
must  happen  when  the  moon  is  in  conjunction 
with  the  sun,  or  at  the  new  moon» 

Q.  What  causes  an  eclipse  of  the  moon  ? 

A,  It  is  caused  by  an  interposition  of  the  earth 
between  the  sun  and  moon,  and  therefore  must 
happen  at  the  full  moon,  or  when  the  moon  is  180 
degrees  distant  from  the  sun. 

The  diameter  of  the  sun  and  moon  is  supposed  to  be  divi- 
ded into  12  parts,  called  digits ;  and  an  eclipse  is  said  to  be  so 
many  digits,  according  to  the  number  of  those  parts,  which 
are  involved  at  the  greatest  darkness. 

THE    SEASONS. 

Q.  What  occasions  the  different  seasons? 

A.    They  are   occasioned   by  the  axi«  of  the 


i 


H 


^ 


264 


INTRODUCTION  TO  ASTRONOMY. 


earth,  being  inclined  to  the  level  of  its  orbit  nl- 


/ 


ways  in  one  direction,  in  its  circuit  round  the 
sun  ;  so  that  one  end  of  the  axis  is  directed  to- 
wards the  sun  at  one  season  of  the  year,  ainl 
from  the  sun  at  another.  This  »l«o  ^^^^^^'^'^ 
the  variation  of  climate,  and  the  difterent  lengths 
of  day  and  night. 

rSeo  Iho  figure  rcprosontin}?  tho  Poasons.] 

kom   tho   20th   it-Mardi  to   the  2'2d  ot  SoptonU,crl  n 
north  pole  inclines  to  the  sun,  and  it  is  summer  ux  to  noriU 
em  hemisphere  and  winter  in  the  southern:  from  I  o  ^22d  ol 
Septembe?  to  the  20th'  of  March  llio  north  polo  doclmcs/.om 
The  sun,  and  it  is  winter  in  tho  7iortkcrn  hemisphere  and  sum- 

mer  in  the  southern.  ,        ,     .  „  K„tr 

In  tho  same  manner  it  will  bo  socn,  that  durintr  one  half 
the  year  the  north  polo  is  continually  illuminated  by  i ho  sun 
while  the  south  polo  is  in  darkness;  and  consequntly  the 
day  in  the  naw,.em  hemisphere  will  be  more  than  12  hours 
lonff  and  those  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  less  than  U 
hours  r  and  during  tho  other  half  the  year,  the  south  pole 
fs  con  tantly  in  the  light,  and  tho  north  polo  in  darkness 
and  consequently  the  Says  in  the  southern  hemisphere  will 
Se  more  than  12  hours  long,  and  those  in  the  northern  less 
than  12  hours  ;  thus  causing  the  different  lengths  of  day  and 

"' AtUie  equator  the  days  and  nights  are  always  equal,  be- 
ine  12  hours  each ;  but  as  you  proceed  Aom  the  oquatoi, 
thiy  vary  in  length  according  to  the  latitude  and  season 

1^  latitude  160  44',  the  day  is  13  hours  long  ;-.n  4 1°  2^1' 
itis  15  hours  in  length ;-in  61°   18,  it  is  19  hour.s;-m  bG 
32'  it  is  24  hours  ;-iii  07^  1 8',  the  longest  day  is  one  month ; 
in  69°  33',  it  is  2  months  ;  in  77°  40',  it  is  4  months  ;  and  ai 

^'TlScf sllX^rtho  map  of  the  world  rospr^enting  the 
lonn-est  days  and  nights,  also  the  zones  and  chmates.j 

Xe»(;o«.-What  is  the  length  of  the  days  .nd  n.ght.  at 
thoTqnator?     What  is  the   length  of  the  longes   day  ,,,»- 
34'?    What  is  the  lo.^gth   of  tho    ongost  day  m  lb  ^^^«  ^ 
In  24°  12'  ?     In  30°  4«'  ?     in  36^  oi  :     iU  41-4    _    —  -- 
32'?     In  49°  2'?     In  54°  30  ?     What  is  the  length  of  the 


I 


PHYSICAL  GEOGUAPIIY. 


265 


orbit  nl- 
und  the 
;ctc(J  lo- 
3nr,  ami 
ccasions 

t  lengths 


tembcr  llio 

the  norlh- 

Iho  'm\  of 

iclinos/zom 

c  and  sum- 

ijr  one  half 
|)y  ilio  Biin 
•quntly  llio 
in  12  hours 
ss  than  12 
south  polo 
1  tlarknoss, 
iplioio  will 
Di-thcrn  less 
of  day  and 

1  equal,  be- 
10  equator, 
season, 
-in  41°  24' 
r.s ;— in  66° 
one  month; 
ths ;  and  at 

ijsenting  the 
lies.] 

nd  nights  nt 
ist  day  in  S^*^ 
in  16°  44'? 
;4'  ?  In  45° 
•ngth  of  the 


I 


longest  day  in  67«  i»'  ?  I"  CO"  33'  ?  In  TS'^  h'  1  Whnt  in  the 
:;;  4h  of  fhe  lonVrent  day  at  the  poU.  ?  W  hat  in  i^o  »-,!». 
of  the  longest  night  ?  1  low  many  days  and  nighlB  are  thoro 
at  the  poles  in  a  year? 

CLIMATES. 

Climate  is  a  portion  of  the  earth's  Burfaco   contained  be- 
tween 2  small  iirclos  parallel  to  the  equator  and  of  such  a 
bTeadtlU  "at   ho  longest  day  in  the  parallel  neareBt  the  equa- 
tor in  half  an  hour  s'horter  than  in  the  next  more   rerr.o  e, 
the  torrid  and  temperate  zone8,-and  one  month  m  the 

*^'' AH  ulaies  in  the  5«mg  latitude,  are  in  the  ,am«  climate,-- 
.    f        W  ^ot  beTf^  thence  that  they  have  the 

am  \rospreV>c:i  t:^peraturo,  as  t'.;^^«P-^«-;7- 
causes      Mountains,  lakes,   deserts,   plams,  Sic.  have   great 

re  on  the  atmosphere;  as  high  --"^-^  -^^[^  l^^, 
ecjuator  are   covered  with   perpetual  snow,  and  deserts  aro 

^iS.^ll^^C'^anrcUajates  between  ^^^ 
eaSi.  polar  circle  ?     A    24      How  many   cj-at-jetween 
each  polar  circle  and  its  pole  •     A.  6.     In  w  ^^  ^^^ 

the  first  climate  end  ?^    ^fn   w  at    atitude  does  the'  second 
world.]     A.  In  8    44.      m   w  latitude  does  the 

climate  end  ?     A.  In  about  16i  .     ^^  ^J^''     .  -  .  ,      g-   jj^  ? 
third    climate    end?      Fourth    climate ?      Fifth.       bixtn. 

dcr  on  the  scrile  as  lar  as 'is    T         '  Onr  iijliifh  thrv  are  not    aid 

a,  you  proceed  from  the  «<l"»;°r'r"'",'  *i\' 'le      llero  you  »m 
doL  rrguUrly  till  vou  come  to  lie  po  arc  "^^^^^ 

nrh:rfaj;irur'?r;^tVan'=intre'„rnearerthoe<,uator.areono 

month  longer  as  you  approach  the  pole. 

Q.  What  seasons  have  they  in  the  torrid  ^one? 

A  The  only  distinction  of  seasons  m  the  torrid 
zone'  is  from  hot  and  dry  to  hot  and  rainy.  Most 
countries  of  the  torrid  zone  have  «ix  momns  m- 

23 


366 


PHYSICAL    aEOGRAnilh 


cliniiig  to  a  wet^  and  six  months  inclining  to  a  rfry 
air. 

Q.  How  many  seasons  are  there  in  the  frigid  zone? 

A.  In  the  frigid  zone  they  have  but  two  sea- 
sons, winter  and  summer. 

On  continents,  the  weather  is  more  settled  than  on  islands ; 
the  heat  of  mmmer  is  greater  in  the  former,  the  cold  of  win- 
ter is  less  intense  in  the  latter. 

[On  islands  the  heat  is  tempered  by  clouds  and  vapors, 
from  the  surrounding  sea ;  and  from  the  same  cause  the 
weather  is  inconstant.] 

WINDS. 

Q.  What  is  Wind  ?  " 

A.  It  is  air  put  in  motion,  occasioned  chiefly  by 
means  of  heat. 

When  any  part  of  the  air  is  heated  by  the  sun  or  otlier- 
wise,  it  expands,  and  ascends  towards  the  higher  parts  of  the 
atmosphere,  and  the  neighboring  air  rushes  in  to  supply  its 
place  ;  and  there  will  therefore  be  a  stream  or  current  of  air 
from  all  parts  towards  the  region  in  which  the  heat  predomi- 
nates.    This  pressure  of  the  air  is  what  is  called  wind. 

Q.  What  is  the  velocity  of  wind  ? 

A.  A  gentle  breeze  moves  about  4  miles  an 
hour;  a  common  brisk  wind  about  15  miles  ;  a 
high  wind  30 ;  a  storm  60  ;  a  violent  hurricane 
100  miles  an  hour.  • 

Q.  How  many  kinds  of  tropical  winds  are  there  ? 

A.  Three  ;  the  general  trade  winds ;  the  ?«ow- 

soons ;  the  land  and  sea  breezes. 

1.  The  general  trade  winds  blow  from  cast  to  west,  ex- 
tending to  nearly  30°  of  latitude  on  each  side  of  the  equate 
nearly  round  the  globe.  , 

2.  The  monsoons  are  periodical  winds,  which  prevail  in 
the  Indian  Oceaia,  and  blow  six  months  in  one  direction,  and 
during  the  other  six  months  in  an  opposite  direction.  Their 
change  at  the  vernal  and  autumnal  equinox  is  accompanied 
with  terrible  storms  of  rain,  lightning  and  thunder. 

3.  The  land  and  sea  breezes  arc  periodical  wiads,  w.i!<'.'- 


iNi 


PHYSICAL    GEOGRAPHY. 


2C7 


oQ.dnj 


0  sea- 
islands  ; 

1  of*  win- 


,  vapors, 
ause  the 


iefly  by 

)r  other- 
•ts  of  the 
ipply  its 
ent  of  air 
predomi- 
nd. 

liles  an 
liles ;  a 
irricane 


blow  from  the  lana  during  the  night,  and  from  the  sea,  during 
the  day. 

Winds  are  affected  by  the  countries  over  which  they  pass, 
being  rendered  pestilential  by  the  heat  of  deserts  and  the 
putrid  exhalations  of  lakes  and  marshes. 

In  Africa  and  Arabia,  a  wind  blows  from  the  deserts  called 
the  Samiel  or  Simoom,  which  frequently  produces  instant 
death. 

On  the  western  coast  of  Africa  is  a  similar  wind,  called 
Harmattan^  producing  a  dryness  and  heat  almost  insupporta- 
ble. 

A  warm,  unpleasant  wind  from  Africa,  prevails  in  the 
southern  part  of  Europe,  called  the  Sirocco^  producing  great 
uneasiness  and  debility  in  the  systeui. 

TIDES. 

Q.  What  is  the  Tide  > 

A.  It  is  the  regular  elevation  and  depression 
of  the  ocean,  which  happens  twice  every  24 
hours,  caused  by  the  attraction  of  the  moon  and 

of  the  sun. 

At  the  new  Q.nd  full  moon,  the  tides  are  greatest,  and  are 
called  spring  tides ;  at  the  first  and  last  quarters,  they  are 
least,  and  are  called  neap-tides ;  and  the  highest  are  near  the 
time  of  the  equinoxes. 


li 


he  vion- 

west,  ex- 
e  equator 

prevail  in 
ction,  and 
n.  Their 
ompanied 

ds,  wliich 


PORDUCTIONS    OF  THE    EATRH. 

Q.  How  are  the  productions  of  the  earth  arranged  ? 
A.  Under  three  grand  divisions,  called  king- 
doms ;  viz. :  The  mineral  kingdom^  the  vegetable 

kingdom^  and  the  animal  kingdom. 

1.  The  mineral  kingdom  contains  all  earths    and  stones, 
mineral  combustibles,  salts,  and  metals. 

2.  'IhQ  vegetable  kingdom  includes  all  trees,  shrubs,  and 
plants. 

3.  The  animal  kingdom  includes  all  living  creatures ;  as 
bipeds,  quadrupeds,  fowls,  fishes,  reptiles,  insects,  and 
worms. 

To  what  kingdom  does  my  knife  belong  P 


208 


I 


GLOBES. 
INTRODUCTION 

TO  THE 

Wint  of  the  <S?Iotei9. 


Q.  What  is  a  Globe  ? 

A.  It  is  a  round  body,  whose  surface  is  every 
•where  equally  remote  from  the  centre. 

Q.  How  many  kinds  of  artificial  Globes  are  there  ? 

A.  Two  ;  terrestrial  and  celestial. 

Q.  What  is  a  Terrestrial  Globe  ? 

A.  It  is  an  artificial  representation  of  the  earth, 
on  which  the  different  empires,  kingdorns,  &c. 
of  the  world  are  truly  represented,  according  to 
their  relaiive  situation. 

Q.  What  is  a  Celestial  Globe? 

A.  It  is  an  artificial  representation  ot  the  heav- 
ens, on  which  the  stars  are  laid  down  in  their  na- 
.  tural  situations. 

Q.  What  is  the  Axis  of  the  Earth?     ^ 

A.  It  is  ^n  imaginary  line  passing  through  the 
centre  of  it,  upon  which  it  is  supposed  to  turn. 

Q.  What  are  the  Poles  of  the  Earth  ? 


<a^*iMal»iilMi»ftii,ii»i  III  iwij-' 


OLOBBS. 


209 


IS  every 


ro  r 


he  earth, 
)ms,  &c. 
)rdirig  to 

the  heav- 
their  na- 


ough  the 
0  turn. 


A.  They  arc  the  two  extremities  of  the  axis, 
where  it  is  supposed  to  cut  tlie  surface  of  the 
earth. 

Q.  What  is  the  Brazen  Meridian  ? 

A.  It  is  the  circle  in  which  the  globe  turns,  and 
is  divided  into  360  equal  parts,  called  degrees. 

Q.  What  is  the  Quadrant  of  Altitude  ? 

A.  It  is  a  thin  slip  of  brass,  divided  into  90", 
and  is  generally  used  to  determine  the  distance 
of  one  place  from  another. 

Q.  What  is  the  Hour  Circle  ? 

A.  It  is  a  small  circle  of  brass,  with  an  mdex 
or  pointer,  fixed  to  the  north  pole. 

Q.  What  is  the  Horizon? 

A.  It  is  a  great  circle,  which  separates  the  vis- 
ible half  of  the  heavens  from  the  invisible. 

Q.   How  is  the  horizon   represented    on    the  Artificial 
Globe?  ^  ..  , 

A.  By  the  wooden  circular  frame  on  which 
the  globe  stands. 

Q.  What  is  the  Ecliptic  ? 

A.  It  is  the  great  circle,  which  the  earth  de- 
scribes annually,  in  its  revolution  round  the  sun. 

Q.  How  is  the  Ecliptic  divided  ? 

A.  Into  twelve  equal  parts  of  30  degrees  each, 
called  signs. 

The  names  and  characters  of  the  signs,  with  the  months  in 
which  the  sun  enters  them,  are  as  follows  : 

Northern  Signs.  I  Southern  Sigm. 

<Y5  Aries,  March  21st  j  =2=  Libra,  bept.  2Jd 


^  Taurus, 
n  Gemini, 
9o  Cancer, 
C^  Leo, 
M  Virgo, 


April  19th 

May  20th 

June  2 1  st 

July  22d 

Aug.  22d 


HI  Scorpio, 
$  Sagitarius, 
Y5>  Capricornus, 
OX  Aquarius, 
>£  Pisces, 


Oct.  23d 

Nov.  22d 
Dec.  21st 
Jan.  20th 
Feb.  19th 


The  first  six  are  called  JSTorthern  signs,  because  they  are 
?5orth  of  the  e^natnr,  the  last  six  are  called  Southern  signs, 
because  ^ev  aro  south  of  the  equator. 

33* 


i 


*,3 


270 


eLOBES. 


Q.  What  is  tho  Zodiac?  ,/»o      -j 

A.  It  is  a  broad  belt  in  the  heavens,  16°  wide  ; 
in  the  middle  of  which  is  the  ecliptic.  It  com- 
prehends the  orbits  of  all  the  planets. 

QUESTIONS  ON 

THE  TERRESTRIAL  GLOBE. 

Which  Grand  Division  extends  farthest  north? 
At  what  place  does  Asia  extend  farthest  north? 
At  what  place  does  Europe?     North  America? 
Supposing  the    Arctic  Ocean  was  navigable,  in  what  di- 
rections must  you  sail  in  going  from  North  Cape,  m  a  direct 

**"what^pTa^e^^i8*there  on  the  globe,  from  which  you  can 
travel  only  in  one  direction?  ^  ^   ,    ^i,^? 

What  Cape  in  Asia  opposite  to  Baflin  s  15ay. 

Towards  what  two  points  of  the  compass  must  you  steer 
in  sailing  from  Spitzbergen  to  Bhering's  Strait,  across    the 

^ThJough'what  countries  will  you  pass,  and  what  waters 
will  you  cross,  in  travelling  on  the  Arctic  Cvrcle  round  the 
globe,  commencing  at  Bhermg's  Straii^  r.r^o^r  h« 

Travel  in  the  same  manner,  on  the  Tropic  of  Cancer,  be- 
ginning at  Cape  St.  Lucas. 

The  Equator  commencing  at  Quito. 

The  Tropic  of  Capricorn,  beginning  at  Rio  Janeiro. 

The  parallel  of  40°  N.  lat.  beginning  at  Philadelphia. 

There  are  two  routes  from  New  York  to  Canton;    de- 

'in'what'direction  from  Philadelphia  is  Cairo?  Peking? 
London?    Rio  Janeiro?   Calcuttc  ?  St.  Petersburgh  ?  Rome? 

^SoesAsia^ofN:  America  extend  farther  south?  South 
America  or  New  Holland?  ,        «  r   u„ 

One  of  the  tropics  passes  near  the  centre  of  one  of  ihe 
Continents;  which  Tropic'  and  what  Coiitment  ? 

What  places  are  direct^  South  of  the  North  Pole  ? 

What  waters  will  you  cross  in  sailing  from  Boston  to 
Okhotsk  ?    From  Okhotsk  to  Buenos  Ayres  ? 

From  Buenos  Ay  res  to  Flartford  ? 


OLOBES. 


271 


Describe  the  limits  of  each  zone. 

Which  Grand  Division  of  the  globe  lies  mostly  in  the  Tor- 
rid Zone  ? 

In  what  Zone  is  Icy  Cape  ?  Cape  Horn  ?  Cape  Coinonn  ? 
Cape  Taymour  ?     Cape  Verd? 

Which  way  must  a  ship  steer,  in  sailing  from  New  York  \o 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ? 

From  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  to  Batavia  ? 

From  Batavia  to  Cape  Horn? 

From  Cape  Horn  to  London  ?  * 

From  London  to  INevv  York  ? 

Is  there  more  land  or  water  on  the  surface  of  the  earth  ? 

How  much  of  the  earth's  surface  is  covered  with  water  ? 

A.  About  two  thirds. 

What  land  do  you  find  in  the  south  Frigid  Zone  i 

What  places  are  north  of  90°  of  S.  latitude  ?  ,     .      , 

What  Sea  in  the  western  hemisphere,  nearly  in  the  latitude 

of  the  China  sea  ?  ,  ,      .,  n  i     r  ^no  at 

Wl)at  foui  Seas  arc  intersected  by  the  parallel  ot  40°  JN. 

latitude?  ^     ,  ^. 

Does  Europe  or  Africa  extend  farther  west? 
What  places  have  no  latitude?  ^    .  • 

There  are  25  Seas  on  the  globe ;  what  are  tneir  names  and 

where  are  they  ?  ,     ,        i  i     , 

Which  Grand  Division  of  the  globe  has  thegreattst  num. 

ber  of  Seas  in  and  around  it  ?  «  ,      j  -> 

On  which  side  of  the  Equator  is  there  the  most  land  ? 

What  places  are  south  of  90°  of  N.  latitude  ? 

There  are  two  routes  by  which  you  can  sail  from  Boston 
to<uloutta;  mention  each. 

Which  is  the  mo,  t  nortliem  Island  on  the  globe  ! 

Which  is  the  most  southern  Island  ? 

What  is  Longitude  ?  i,  i       „j  ? 

From  which  meridian  is  Longitude  generally  ^ectoned  . 

What  is  the  greatest  longitude  a  place  can  have  . 

Why  can  a  place  have  no  more  than  180°  of  Longitude  1 

In  what  direction  from  Iceland  is  Cape  Verd  ? 

In  what  direction  from  the  Island  of  Hainan  is  Owyhee 

In  what  direction  from  Spiztbergeu  is  the  Cape  ot  Ixood 

"is'ihe  eastern  coast  of  Greenland,  or  the  western  coast  of 
Africa  farther  east  ? 


' 


272  PROBLEMS. 

Supposing  the  Southern  Ocean  was  navigable,  towaras 
what  two  points  of  the  compass  mupt  a  ship  steer,  in  sailing 
from  the  Island  of  New    Zealand  to  St.  Helena  over  the 

South  Pole  ?  ^   .         T.T       u  iio,,^  ? 

Which  extends  farthest  east,  Asia  or  Now  Holland  ? 

What  are  Meridians  ?  ,       ,  .  «.„ 

How   many  meridians  are  drawn  on  the  globe  you  are 

"^wliat  length  of  time  does  it  require  for  the   Sun  to  pass 
from  one  meridian  to  another  ?  jp^^a? 

What  is  the  difference  of  time  between  Q"'to  and  Rome  ( 

Is  the  time  at  Rome  faster  or  slower  than  at  Quito  ?W  hy  ? 

What  is  the  (lifFcrence  of  time  between  London  and  Peking. 

Supposing  it  6  o'clock  in   the  morning  at  Philadelphia, 
what  time  is  it  at  London  ?     Rome?     Constantinople? 

What  is  the   difference  of  time  between  Cape  Verd  and 

the  G  ulf  of  Darien  ?  ,       .       .     ,    ,  .  ,    *„i,  ? 

Wlien  it  is  noon  at  Washington,  what  tin.  ^  is  u  at  lrku.sk . 
Rome?     Quit.?     Bhering's  Straits  ?     Bencookn  ? 

Does  South  America  or  Greenland  extend  farthest  cast  . 

Which  extends  farthest  east,  Europe  or  Africa  ? 

Which  is  farthest  north,  L.  Baikal  or  L.  WniTiepeg  ? 

What  places  have  the  same  seasons  of  the  year . 

A.  Those  in  the  same  latitude.  „,,„„;„  u 

When  it  is  summer  in  the  United  States,  what  season  is  t 
in  China  ?     Chili  ?     France  ?  New  Holland  ?    Spain  .    f  at- 

''^wITon  it  is  winter  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  what  season 

is  it  in  England  ?  ,       ,  n  i    i«  ilm 

Why  should  not  the  Ecliptic  be  drawn   parallel    to  me 

Equator  ? 

PROBLElMS. 

PkOBLEM    I. 

Tojnd  the  Latitude  of  any  place. 

R«[LE. — Bring  the  given  place  to  the  brass  mericl 
ian,  and  tlie  degree  above  the  place  is  the  latitude. 

What  is  the  latitude  of  Philadelphia?  A.  40"^  N. 
Of  Boston?     A.  42.yM\.     Cape  Horn?     London' 


^^M- 


:ii^r^->  'WTT't^ 


PROBLKMS. 


273 


Peking?    Cape  of  Good  Hope  1    Paris?    Calcutta? 
What  places  have  no  latitude  ? 

PROBLEM    II. 

To  find  the  Longitude  of  any  place. 
Rule.— Bring  the  place  to  the  brass  meridian, 
and  the  degree  on   the  Equator  under  the  meridian 

ib  the  longitude.  , 

What  is  the  longitude  of  Phdadelphia?     7o    W. 

Boston?     New  York?     Peking?     Lima? 

What  places  have  the  same  longitude  as  New 
York  ?     Stockholm  ?     London  ? 

When  it  is  12  o'clock  at  Stockholm,  what  mhabit- 
ants  of  the  earth  have  the  same  hour  ? 

» 

niOBLEM    IIL 

To  find  anyplace  whose  latitude  and  longitude  are  gio     . 
^  Rule.— Find  the  longitude  on  the  Equator,  and 
bring  it  to  the  brass  meridian  ;  then  find  the  latitude 
on  the  meridian  ;  and  under  it  is  the  place  sought. 
What  place  has  77 i°  W.  long,  and  39'^  N.  lat.  1 
A.  Washington?  . 

What  places   have   the    following   latitudes   and 

longitudes  ? 

Latitude.  Longitude. 

521°  north  13^0  east. 

32^^  north  81  i°  west. 

23°  south  42  i«  west. 

221°  north  88i°  east. 

PROBLEM   IV. 

To  find  the  distance  between  any  two  places. 
Rule.— Lay  the  Quadrant  of  Altitude  oyer  both 
places,  and  the  degrees  between  them  multiplied  by 
G9^  will  give  the  English  miles. 


Fil 


M 


274 


PROBLEMS. 


What  is  the  distance  between  the  Island  of  Ber- 
mudas  and  St.  Helena  ? 
A.  73ix69i=5l09J  miles. 

PROBLEM   V. 
To  rectify  the  Globe  for  the  latitude  of  a  place. 
Rule.— Elevate  the  pole  till  the  horizon  cuts  the 
meridian  in  the  latitude  of  the  place.     Rectify  the 
Globe  for  the  latitu'^.e  of  London. 

PROBLEM    VI. 

The  hour  at  one  place  being  given^  to  find  what  hour  it  is  at 

any  other  place. 

RuLE.—Bring  the  place  where  the  hour  is  given 
to  the  meridian,  and  set  the  index  of  the  hour  circle 
to  that  hour  ;  then  turn  the  Globe  till  the  place  where 
the  hour  is  required  comes  under  the  meridian,  and 
the  index  will  point  to  the  hour  at  that  place. 

When  it  is  10  o'clock  in  the  morning  at  London, 
what  hour  is  it  at  St.  Petersburgh  ?  A.  The  differ- 
enco  of  time  is  two  hours — 12. 

When  it  is  noon  at  Hartford,  what  hour  is  it  m 
London  ?     Constantinople  ? 

PEOBLEM   VII. 

To  find  the  Sun's  decimation. 

Rule.-— Find  the  sun's  place  in  the  ecliptic,  and 
bring  it  to  the  brass  meridian  and  the  degree  over  it 
is  the  sun's  declination. 

What  is  the  sun's  declination  on  the  15th  of  April  ( 
A.  10°N.  Jan.  21?  June  21  ?  Sept.  21  ?  Nov. 
«1? 


PROBLEMS. 


275 


mr  it  IS  at 


PKOBLEM    VIII. 

Tojind  the  time  of  the  Sun's  rising  and  setting  at  anyplace. 

Rule. — Find  the  sun's  declination  and  elevate  the 
north  or  south  pole,  according  as  the  declination  is 
north  or  south  so  many  degrees  above  the  horizon, 
as  are  equal  to  the  sun's  '^'^clination  ;  bring  the  given 
place  to  the  brass  meridian,  and  set  the  index  of  the 
hour  circle  to  12.  Turn  the  globe  eastward  till  the 
given  place  comes  to  the  horizon,  and  the  index  will 
shew  the  t.^me  of  the  sun's  rising.  Turn  the  globe 
to  the  west  verge  of  the  horizon,  and  the  index  will 
shew  the  time  of  his  setting. 

At  what  time  does  the  sun  rise  and  set  at  Hartford 
on  the  5th  of  February  ? 

A.  The  sun  rises  at  7,  and  sets  at  5. 

OR, 

Rectify  the  globe  for  the  latitude  of  the  place,  find 
the  sun's  place  in  the  ecliptic  and  '^ring  it  to  the 
brass  meridian,  and  set  the  index  of  tne  hour  circle 
to  12.  Turn  the  globe  westward  tiH  the  sun's  place 
comes  <.  >  the  horizon,  and  the  index  will  show  the 
time  of  the  sun's  setting ;  these  hours  taken  from 
12  will  give  the  rising.  At  what  time  does  the  sun 
rise  and  set  at  Har'Jbrd  on  the  5th  of  May  ?  A. 
Tlie  sun  rises  at  5,  and  sets  at  7.  What  time  does 
the  sun  rise  and  set  on  the  21st  of  June  at  Quito  ? 
Mexico?     London?     Cape   North?     Cape  Horn? 

rUOBLEM   IX. 

Tojind  Ike  length  of  the  day  and  night  ai  any  time  in  the  year 

Rule.— Double  the  time  of  the  %un's  rising  ^nd 
itgivesthe  length  of  the  night.  Double  the  time  of 
his  setting  aud  it  gives  the  length  of  the  riay. 


oi^g  PROBLEMS. 

Wlmt  is  the  length  of  the  shortest  day  at  Hartford  I 
^•u'hat  i'thotngth  of  the  longest  day  and  shortest 


ni 


sht  nt  Edinburgh  ? 


PROBLEM  X. 
To  find  th,  An,.k  Pen-i.  aM  Mipoda  of  an,  placr. 

EXPLANATION. 

The  An..ciansar    those  wl.^^^^^^^^^^ 

et-rn^X  '^^i^--^:'^  .eri. 

RULV—Bring  the  S'^^"  j'"^^ '°  *  "the  meridian 

f:^roT\hrE;"a"s-\.tirnVei.  north; 

sr/xjir-etryt"' 

t"p:tn,l^VtK:r^'i  th^  ..ndithe  latitudeof 

l£::r%he-L^r°4;^^^^~^^^^^^ 

from  ours.  ^^  j,,^  brass  me- 

M  r  mT;;  the  Slobe  half  round,  then  count  as  ma. 

[^'d^g  :  s  'oStlTof  the  Equator  as  f.  g.ven  place 

^'"A  Anta^c.  are  tn  the  northern  part  of  the 


PROBLEMS. 


277 


lartford  I 
d  shortest 


any  plcicf. 

same  lou- 
\ii  south  as 
iter. 

)rass  meri- 

5  meridian 

is  north  ; 

r  the  same 
ice  of  Ion- 
n  when  we 

brass  meri- 

till  the  in- 

3  latitude  of 

e  same  lati- 
er  180«  of 
asons  differ 

3  brass  me- 

;ount  as  ma- 

given  place 

s. 
Lntipodes  ol 

part  of  the 


island  of  Chiloe.  The  Periaeci  are  in  the  Deaert  of 
Shamo  in  the  Chinese  Empire.  The  Antipodes  are 
in  the  Southern  Ocean  south-oait  of  the  Island  of 
St.  Paul. 

PROBLEM  XI. 
To  find  how  many  miles  make  a  degree  of  longitude  in  any 
given  parallel  of  latitude. 
Rule. — Lay  the  quadrant  of  altitude  parallel  to 
the  equator  between  any  two  meridians  in  the  given 
latitude,  which  differ  in  longitude  15  degrees  ;  the 
number  of  degrees  intercepted  between  them  multi- 
plied by  4,  will  give  the  length  of  a  degree  in  geo- 
crraphical  miles.  The  geographical  miles  may  be 
brought  into  English  miles,  by  multiplying  by  116, 
and  cutting  off  two  figures  from  the  right  hand  of  the 

Example.— How  many  geographical    and  Eng- 
lish  miles  make  a  degree  in  the  latitude  of  Peking  ? 

PROBLEM   XII. 

To  find  the  hearing  of  one  place  from  another. 
Rule.— If  both  places  be  situated  in  the  same 
parallel  of  latitude,  their  bearing  is  either  east  or 
west  from  each  other  ;  if  they  be  situated  on  the 
same  meridian,  ♦hey  bear  north  and  south  from  each 
other  ;  if  they  be  situated  on  the  same  rhumb-line, 
that  rhumb-line  is  their  bearing ;  if  they  be  not  situ- 
ated on  the  same  rhumb-line,  lay  the  quadrant  of  al- 
titude  over  the  two  places,  and  that  rhumb-line 
which  is  the  nearest  of  being  parallel  to  the  quad- 
rant  will  be  their  bearing. 

Example. — Which  way  must  a  ship  steor  from 
Lizard  Point  to  the  island  of  Bermudas  l 
Ans.— W.  S.  W. 

24 


' '  1 


I 


\t 


278 


QUESTIONS. 

QUESTIONS, 


EXERCISING  THE  PROBLEMS  ON  THE  TERRESTRIAL  GLOBE. 

1.  What  inhabitants  of  the  earth  have  the  same 
length  of  days  as  those  of  Philadelphia  ? 

2.  What  inhabitants  of  the  earth  have  the  same 
seasons  of  the  year  as  those  of  London  ? 

3.  When  it  is  10  o'clock  in  the  evening  at  Stock- 
holm  what  inhabitants  have  the  same  hour  ? 

4.  Vhat  is  the  nearest  distance  between  New 
York  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ?         ^      .  ,    , . 

5.  When  it  is  noon  at  Philadelphia,  what  inhabit- 
ants  of  the  earth  have  midnight  ? 

6.  When  it  is  10  o'clock  in  the  morning  at  Lon- 
don]  where  is  it  10  o'clock  in  the  evening? 

7.  What  is  the  sun's  longitude  (commonly  called 
the  sun's  place  in  the  ecliptic)  on  the  15th  of  April  ? 

8.  What  day  of  the  year  is  of  the  same  length  as 
the  15th  of  April?  ^      ^.  ^, 

9.  How  much  longer  is  the  5th  of  May  at  New 

York  than  at  Quito  ?  i        ,         • 

10.  When  it  is  noon  at  London,  at  what  places  is 
the  sun  rising  and  setting,  and  where  is  it  midnight  ? 

11.  Are  the  clocks  at  Philadelphia  faster  or  slow- 
er than  those  at  London,  and  how  much  ? 

12.  What  is  the  difference  of  latitude  between 
Cape  North  and  Cape  Matapan  ? 

13.  What  is  the  difference  of  longitude  between 
Philadelphia  and  Constantinople  ? 

14.  What  is  the  distance  between  New  York  and 
London  in  English  miles  ?  .  .       .     , 

15.  What  hour  is  it  at  London  when  it  is  4  m  the 
evening  at  Calcutta  ? 

16.  At  what  time  does  the  sun  rise   and  set  at 


QUESTIONS. 


279 


GLOBE. 

he  same 

he  same 

at  Stock - 

len  New 

b  inhabit- 

at  Lon- 

ily  called 
of  April? 
length  as 

>r  at  New 

places  is 
nidnight  ? 
por  slow- 
between 
3  between 
York  and 
is  4  in  the 
Eind  set  at 


Archangel  on  the  15th  of  March,  and  what  is  the 
length  of  the  day  and  night  ? 

17.  If  the  sun  set  at  7  o'clock,  at  what  time  does 
it  rise,  and  what  is  the  length  of  the  day  ? 

18.  How  many  English  miles  must  I  travel  west- 
ward from  London  that  my  watch  may  be  six  hours 
too  fast  ? 

19.  What  place  upon  the  globe  has  the  greatest 
longitude,  the  least  longitude,  no  longitude,  and  eve- 
ry longitude  ? 

20.  What  inhabitants  of  the  earth  in  the  course 
of  12  hours  will  be  in  the  same  situation  as  their  An- 
tipodes ? 

21.  At  what  place  on  the  globe  can  two  ships  sail 
directly  from  each  other,  and  still  sail  the  same  point 
of  the  compass  ? 

22.  How  many  English  miles  must  I  travel  east- 
ward from  Philadelphia,  that  my  watch  may  be  7 
hours  too  slow  ? 

23.  Supposing  a  person  could  start  from  Philadel- 
phia precisely  at  noon  on  Monday,  and  keep  pace 
with  the  sun  round  the  globe,  at  what  place  would  he 
first  be  told  it  was  Tuesday  noon  ? 

24.  There  is  a  town  in  Norway  where  the  longest 
day  is  five  times  the  length  of  the  shortest  night, 
what  is  its  name  ? 

25.  When  the  sun  is  setting  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Hartford  on  the  4th  of  April,  where  is  it  rising,  and 
where  midnight  ? 


Latitude. 

o      t 


Aberdeen, 

Abo, 

Acapulco, 

Adrianople, 

Aleppo, 

Albany, 

Alexandria, 


Scotland, 

Russia, 

Mexico, 

Turkey, 

Syria, 

U.  States, 

Egypt, 


280  LATITUDES  AND  LONGITUDES. 

LATITUDES  AND  LONGITUDES 

Of  some  of  the  principal  places  in  the  world,  with 
the  countries  in  which  they  are  siiuaied,  selected  pom 
the  best  geographical  tables.  The  longitude  w  reckon- 
ed Jrom  Greenwich  Observatory. 

Names  of  Places.    Countries. 

A. 

57  9  N. 
60  27  N. 
17  10  N. 

41  10  N. 
35  45  N. 

42  39  N. 
31  13  N. 
52  22  N. 
38    5  N. 

38  56  N. 
29  45  N. 

B. 

39  17  N. 
33  20  N. 

41  23  N. 
44  29  N. 

42  20  N. 
44  50  N. 
50  51  N; 
34  35  S. 
60  24  N. 
52  31  N. 

c. 

36  31  N. 
30  3  N. 
50  57  N. 

22  35  N. 

23  8  N. 
41  I  N. 
32  50  N. 
55  41  N. 


Amsterdam,     Netherlands, 
Athens,  Greece, 

Annapolis,        U.  States, 
St.  Augustine,Florida, 


Baltimore, 

Bagdad, 

Barcelona, 

Bologna, 

Boston, 

Bordeaux, 

Brussels, 


U.  States, 

Turkey, 

Spain, 

Italy, 

U.  States, 

France, 

Netherlands, 


Buenos  Ay  res,  S.  America, 


Bergyn, 
Berlin, 

Cadiz, 

Cairo, 

Calais, 

Calcutta, 

Canton, 


Norway, 
Prussia, 

Spain, 

Egypt, 

France, 

Hindoostan, 

China. 


C  onstantmopleTurkey, 
Charleston,      U.  States, 
Copenhagen,    Denmark, 


Longitude, 
o     / 

2  28  W. 

22  13  E. 
101  45  W. 

26  30  E. 
37  20  E. 
73  42  W. 
29  55  E. 
4  51  E. 

23  52  E. 
76  43  W. 
81  30  W. 

76  36  W. 

44  24  E. 

2  11  b;. 

11  21  E. 
71    4  W. 

0  35  W. 

4  22  E. 
58  31  W. 

6  20  E. 
13  22  E. 

6   12  W. 

31  21  E. 

I  51  E. 

88  29  E. 

113    a  E. 

28  54  E. 

79  48  W. 

12  35  E. 


LATITUDRi  AND  LONGITUDES. 


281 


Namei  of  Places.    Countries.        Latitude. 


D. 


e: 
w. 
w. 


Dantzic, 

Dresden, 

Dublin, 

Dundee, 

Detroit, 

Edinburgh, 

Elsinore, 

Ephesus, 

Cape  Farewell, 

Frankfort, 

Frankfort, 

Geneva, 
Genoa, 

Gibraltar, 
Greenwich, 

Halifax, 
Hamburgh, 
Ilavanna, 
Hartford, 
Cape  Horn, 

Jedo, 

Jerusalem, 

Ispahan, 

Kola, 

Koningsburg, 

Kingston, 

Leghorn, 

Lisbon, 

London, 

Lyons, 

Lima, 


Prussia, 
Saxony, 
Ireland, 
Scotland, 
U.  States, 


54 
61 
53 
56 
42 


E. 


Scotland,  55 
Denmark,  56 
Turkey,  33 

F. 

Greenland,  59 
Germany,  49 
U.  States,       38 

G. 

Switzerland,  46 
Italy,  44 

Spain, 
England 


22  N. 
3  N. 
21  N. 
28  N. 
24  N. 

58  N. 

2.N. 
0  N. 

30  N. 

55  N. 
14  N. 


12  N. 

25  N. 
36  5  N. 
51  29  N 

H. 

Nova  Scotia,    44  46  N. 

Germany, 

Cuba, 

U.  States, 

S.  America, 


I   & 


Japan, 

Syria, 

Persia, 

Lapland, 

Prussia, 

Jamaica, 

Italy, 

Portugal, 

England, 

France, 

Peru, 


K. 


63 

23 
41 
55 

J. 

36 
31 
32 


34  N. 
12  N. 
46  N. 
68  S. 


ON. 

46  N. 

62  N. 


68  52  N. 
54  43  N. 
17  46  N. 


L. 


24* 


43  33  N. 
38  40  N. 

51  31 N. 
45  46  N. 

12    IS. 


Longitude. 

18  34  E. 
13  42  E. 
6     6  W. 

2  58  W. 
82  58  W. 

3  12  W. 
12  37  E. 

27  53  E. 

42  42  W. 

8  35  E. 

84  40  V/. 

6    0  E. 

8  36  E. 
5  22  W. 
0    0 

63  27  W. 

9  55  E. 
82  18  W. 
72  50  W. 
67  26  W. 

139  40  E. 
35  20  E. 
52  60  E. 

33     1  E. 

21  35  E. 

76  5.)  W. 

10  16  E. 

9  low. 

0    6W. 

4  48  E. 
76  49  W. 


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282 


LATITUDES    ATID   LONOITUDBt. 


Names  of  Places.    Countries. 


Madrid, 

Spain, 

Marseille^t 

Francev 

Mecca^ 

Arabia, 

Mexico, 

America, 

Milan, 

Austria, 

% 

Modena, 

Italy, 

Montpelier, 

France, 

Montreal)- 

Canada^ 

Nanking, 

China, 

Naples, 

Italy, 

N.  Haven, 

U.  States, 

N.  York, 

U.  States, 

N.  Orleans, 

U.  States, 

Oporto, 

Portugal, 

Cape  Ortegal,  Spain, 

Oxford, 

England, 

Palermo,  Sicily, 

Paris,  France, 

Peking,  China, 

Petersburgh,  Russia, 

Philadelphia,  U.  States, 

Providence,  U.  States, 

Portsmouth,  U-  States, 


Quebec, 
Quito, 


Canada, 
Peru, 


Riga,  Russia, 

Rome,  Italy, 

Rotterdam,  Netherlands, 

Samarcand,  I.  Tartary, 

Savannah,  U.  States, 

Syracuse,  Sicily, 

Tangier!,  Mor«jcco, 


Latitude. 

M. 

40  25  N. 

43  18  N. 
21  40  N. 
19  26  N. 
45  28  N. 

44  34  N. 
43  37  N. 

45  50  N. 
N. 

32    5  N. 

40  60  N. 

41  18  N. 

40  42  N. 
29  57  N. 
O. 

41  10  N. 
43  46  N. 
51  45  N. 
P. 

38  10  N. 
48  50  N. 

39  45  N. 
69  56  N. 
39  66  N. 
41  51  N. 
43    4  N. 

Q. 

46  65  N. 
0  13  S. 
R. 

57     5  N. 

41  64  N. 

51  66  N. 

S. 

39  45  N. 

32    2  N. 

37    4  N. 

T. 

36  55  N. 


Longitude. 

3  12  W. 

5  22  E. 
41     0  E. 
100    6  Wr 

9  12  E. 
11  12  E. 

3  53  E. 

73  It  W. 

118  46  fi. 
14  17  E. 
72  68  W. 

74  1  W. 
90    9  W. 

8  27  W. 
7  37  W. 

1  15  W. 

13  42  E. 

2  20  E. 
116  27  E. 

30  19  E. 
75  11  W. 
71  26  W. 
70    6  W. 

69  53  W; 
77  65  W. 

25    6  E. 

12  29  E. 

4  28  E. 

63  20  E. 
81  3  W. 
15  31  £. 

£  45  W. 


LATITUDES   AND  LONGITUDES. 


283 


Namoi  of  Places.    CountrieB. 


Tarento, 
Tornea, 
Trieste, 
Tripoli, 

Upsal, 
Venice, 
Vera  Cruz, 
Vienna, 

Warsaw, 

Washington, 

Wilna, 

York, 
Youghall, 


Italy, 
Lapland, 
Austria, 
Barbary, 

Sweden, 
Austria, 
Mexico, 
Austria, 

Poland, 
U.  States, 
Poland, 

England, 
Ireland, 


u 


Latitude. 

40  43  N. 
65  51  N. 
45  51  N. 
32  54  N. 

59  52  N. 
45  26  N. 
19  12  N. 
48  12  N, 
W. 
62  14  N. 
38  63  N. 
54  41  N. 

T. 

53  59  N. 
51  48  N. 

z. 


Longitude. 

17  31  E. 

24  12  E. 
14  3  E. 
13    5  E. 

17  42  E 
12    4  E. 
97  20  W. 
16  16  E. 

21     0  E. 
76  55  W. 

25  27  E. 

1     7  V^^. 
SOW. 


Zanesviile,       U.  States,-       39  59  N.  82  10  W. 


